Artificial Intelligence, Patient Autonomy and Informed Consent

Christian Günther

doi:10.5771/9783748948919

Artificial Intelligence, Patient Autonomy and Informed Consent

Reihe: Studien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Sozialrecht und Sozialpolitik

Band 81 1. Auflage 2024

CC-BY Vollzugriff

doi.org/10.5771/9783748948919
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-2239-7
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-4891-9
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

Zusammenfassung

Der medizinische Einsatz künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) schreitet rasant voran und droht die Fähigkeit von Patienten zu untergraben, personalisierte Entscheidungen zu treffen. Diese Arbeit hinterfragt, inwieweit zwei Rechtsordnungen des Common Law, die britische und die US-amerikanische, dieser Herausforderung für die Patientenautonomie begegnen können. Durch eine vorausschauende Analyse werden dabei die problematischen Eigenheiten klinischer KI herausgearbeitet und die Lösungen antizipiert, welche sich aus den Normen der informierten Einwilligung ergeben. Aufgrund dieser Beurteilung wird ein konkreter Regulierungsvorschlag für medizinische KI vorgestellt und die zentrale Rolle des Rechts in der Steuerung innovativer Technologien betont.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being implemented in the healthcare sphere, threatening the ability of patients to make judgments tailored to their personal circumstances and beliefs. This book is concerned with the ability of two legal systems, those of the UK and the U.S., to meet the resulting challenges posed to patient autonomy. It deploys a forward-looking analysis to identify the unique problems raised by clinical AI and to anticipate the responses that are offered by the common law’s doctrine of informed consent. This assessment culminates in a concrete proposal for the regulation of medical AI and an affirmation of the law’s fundamental role in societies’ adaptation to innovative technologies.

Schlagworte

AI Autonomie Clinical Negligence Common Law Common Law Theory England Haftung Informierte Einwilligung KI künstliche Intelligenz Machine Learning Medical Law Medizinrecht Technologierecht USA Prinzipien Principles Technology Law Innovation Liability UK U.S.

Bibliography
I. Literature
Abràmoff Michael D., Lavin Philip T., Birch Michele and others, ‘Pivotal Trial of an Autonomous AI-Based Diagnostic System for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Primary Care Offices’ (2018) 1 NPJ Digital Medicine, 1–8.
Ackerman Bruce A., ‘The Storrs Lectures: Discovering the Constitution’ (1984) 93(6) The Yale Law Journal, 1013–1072.
Afnan Michael A. M., Liu Yanhe, Conitzer Vincent and others, ‘Interpretable, Not Black-Box, Artificial Intelligence Should Be Used for Embryo Selection’ [2021](4) Human Reproduction Open, 1–8.
Alberdi Eugenio, Povykalo Andrey, Strigini Lorenzo and others, ‘Effects of Incorrect Computer-Aided Detection (Cad) Output on Human Decision-Making in Mammography’ (2004) 11(8) Academic Radiology, 909–918.
Allenby Braden R., ‘Governance and Technology Systems: The Challenge of Emerging Technologies’ in Marchant, Allenby and Herkert, The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer Netherlands 2011).
Alon-Barkat Saar and Busuioc Madalina, ‘Human-AI Interactions in Public Sector Decision-Making: ‘Automation Bias’ and ‘Selective Adherence’ to Algorithmic Advice’ (2023) 33(1) Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 153–169.
Alpaydin Ethem, Machine Learning (Revised Edition, The MIT Press 2021).
Amirthalingam Kumaralingam, ‘Causation and the Gist of Negligence’ (2005) 64(1) The Cambridge Law Journal, 32–35.
Andorno R., ‘The Right Not to Know: An Autonomy Based Approach’ (2004) 30(5) Journal of Medical Ethics, 435-9.
Angus Derek C., ‘Randomized Clinical Trials of Artificial Intelligence’ [2020](11) The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1043–1045.
Appelbaum Paul S., Lidz Charles W. and Meisel Alan, Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice (Second Edition, Oxford University Press 2001).
Arabian Armand, ‘Informed Consent: From the Ambivalence of Arato to the Thunder of Thor’ (1994) 10(3) Issues in Law & Medicine, 261–298.
Ard B. J., ‘Making Sense of Legal Disruption’ (2022) Forward Wisconsin Law Review, 42–63.
Armitage Mark, Charlesworth John and Percy Rodney A. Charlesworth & Percy on Negligence (Fifteenth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2022).
Arvind T. T. and McMahon Aisling M., ‘Responsiveness and the Role of Rights in Medical Law: Lessons from Montgomery’ (2020) 28(3) Medical Law Review, 445–477.
Askland Andrew, ‘Introduction: Why Law and Ethics Need to Keep Pace with Emerging Technologies’ in Marchant, Allenby and Herkert, The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer Netherlands 2011).
Austin Louise, ‘Correia, Diamond and the Chester Exception: Vindicating Patient Autonomy?’ (2021) 29(3) Medical Law Review, 547–561.
Austin Louise, ‘Grimstone v Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust: (It's Not) Hip to Be Square’ (2018) 26(4) Medical Law Review, 665–674.
Azevedo Cunha Mario V. de, Andrade Norberto N. G. de and Lixinski Lucas and others (eds), New Technologies and Human Rights: Challenges to Regulation (Ashgate Publishing 2013).
Balganesh Shyamkrishna and Parchomovsky Gideon, ‘Structure and Value in the Common Law’ (2015) 163(5) University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1241–1310.
