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Technology Pooling Licensing Agreements: Promoting Patent Access Through Collaborative IP Mechanisms / A Step Forward from:
Technology Pooling Licensing Agreements: Promoting Patent Access Through Collaborative IP Mechanisms / A Step Forward from:
Contents
Chapter
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Page
2–14
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
2–14
Details
15–20
Acronyms and Abbreviations
15–20
Details
21–56
Chapter 1 Introduction: Putting Patent Pools into Perspective
21–56
21–27
A. Promoting Patent Access through Collaborative IP Mechanisms: Encountered Problems and Desired Outcomes
21–27
21–25
I. Finding a Way Through the “Patent Thicket”
21–25
Details
25–27
II. The Solution Offered by Collaborative IP Mechanisms: A Brief Overview
25–27
Details
1. Patent Pools
Details
2. Clearinghouses
Details
27–32
B. Patent Pools as Business Models and Comparison with Alternative Sharing Solutions
27–32
27–29
I. Process Leading to the Establishment of a Patent Pool
27–29
Details
29–32
II. A Step Forward from:
29–32
Details
1. Bilateral Negotiations
Details
2. Cross-Licensing Agreements
Details
32–47
C. Patent Pools and Standards: Endeavors to Promote Access to Standard-Related Patents for Interoperability Purposes
32–47
32–36
I. Overlaps and Demarcation between Patent Pools and Standard-Setting Organizations
32–36
Details
1. Interface / Interoperability Standards
Details
2. Pivotal Role of Patent Rights and Advantages of Collaborative Settings: Patent Pools Strategies to Overcome “Hold-Up” Problems
Details
36–47
II. Boosting Access to Standard-Related Patents for a Competitive Market Integration
36–47
Details
1. European Commission: General Policy Concerns and Recently Announced Actions
Details
2. Overcoming the Perceived Shortcomings in the Patent Regime
Details
a. Debated Opportunity of Legislative Interventions
Details
aa. From an Antitrust Law Standpoint
Details
ab. From a Patent Law Standpoint
Details
b. Internal IPR Policies as Self-Regulatory Solutions
Details
ba. Standard-Setting Bodies’ Recommendations
Details
bb. Patent Pools’ Enforced Licensing Terms
Details
47–56
D. Patent Pools and the Interface between Intellectual Property Rights and Antitrust Law
47–56
47–49
I. Confuting the Traditionally Perceived Antagonism between Patent and Antitrust Law: Introducing the Concept of “Competition of First Level” and Refuting the Idea of “Patent Monopolies”
47–49
Details
49–56
II. Matured View of Complementarity between IP Protection and Competition
49–56
Details
1. Stance of the US Antitrust Authorities
Details
2. European Commission’s Corresponding Position
Details
3. WTO’s TRIPS Acknowledgement of IP as a “Good of Trade”
Details
57–72
Chapter 2 Historical Outlook
57–72
57–62
A. Case Survey: The First Distinguished Patent Pools
57–62
57–57
I. Sewing Machine
57–57
Details
57–59
II. Motion Picture
57–59
Details
59–59
III. Folding Bed
59–59
Details
59–60
IV. Airplane
59–60
Details
60–60
V. Radio
60–60
Details
60–61
VI. Hartford-Empire
60–61
Details
61–62
VII. Video
61–62
Details
62–72
B. Discussed Patent Pools’ Examples
62–72
62–69
I. The Debated Case of Software: The “Open Innovation Network” Initiative
62–69
Details
1. Targeting Collective Free “Open Source” Access to Software Patents
Details
a. From Linux-Based Cooperative Research Paradigms
Details
b. To Institutionalised Consortia, as Advocated by IBM at the Madrid OECD Conference on the Research Use of Patented Inventions in May 2006