Bankowski Zenon, MacCormick Neil and Marshall Geoffrey, ‘Precedent in the United Kingdom’ in MacCormick and Summers, Interpreting Precedents: A Comparative Study (Routledge 2016).
Barker Kit, Fairweather Karen and Grantham Ross (eds), Private Law in the 21st Century (Hart Publishing 2017).
Baron Jonathan, Rationality and Intelligence (Cambridge University Press 2005).
Bauer Nadja, Ickstadt Katja and Lübke Karsten and others (eds), Applications in Statistical Computing (Springer International Publishing 2019).
Beauchamp Tom L., ‘The Failure of Theories of Personhood’ (1999) 9(4) Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal, 309–324.
Beauchamp Tom L. and Childress James F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics (Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press 2001).
Beck James M. and Azari Elizabeth D., ‘FDA, Off-Label Use, and Informed Consent: Debunking Myths and Misconceptions’ (1998) 53(1) Food and Drug Law Journal, 71–104.
Beck Thorsten, Demirgüç-Kunt Asli and Levine Ross, ‘Law and Finance: Why Does Legal Origin Matter?’ (2003) 31(4) Journal of Comparative Economics, 653–675.
Becker Ulrich, ‘Sozialrecht und Sozialrechtswissenschaft’ (2010) 65(4) Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht, 607–652.
Bell John and Ibbetson David, European Legal Development: The Case of Tort (Cambridge University Press 2012).
Benjamens Stan, Dhunnoo Pranavsingh and Meskó Bertalan, ‘The State of Artificial Intelligence-Based FDA-Approved Medical Devices and Algorithms: An Online Database’ (2020) 3 NPJ Digital Medicine.
Bennett Casey C. and Doub Thomas W., ‘Expert Systems in Mental Health Care: AI Applications in Decision-Making and Consultation’ in Luxton, Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care (Elsevier Reference Monographs 2016).
Berkeley Istvan S. N., ‘The Curious Case of Connectionism’ (2019) 2(1) Open Philosophy, 190–205.
Berlin Isaiah and Harris Ian, Liberty (Second Edition, Oxford University Press 2017).
Berman Paul S. (ed), Law and Society Approaches to Cyberspace (Ashgate Publishing 2007).
Binns Reuben, ‘Algorithmic Accountability and Public Reason’ (2018) 31(4) Philosophy & Technology, 543–556.
Bjerring Jens C. and Busch Jacob, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Patient-Centered Decision-Making’ (2021) 34(2) Philosophy & Technology, 349–371.
Bloche M. G., ‘The Invention of Health Law’ (2003) 91(1) California Law Review, 247–322.
Bloustein Edward J., ‘Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser’ in Schoeman, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy (Cambridge University Press 2009).
Blumenthal-Barby Jennifer S. and Naik Aanand D., ‘In Defense of Nudge-Autonomy Compatibility’ (2015) 15(10) The American Journal of Bioethics, 45–47.
Boden Margaret A., ‘GOFAI’ in Frankish and Ramsey, The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge University Press 2014).
Bohr Adam and Memarzadeh Kaveh (eds), Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (Academic Press 2020).
Brajer Nathan, Cozzi Brian, Gao Michael and others, ‘Prospective and External Evaluation of a Machine Learning Model to Predict In-Hospital Mortality of Adults at Time of Admission’ (2020) 3(2) JAMA Network Open, 1-14.
Braude Hillel D., ‘Skilled Know-How, Virtuosity, and Expertise in Clinical Practice’ in Schramme and Edwards, Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine (Springer Netherlands 2017).
Brazier Margaret and Cave Emma, Medicine, Patients and the Law (Sixth Edition, Manchester University Press 2016).
Brazier Margaret and Lobjoit Mary, ‘Fiduciary Relationship: An Ethical Approach and a Legal Concept?’ in Erin and Bennett, HIV and AIDS: Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality (Oxford University Press 2001).
Brazier Margaret, ‘Patient Autonomy and Consent to Treatment: The Role of the Law,’ (1987) 7(2) Legal Studies, 169–193.
Brownsword Roger, ‘An Interest in Human Dignity as the Basis for Genomic Torts’ (2003) 42(3) Washburn Law Journal, 413–488.
Brownsword Roger, ‘Law Disrupted, Law Re-Imagined, Law Re-Invented’ (2019) 1 Technology and Regulation, 10–30.
Brownsword Roger, Law 3.0: Rules, Regulation, and Technology (Routledge 2021).
Brownsword Roger, Rights, Regulation, and the Technological Revolution (Oxford University Press 2008).
Brownsword Roger and Somsen Han, ‘Law, Innovation and Technology: Fast Forward to 2021’ (2021) 13(1) Law, Innovation and Technology, 1–28.
Brownsword Roger and Yeung Karen (eds), Regulating Technologies: Legal Futures, Regulatory Frames and Technological Fixes (Hart Publishing 2008).
Brownsword Roger, Scotford Eloise and Yeung Karen (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology (Oxford University Press 2016).
Buckner Cameron, ‘Deep learning: A Philosophical Introduction’ (2019) 14(10) Philosophy Compass, 1–19.
Bumgarner Joseph M., Lambert Cameron T., Hussein Ayman A. and others, ‘Smartwatch Algorithm for Automated Detection of Atrial Fibrillation’ (2018) 71(21) Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2381–2388.
Bunnik Eline M., Jong Antina de, Nijsingh Niels and others, ‘The New Genetics and Informed Consent: Differentiating Choice to Preserve Autonomy’ (2013) 27(6) Bioethics, 348–355.
Burrell Jenna, ‘How the Machine ‘Thinks’: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms’ (2016) 3(1) Big Data & Society, 1–12.
Byrne Peter (ed), Rights and Wrongs in Medicine (Oxford University Press 1986).
Calabresi Guido, A Common Law for the Age of Statutes (Harvard University Press 1985).
California Jurisprudence (Third Edition, Bancroft-Whitney 2022).
Cane Peter, ‘Rights in Private Law’ in Nolan and Robertson, Rights and Private Law (Hart Publishing 2012).
Carvalho Diogo V., Pereira Eduardo M. and Cardoso Jaime S., ‘Machine Learning Interpretability: A Survey on Methods and Metrics’ (2019) 8(8) Electronics, 832.
Chan Tracey E., ‘Legal and Regulatory Responses to Innovative Treatment’ (2013) 21(1) Medical Law Review, 92–130.
Chang Anthony, ‘The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Health’ in Wulfovich and Meyers, Digital Health Entrepreneurship (Springer Cham 2020).
Chico Victoria, Genomic Torts: The English Tort Regime and Novel Grievances (Routledge 2010).
Chillag Nancy A., ‘Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress as an Independent Cause of Action in California: Do Defendants Face Unlimited Liability’ (1982) 22(1) Santa Clara Law Review, 181–210.
Christman John, ‘Autonomy and Personal History’ (1991) 21(1) Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1–24.
Clark T. and Nolan D., ‘A Critique of Chester v Afshar’ (2014) 34(4) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 659–692.
Cockburn Tina and Fay Michael, ‘Consent to Innovative Treatment’ (2019) 11(1) Law, Innovation and Technology, 34–54.
Cockfield Arthur J., ‘Towards a Law and Technology Theory’ (2003) 30(3) Manitoba Law Journal, 383–416.
Cockfield Arthur and Pridmore Jason, ‘A Synthetic Theory of Law and Technology’ (2007) 8(2) Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 475–513.
Coggon John, ‘Varied and Principled Understandings of Autonomy in English Law: Justifiable Inconsistency or Blinkered Moralism?’ (2007) 15(3) Health Care Analysis: Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy, 235–255.
Cohen Felix S., ‘Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach’ (1935) 35(6) Columbia Law Review, 809–849.
Cohen I. G., ‘Informed Consent and Medical Artificial Intelligence: What to Tell the Patient?’ (2020) 108(6) The Georgetown Law Journal, 1425–1470.
Cohen I. G., Amarasingham Ruben, Shah Anand and others, ‘The Legal and Ethical Concerns That Arise From Using Complex Predictive Analytics in Health Care’ (2014) 33(7) Health Affairs (Project Hope), 1139–1147.
Coyle Casey A., ‘Gonzales v. Carhart: Justice Kennedy at the Intersection of Life Interests, Medical Practice and Government Regulations Comment’ (2008) 27(2) Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law, 291–314.
Crootof Rebecca and Ard B. J., ‘Structuring Techlaw’ (2021) 34(2) Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 347–418.
Cross Rupert, Precedent in English law (Third Edition, Clarendon Press 1979).
Curchoe Carol L., Flores-Saiffe Farias Adolfo, Mendizabal-Ruiz Gerardo and others, ‘Evaluating Predictive Models in Reproductive Medicine’ (2020) 114(5) Fertility and Sterility, 921–926.
Currie David P., ‘Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights’ (1986) 53(3) The University of Chicago Law Review, 864–890.
Custers Bart and Heijne Anne-Sophie, ‘The Right of Access in Automated Decision-Making: The Scope of Article 15(1)(h) GDPR in Theory and Practice’ (2022) 46 Computer Law & Security Review, 105727.
Daly Erin, ‘Reconsidering Abortion Law: Liberty, Equality, and the New Rhetoric of Planned Parenthood v. Casey’ (1995) 45(1) American University Law Review, 77–150.
Davenport Thomas H. and Glaser John P., ‘Factors Governing the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Providers’ (2022) 1(1) Discover Health Systems.
Davies Simon J., Vistisen Simon T., Jian Zhongping and others, ‘Ability of an Arterial Waveform Analysis-Derived Hypotension Prediction Index to Predict Future Hypotensive Events in Surgical Patients’ (2020) 130(2) Anesthesia and Analgesia, 352–359.
Deakin Simon, ‘Organisational Torts: Vicarious Liability Versus Non-Delegable Duty’ (2018) 77(1) The Cambridge Law Journal, 15–18.
Debrabander Jasper and Mertes Heidi, ‘Watson, Autonomy and Value Flexibility: Revisiting the Debate’ [2021] Journal of Medical Ethics, 1043–1047.
Deo Rahul C., ‘Machine Learning in Medicine’ (2015) 132(20) Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 1920–1930.
Di Nucci Ezio, ‘Should We Be Afraid of Medical AI?’ (2019) 45(8) Journal of Medical Ethics, 556–558.
Dillon John J., DeSimone Christopher V., Sapir Yehu and others, ‘Noninvasive Potassium Determination Using a Mathematically Processed ECG: Proof of Concept for a Novel “Blood-Less, Blood Test”’ (2015) 48(1) Journal of Electrocardiology, 12–18.
Dobbs Dan B., Hayden Paul T. and Bublick Ellen M., Dobbs' Law of Torts: Practitioner Treatise Series (Second Edition, Thomson West 2022).