Details
2. Drawing up a Balance of “Open Innovation” as Alternative Business Models
Details
69–72
II. The Celebrated “MPEG LA” Case
69–72
Details
1. From the First Steps to a Rising Star
Details
2. Still a Necessary Evil?
Details
73–88
Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis: US Legal Treatment of Patent Pools – Delineating the Modern Archetype
73–88
73–79
A. Outlook on the American Model: The Early Years
73–79
73–76
I. From the Initial Patent Holders’ Immunity to the Fierce Supreme Court’s Antitrust Scrutiny
73–76
Details
76–79
II. The Patent Act of 1952 and the “Nine No-Nos”: Defining the Spheres of Interference between Antitrust and Patent Law
76–79
Details
79–88
B. US Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property: The Current View
79–88
79–81
I. The Institution of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in 1982 and the 1988 Department of Justice’s Antitrust Guidelines: Advocating the “Rule of Reason”
79–81
Details
81–83
II. The Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’s 1995 IP Guidelines and their Funding Principles
81–83
Details
83–86
III. Driving Criteria for Patent Pools in the IP Guidelines and Business Review Letters: Sanctioning an Overall More Favourable Approach
83–86
Details
86–88
IV. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’s Joint Hearings on Competition and IP Law Policy and the Ensuing Innovation Reports: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Balance
86–88
Details
89–138
Chapter 4 The EU Legal Framework
89–138
89–96
A. Art. 81 of the EC Treaty
89–96
89–93
I. The Proscription of Art. 81 (1) and Its Legal Consequences, in Particular as Set by the 2006 Guidelines on Methods of Setting Fines
89–93
Details
93–96
II. The Scope of the Individual Exemption under Art. 81 (3)
93–96
Details
96–103
B. The Way to the TTBER
96–103
96–98
I. TTBER 1996 and Commission Evaluation Report
96–98
Details
98–103
II. TTBER’s Review Process
98–103
Details
103–127
C. Current TTBER and Accompanying Guidelines
103–127
103–109
I. New TTBER’s Operative Principles
103–109
Details
1. Systematisation and Definition of Technology Pools
Details
2. Questionable Demarcation of the Pool’s Agreements between TTBER and Guidelines
Details
109–120
II. Antitrust Scrutiny of Technology Pools under the Guidelines
109–120
Details
1. Nature of the Pooled Technologies: Substitutes v. Complements and the Concept of Essentiality
Details
2. Beyond Categorizations: Competitive Efficiencies from a Consumer Perspective
Details
3. Different Categories of Technologies and Possible Combined Scenarios
Details
4. Antitrust Concerns Beyond Merely Technological Systematizations
Details
5. Particular Obligations upon Standard-Related Technology Owners Involved in a Pool: Early Disclosure and Licensing Terms
Details
a. A Delicate Balance of Interests as Base for the Commission’s Recommendations
Details
b. The Precedence Set by Standard-Setting Bodies
Details
120–125
III. Assessment of Individual Restraints: Non-Compete, Grant-Back and Non-Challenge Clauses
120–125
Details
1. General Principles
Details
2. Contextual Implementation
Details
125–127
IV. Institutional Framework Governing the Pool
125–127
Details
1. Independent Experts
Details
2. Open and Indiscriminate Participation
Details
3. Overseen Exchange of Sensitive Information
Details
4. Neutral Dispute Resolution Mechanism
Details
127–138
D. Selected EC Case Law on Patent Pools
127–138
127–128
I. Videocassette Recorders (VCR)
127–128
Details
128–129
II. Advanced Photographic System (APS)
128–129
Details
129–130
III. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
129–130
Details
130–130
IV. Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
130–130
Details
130–133
V. Third Generation Patent Platform Partnership (3G3P)
130–133
Details
133–138
VI. Philips and Sony’s CD Disc Licensing Program
133–138
Details
139–166
Chapter 5 Collaborative IP Mechanisms’ Applications: Exploring New Frontiers of Life Sciences
139–166
139–140
A. Patent Pools and Biotechnology: Legal and Business Considerations
139–140
Details
140–166
B. Pilot Experiences
140–166
140–159
I. Cases at Hand
140–159
Details
1. Golden Rice
Details
2. SNPs
Details
3. SARS
Details
4. HNPCC
Details
159–166
II. Some Common Remarks
159–166
Details
1. General Considerations
Details
2. The Issue of Funding
Details
167–197
Chapter 6 The Alternative Approach of Clearinghouses: Distinctive Features and Applications in Biotechnology
167–197
167–169
A. Defining Characteristics
167–169
Details
169–197
B. Models and Applications
169–197
169–174
I. Information Clearinghouse
169–174
Details
1. Biosafety Clearing-House
Details
2. CAMBIA’s Patent Lens
Details
174–184
II. Technology Exchange Clearinghouse
174–184
Details
1. BirchBob
Details
2. Pharmalicensing
Details
3. TechEx
Details
4. PIPRA
Details
184–188
III. Royalty Collection Clearinghouse
184–188
Details
188–197
IV. Open Source Clearinghouse
188–197
Details
1. Science Commons – A Creative Commons’ project
Details
2. BioBricks Foundation
Details
3. CAMBIA’s Biological Open Source (BiOS)
Details
198–204
Chapter 7 Conclusions: the Way Forward
198–204
Details
205–226
List of Works Cited
205–226
Details
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Technology Pooling Licensing Agreements: Promoting Patent Access Through Collaborative IP Mechanisms , page 29 - 32
A Step Forward from:
Autoren
Monica Armillotta
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783845226316-29
ISBN print: 978-3-8329-5976-0
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-2631-6
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