Donnelly Mary, Healthcare Decision-Making and the Law: Autonomy, Capacity and the Limits of Liberalism (Cambridge University Press 2010).
Donovan Mary, ‘Is the Injury Requirement Obsolete in a Claim for Fear of Future Consequences’ (1993) 41(5) UCLA Law Review, 1337–1396.
Dror Yehezkel, ‘Law and Social Change 1958-1959’ (1959) 33(4) Tulane Law Review, 787–802.
Dube Simant, An Intuitive Exploration of Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Applications of Deep Learning (Springer International Publishing 2021).
Dunn Michael, Fulford K. W. M., Herring Jonathan and others, ‘Between the Reasonable and the Particular: Deflating Autonomy in the Legal Regulation of Informed Consent to Medical Treatment’ (2019) 27(2) Health Care Analysis: Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy, 110–127.
Duxbury Neil, ‘The Law of the Land’ (2015) 78(1) The Modern Law Review, 26–54.
Dworkin Gerald, ‘The Nature of Autonomy’, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy (Cambridge University Press 2012).
Dworkin Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously (Duckworth 1987).
Eisenberg Melvin A., The Nature of the Common Law (Harvard University Press 1988).
Ekstrom Laura W., ‘A Coherence Theory of Autonomy’ (1993) 53(3) Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 599–616.
Epstein Richard A., ‘The Static Conception of the Common Law: Legal and Economic Perspectives’ (1980) 9(2) The Journal of Legal Studies, 253–275.
Erb Randall J., ‘Introduction to Backpropagation Neural Network Computation’ (1993) 10(2) Pharmaceutical Research, 165–170.
Erin Charles A. and Bennett Rebecca (eds), HIV and AIDS: Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality (Oxford University Press 2001).
Ezra David B., ‘Smoker Battery: An Antidote to Second-Hand Smoke’ (1989) 63(4) Southern California Law Review, 1061–1112.
Faden Ruth R., King Nancy M. P. and Beauchamp Tom L., A History and Theory of Informed Consent (Oxford University Press 1986).
Farber Daniel A. and Frickey Philip P., ‘In the Shadow of the Legislature: The Common Law in the Age of the New Public Law’ (1991) 89(4) Michigan Law Review, 875–906.
Feng Tan K., ‘Failure of Medical Advice: Trespass or Negligence?’ (1987) 7(2) Legal Studies, 149–168.
Fischer John M. and Ravizza Mark, Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility (Cambridge University Press 2000).
Foster Charles, Choosing Life, Choosing Death: The Tyranny of Autonomy in Medical Ethics and Law (Hart Publishing 2009).
Frankfurt Harry G., ‘Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person’ (1971) 68(1) The Journal of Philosophy, 5–20.
Frankish Keith and Ramsey William M. (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge University Press 2014).
Freeman Karoline, Geppert Julia, Stinton Chris and others, ‘Use of Artificial Intelligence for Image Analysis in Breast Cancer Screening Programmes: Systematic Review of Test Accuracy’ (2021) 374 BMJ (Clinical Research Edition), 1-15.
Friedman Lawrence M., Law and Society: An Introduction (Prentice-Hall 1977).
Friedman Lawrence M. and Ladinsky Jack, ‘Social Change and the Law of Industrial Accidents’ (1967) 67(1) Columbia Law Review, 50–82.
Froese Tom and Ziemke Tom, ‘Enactive Artificial Intelligence: Investigating the Systemic Organization of Life and Mind’ (2009) 173(3-4) Artificial Intelligence, 466–500.
Fuller Lon L., ‘Means and Ends’ in Winston, The Principles of Social Order: Selected Essays of Lon L. Fuller (Revised Edition. Hart Publishing 2001).
Funer Florian, ‘Accuracy and Interpretability: Struggling with the Epistemic Foundations of Machine Learning-Generated Medical Information and Their Practical Implications for the Doctor-Patient Relationship’ (2022) 35(1) Philosophy & Technology.
Funer Florian, ‘The Deception of Certainty: How Non-Interpretable Machine Learning Outcomes Challenge the Epistemic Authority of Physicians’ (2022) 25(2) Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 167–178.
Gaille Marie and Horn Ruth, ‘Solidarity and Autonomy: Two Conflicting Values in English and French Health Care and Bioethics Debates?’ (2016) 37(6) Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 441–446.
Gardner John, Torts and Other Wrongs (Oxford University Press 2019).
Garg Amit X. Adhikari Neill K. J. McDonald Heather and others, ‘Effects of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems on Practitioner Performance and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review’ (2005) 293(10) The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1223–1238.
Gatter Robert, ‘The Mysterious Survival of the Policy against Informed Consent Liability for Hospitals’ (2006) 81(4) Notre Dame Law Review, 1203–1274.
Gerke Sara, Minssen Timo and Cohen Glenn, ‘Ethical and Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Healthcare’ in Bohr and Memarzadeh, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare (Academic Press 2020).
Gilmore Grant, ‘Legal Realism: Its Cause and Cure’ (1961) 70(7) The Yale Law Journal, 1037–1048.
Giuffrida Luisa A., ‘Moore v. Regents of the University of California: Doctor, Tell Me Moore’ (1991) 23(1) Pacific Law Journal, 267–314.
Goddard Kate, Roudsari Abdul and Wyatt Jeremy C., ‘Automation Bias: A Systematic Review of Frequency, Effect Mediators, and Mitigators’ (2012) 19(1) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 121–127.
Goebelsmann Christina L., ‘Putting Ethics and Traditional Legal Principles Back into California Tort Law: Barring Wrongful-Birth Liability in Preimplantation Genetic Testing Cases’ (2010) 43(2) Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 667–692.
Goertzel Ben and Pennachin Cassio (eds), Artificial General Intelligence (Springer 2007).
Gold Stephanie S., ‘An Equality Approach to Wrongful Birth Statutes’ (1996) 65(3) Fordham Law Review, 1005–1041.
Goldberg John C. and Zipursky Benjamin, ‘Torts as Wrongs’ (2010) 88(5) Texas Law Review, 917–986.
Goldberg Richard (ed), Medicinal Product Liability and Regulation (Hart Publishing 2013).
Goodhart Arthur L., ‘Case Law in England and America’ (1930) 15(2) Cornell Law Review, 173–193.
Goodman Bryce and Flaxman Seth, ‘European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a “Right to Explanation”’ (2017) 38(3) AI Magazine, 50–57.
Goodwin Jean, ‘Accounting for the Appeal to the Authority of Experts’ (2011) 25(3) Argumentation, 285–296.
Grattet Ryken, ‘Sociological Perspectives on Legal Change: The Role of the Legal Field in the Transformation of the Common Law of Industrial Accidents’ (1997) 21(3) Social Science History, 359–397.
Green Sarah and Sales Philip, ‘Law, Technology and the Common Law Method in the United Kingdom’ [2023](5) Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, 205–214.
Grubb Andrew, ‘Battery and Administration of Anaesthetic: Davis v. Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority’ (1993) 1(3) Medical Law Review, 389–391.
Grubb Andrew, ‘Failed Sterilisation: Duty to Provide Adequate Warning’ (1995) 3(3) Medical Law Review, 297–299.
Grubb Andrew and Pearl David S., Blood Testing, AIDS, and DNA Profiling: Law and Policy (Jordan Publishing 1990).
Grzybowski Andrzej and Brona Piotr, ‘Analysis and Comparison of Two Artificial Intelligence Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Algorithms in a Pilot Study: IDx-DR and Retinalyze’ (2021) 10(11) Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1–8.
Guidotti Riccardo, Monreale Anna, Ruggieri Salvatore and others, ‘A Survey of Methods for Explaining Black Box Models’ (2019) 51(5) ACM Computing Surveys, 1–42.
Guihot Michael, ‘Coherence in Technology Law’ (2019) 11(2) Law, Innovation and Technology, 311–342.
Günther Christian M., ‘Legal vs. Extra-Legal Responses to Public Health Emergencies’ (2022) 29(1) European Journal of Health Law, 131–149.
Gutwirth Serge, Hert Paul de and Sutter Laurent de, ‘The Trouble with Technology Regulation: Why Lessig’s ‘Optimal Mix’ Will Not Work’ in Brownsword and Yeung, Regulating Technologies: Legal Futures, Regulatory Frames and Technological Fixes (Hart Publishing 2008).
Hage Jaap C. and Pfordten Dietmar von der (eds), Concepts in Law (Springer Netherlands 2009).
Hansen Pelle G. and Jespersen Andreas M., ‘Nudge and the Manipulation of Choice: A Framework for the Responsible Use of the Nudge Approach to Behaviour Change in Public Policy’ (2013) 4(1) European Journal of Risk Regulation, 3–28.
Haqq Luke I., ‘The Impact of Roe on Prenatal Tort Litigation: On the Public Policy of Unexpected Children’ (2020) 13(1) Journal of Tort Law, 81–160.
Harris Cailin, ‘Statutory Prohibitions on Wrongful Birth Claims & Their Dangerous Effects on Parents’ (2014) 34(2) Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice, 365–396.
Harris Neville (ed), Social Security Law (Oxford University Press 2000).
Harris Neville, ‘The Welfare State, Social Security, and Social Citizenship Rights’ in Harris, Social Security Law (Oxford University Press 2000).
Harrison Kevin and Boyd Tony, The Changing Constitution (Edinburgh University Press 2006).
Hatib Feras, Jian Zhongping, Buddi Sai and others, ‘Machine-learning Algorithm to Predict Hypotension Based on High-fidelity Arterial Pressure Waveform Analysis’ (2018) 129(4) Anesthesiology, 663–674.
Heidenreich Colleen W., ‘Clarifying California's Approach to Claims of Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress’ (1995) 30(1) University of San Francisco Law Review, 277–312.
Herring Jonathan, ‘'Choosing Life, Choosing Death, The Tyranny of Autonomy in Medical Ethics and Law, by Charles Foster'’ (2010) 30(2) Legal Studies, 330–333.
Herring Jonathan, Medical Law and Ethics (Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press 2012).
Herring Jonathan and Foster Charles, ‘"Please Don't Tell Me": The Right Not to Know’ (2012) 21(1) Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 20–29.
Herring Jonathan and Wall Jesse, ‘The Nature and Significance of the Right to Bodily Integrity’ (2017) 76(3) The Cambridge Law Journal, 566–588.
Hervey Matt and Lavy Matthew (eds), The Law of Artificial Intelligence (Sweet & Maxwell 2021).
Heywood Rob and Miola José, ‘The Changing Face of Pre-operative Medical Disclosure: Placing the Patient at the Heart of the Matter’ (2017) 133((Apr)) Law Quarterly Review, 296–321.
Hildebrandt Mireille, Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law: Novel Entanglements of Law and Technology (Edward Elgar Publishing 2015).
Hinkle Rachael K. and Nelson Michael J., ‘The Transmission of Legal Precedent among State Supreme Courts in the Twenty-First Century’ (2016) 16(4) State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 391–410.
Hoeren Thomas and Maurice Niehoff, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnoses and the Right to Explanation’ (2018) 4(3) European Data Protection Law Review, 308–319.
Hoffmann-Riem Wolfgang, Innovation und Recht - Recht und Innovation: Recht im Ensemble seiner Kontexte (Mohr Siebeck 2016).
Hohmann Hanns, ‘The Nature of the Common Law and the Comparative Study of Legal Reasoning’ (1990) 38(1) The American Journal of Comparative Law, 143–170.
Holley Kerrie and Becker Siupo, AI-First Healthcare: AI Applications in the Business and Clinical Management of Health (O'Reilly 2021).
Holmes Jr. Oliver W., The Common Law (Little, Brown and Company 1881).
Hornung Gerrit, Grundrechtsinnovationen (Mohr Siebeck 2015).
Hosseini Mohammad-Parsa, Lu Senbao, Kamaraj Kavin and others, ‘Deep Learning Architectures’ in Pedrycz and Chen, Deep Learning: Concepts and Architectures (Springer International Publishing 2020).
Hostiuc Sorin (ed), Clinical Ethics at the Crossroads of Genetic and Reproductive Technologies (Elsevier 2018).
Hostiuc Sorin, ‘Predictive Genetic Testing in Multifactorial Disorders’ in Hostiuc, Clinical Ethics at the Crossroads of Genetic and Reproductive Technologies (Elsevier 2018).
Humphreys Paul, ‘The Philosophical Novelty of Computer Simulation Methods’ (2009) 169(3) Synthese, 615–626.
Hyun Insoo, ‘Authentic Values and Individual Autonomy’ (2001) 35(2) The Journal of Value Inquiry, 195–208.
Igual Laura and Seguí Santi (eds), Introduction to Data Science (Springer International Publishing 2017).
Igual Laura and Seguí Santi, ‘Unsupervised Learning’ in Igual and Seguí, Introduction to Data Science (Springer International Publishing 2017).
Iheukwumere Emmanuel O., ‘Doctor, Are You Experienced? The Relevance of Disclosure of Physician Experience to a Valid Informed Consent’ (2002) 18(2) The Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy, 373–419.
Jackson Emily, ‘‘Informed Consent' to Medical Treatment and the Impotence of Tort’ in McLean, First Do No Harm (Routledge 2016).
Johns Margaret Z., ‘Informed Consent: Requiring Doctors to Disclose Off-Label Prescriptions and Conflicts of Interest’ (2007) 58(5) Hastings Law Journal, 967–1024.
Johnson Richard and Yi Zhu Yuan (eds), Sceptical Perspectives on the Changing Constitution of the United Kingdom (Hart Publishing 2023).
Jolliffe I. T., Principal Component Analysis (Second Edition, Springer New York 2002).
Jones Meg L., ‘Does Technology Drive Law? The Dilemma of Technological Exceptionalism in Cyberlaw’ [2018](2) University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, 249–284.
Jones Michael, Medical Negligence (Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2021).
Kähler Lorenz, ‘Norm, Code, Digitalisat’ in Kuhli and Rostalski, Normentheorie im digitalen Zeitalter (Nomos 2023).
Kaminski Margot E., ‘Technological "Disruption" of the Law's Imagined Scene: Some Lessons from Lex Informatica’ (2021) 36(3) Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 883–914.
Kazzazi Fawz, ‘The Automation of Doctors and Machines: A Classification for AI in Medicine (ADAM framework)’ (2021) 8(2) Future Healthcare Journal, 257–262.
Kearl Kurtis J., ‘Turpin v. Sortini: Recognizing the Unsupportable Cause of Action for Wrongful Life’ (1983) 71(4) California Law Review, 1278–1297.
Keating Rebecca and Wright Laura, ‘AI and Professional Liability’ in Hervey and Lavy, The Law of Artificial Intelligence (Sweet & Maxwell 2021).
Kelley Patrick J., ‘Wrongful Life, Wrongful Birth, and Justice in Tort Law’ (1979) Fall(4) Washington University Law Quarterly, 919–964.
Kellmeyer Philipp, ‘Ethical Issues in the Application of Machine Learning to Brain Disorders’ in Mechelli and Vieira, Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Kelly Christopher J., Karthikesalingam Alan, Suleyman Mustafa and others, ‘Key Challenges for Delivering Clinical Impact with Artificial Intelligence’ (2019) 17(1) BMC Medicine, 1–9.
Kennedy Ian, ‘The Doctor-Patient Relationship’ in Byrne, Rights and Wrongs in Medicine (Oxford University Press 1986).
Kennedy Ian and Grubb Andrew, ‘Testing for HIV Infection: The Legal Framework’ (1989) 86(7) Law Society Gazette, 30-35.
Keown John, ‘The Ashes of Aids and the Phoenix of Informed Consent’ (1989) 52(6) The Modern Law Review, 790–800.
Keren-Paz Tsachi, ‘Compensating Injury to Autonomy in English Negligence Law: Inconsistent Recognition’ (2018) 26(4) Medical Law Review, 585–609.
Keren-Paz Tsachi, ‘Compensating Injury to Autonomy: A Conceptual and Normative Analysis’ in Barker, Fairweather and Grantham, Private Law in the 21st Century (Hart Publishing 2017).
Keren-Paz Tsachi, ‘Gender Injustice in Compensating Injury to Autonomy in English and Singaporean Negligence Law’ (2019) 27(1) Feminist Legal Studies, 33–55.
Kiener Maximilian, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and the Disclosure of Risks’ (2020) 36(3) AI & Society, 705–713.
Kim Dohyun, You Sungmin, So Soonwon and others, ‘A Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence Model for Remote Triage in the Prehospital Environment’ (2018) 13(10) PloS One.
King Nancy M. P., ‘The Reasonable Patient and the Healer’ (2015) 50(2) Wake Forest Law Review, 343–362.
Kirby Michael, ‘New Frontier: Regulating Technology by Law and ‘Code’’ in Brownsword and Yeung, Regulating Technologies: Legal Futures, Regulatory Frames and Technological Fixes (Hart Publishing 2008).
Kirchhoffer David G. and Richards Bernadette J. (eds), Beyond Autonomy (Cambridge University Press 2019).
Krishnan Maya, ‘Against Interpretability: A Critical Examination of the Interpretability Problem in Machine Learning’ (2020) 33(3) Philosophy & Technology, 487–502.
Kudina Olya and Boer Bas de, ‘Co-Designing Diagnosis: Towards a Responsible Integration of Machine Learning Decision-Support Systems in Medical Diagnostics’ (2021) 27(3) Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 529–536.
Kuhli Milan and Rostalski Frauke (eds), Normentheorie im digitalen Zeitalter (Nomos 2023).
Laing Judith M. and McHale Jean V. (eds), Principles of Medical Law (Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press 2017).
Landes William M. and Posner Richard A., The Economic Structure of Tort Law (Harvard University Press 1987).
Lawson Craig, ‘The Family Affinities of Common-Law and Civil-Law Legal Systems’ (1982) 6(1) Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, 85–132.
Lebovitz Sarah, Levina Natalia and Lifshitz-Assaf Hila, ‘Is AI Ground Truth Really True? The Dangers of Training and Evaluating AI Tools Based on Experts’ Know-What’ (2021) 45(3) MIS Quarterly, 1501–1526.
Lessig Lawrence, ‘The Constitution of Code: Limitations on Choice-Based Critiques of Cyberspace Regulation’ (1997) 5(2) CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of Communications Law and Policy, 181–192.
Lessig Lawrence, Code: Version 2.0 (Basic Books 2006).
Lewens Tim (ed), Risk: Philosophical Perspectives (Routledge 2007).
Li Aiguo, Walling Jennifer, Ahn Susie and others, ‘Unsupervised Analysis of Transcriptomic Profiles Reveals Six Glioma Subtypes’ (2009) 69(5) Cancer research, 2091–2099.
Liu Hin-Yan, Maas Matthijs, Danaher John and others, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Legal Disruption: A New Model for Analysis’ (2020) 12(2) Law, Innovation and Technology, 205–258.
López-Rubio Ezequiel, ‘Computational Functionalism for the Deep Learning Era’ (2018) 28(4) Minds & Machines, 667–688.
Luxton David D. (ed), Artificial Intelligence in Behavioral and Mental Health Care (Elsevier Reference Monographs 2016).
Lyell David and Coiera Enrico, ‘Automation Bias and Verification Complexity: A Systematic Review’ (2017) 24(2) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 423–431.
MacCallum Gerald C., ‘Negative and Positive Freedom’ (1967) 76(3) The Philosophical Review, 312–334.
MacCormick Neil, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (Oxford University Press 1994).
MacCormick Neil and Summers Robert S. (eds), Interpreting Precedents: A Comparative Study (Routledge 2016).
Maclean Alasdair R., ‘Consent, Sectionalisation and the Concept of a Medical Procedure’ (2002) 28(4) Journal of Medical Ethics, 249–254.
Maclean Alasdair R., ‘The Doctrine of Informed Consent: Does It Exist and Has It Crossed the Atlantic?’ (2004) 24(3) Legal Studies, 386–413.
Maclean Alasdair R., Autonomy, Informed Consent and Medical Law: A Relational Challenge (Cambridge University Press 2009).
Mahase Elisabeth, ‘Birmingham Trust and Babylon Health Discuss Pre-A&E Triage App’ (2019) 365(l2354) BMJ (Clinical Research Edition).
Mandel Gregory N., ‘Legal Evolution in Response to Technological Change’ in Brownsword, Scotford and Yeung, The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology (Oxford University Press 2016).
Marchant Gary E., ‘The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and the Law’ in Marchant, Allenby and Herkert, The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer Netherlands 2011).
Marchant Gary E., Allenby Braden R. and Herkert Joseph R. (eds), The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer Netherlands 2011).
Mayer-Schonberger Viktor, ‘Demystifying Lessig’ [2008](4) Wisconsin Law Review, 713–746.
McDonald George, California Medical Malpractice: Law & Practice (Revised Edition, Thomson West 2022).
McDougall Rosalind J., ‘Computer Knows Best?: The Need for Value-Flexibility in Medical AI’ [2019](45) Journal of Medical Ethics, 156–160.
McDougall Rosalind J., ‘No We Shouldn't Be Afraid of Medical AI; It Involves Risks and Opportunities’ (2019) 45(8) Journal of Medical Ethics, 559.
McGregor Harvey, Edelman James, Colton Simon and others, McGregor on Damages (Twenty-First Edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2021).
McHale Jean V., ‘‘Appropriate Consent’ and the Use of Human Material for Research Purposes: The Competent Adult’ (2006) 1(4) Clinical Ethics, 195–199.
McHale Jean V., ‘Consent to Treatment: The Competent Patient’ in Laing and McHale, Principles of Medical Law (Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press 2017).
McLean Sheila A. M. (ed), First Do No Harm (Routledge 2016).
Meagher Dan, ‘Is There a Common Law Right to Freedom of Speech?’ (2019) 43(1) Melbourne University Law Review, 269–302.
Mechelli Andrea and Vieira Sandra (eds), Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Meisel Alan, ‘A Dignitary Tort as a Bridge between the Idea of Informed Consent and the Law of Informed Consent’ (1988) 16(3-4) Law, Medicine and Health Care, 210–218.
Meisel Alan, ‘The Right to Die: A Case Study in American Lawmaking’ (1996) 3(1) European Journal of Health Law, 49–74.
Mele Alfred R., ‘Motivated Irrationality’ in Mele and Rawling, The Oxford Handbook of Rationality (Oxford University Press 2004).
Mele Alfred R. and Rawling Piers (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Rationality (Oxford University Press 2004).
Michaels Ralf, ‘The Functional Method of Comparative Law’ in Reimann and Zimmermann, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (Second Edition. Oxford University Press 2019).
Michelucci Umberto, Applied Deep Learning: A Case-Based Approach to Understanding Deep Neural Networks (Apress 2018).
Miguel Beriain Iñigo de, ‘Should We Have a Right to Refuse Diagnostics and Treatment Planning by Artificial Intelligence?’ (2020) 23(2) Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 247–252.
Minsky Marvin, The Society of Mind (First Edition, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks 1988).
Minssen Timo, Gerke Sara, Aboy Mateo and others, ‘Regulatory Responses to Medical Machine Learning’ (2020) 7(1) Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 1–18.
Molnar Christoph, Interpretable Machine Learning: A Guide for Making Black Box Models Interpretable (Lulu 2019).
Montanez Savannah R., ‘Pregnant and Scared: How NIFLA v. Becerra Avoids Protecting Women's Reproductive Autonomy’ (2019) 56(3) San Diego Law Review, 829–852.
Montgomery Jonathan, ‘Law and the Demoralisation of Medicine’ (2006) 26(2) Legal Studies, 185–210.
Moore Nancy J., ‘Intent and Consent in the Tort of Battery: Confusion and Controversy’ (2012) 61(6) American University Law Review, 1585–1656.
Morgan Jonathan, ‘Torts and Technology’ in Brownsword, Scotford and Yeung, The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology (Oxford University Press 2016).
Morik Katharina, ‘A Note on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics’ in Bauer and others, Applications in Statistical Computing (Springer International Publishing 2019).
Moses Lyria B., ‘Adapting the Law to Technological Change: A Comparison of Common Law and Legislation Courts and Parliament’ (2003) 26(2) UNSW Law Journal, 394–417.
Moses Lyria B., ‘Sui Generis Rules’ in Marchant, Allenby and Herkert, The Growing Gap Between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer Netherlands 2011).
Moses Lyria B., ‘The Legal Landscape Following Technological Change: Paths to Adaptation’ (2007) 27(5) Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 408–416.
Moses Lyria B., ‘Why Have a Theory of Law and Technological Change?’ (2007) 8(2) Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology, 589–606.
Mosier Kathleen L., Skitka Linda J., Heers Susan and others, ‘Automation Bias: Decision Making and Performance in High-Tech Cockpits’ (1998) 8(1) The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 47–63.
Mourby Miranda, Ó Cathaoir Katharina and Collin Catherine B., ‘Transparency of Machine-Learning in Healthcare: The GDPR & European Health Law’ (2021) 43 Computer Law & Security Review.
Muehlematter Urs J., Daniore Paola and Vokinger Kerstin N., ‘Approval of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-Based Medical Devices in the USA and Europe (2015–20): A Comparative Analysis’ (2021) 3(3) The Lancet Digital Health, 195–203.
Mueller Andy, ‘The Knowledge Norm of Apt Practical Reasoning’ (2021) 199(1-2) Synthese, 5395–5414.
Mulligan Andrea, ‘A Vindicatory Approach to Tortious Liability for Mistakes in Assisted Human Reproduction’ (2020) 40(1) Legal Studies, 55–76.
Murphy Thérèse (ed), New Technologies and Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2009).
Naeem Muddasar, Rizvi Syed T. H. and Coronato Antonio, ‘A Gentle Introduction to Reinforcement Learning and its Application in Different Fields’ (2020) 8 IEEE Access, 209320–209344.
Narla Akhila, Kuprel Brett, Sarin Kavita and others, ‘Automated Classification of Skin Lesions: From Pixels to Practice’ (2018) 138(10) The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2108–2110.
Ngo Brandon, Nguyen Diep and van Sonnenberg Eric, ‘The Cases for and against Artificial Intelligence in the Medical School Curriculum’ (2022) 4(5) Radiology: Artificial intelligence, 1–8.
Nilsson Nils J., The Quest for Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge University Press 2009).
Nolan Donal, ‘Damage in the English Law of Negligence’ (2013) 4(3) Journal of European Tort Law, 259–281.
Nolan Donal, ‘Negligence and Autonomy’ [2022](2), 356–383.
Nolan Donal, ‘New Forms of Damage in Negligence’ (2007) 70(1) The Modern Law Review, 59–88.
Nolan Donal, ‘Varying the Standard of Care in Negligence’ (2013) 72(3) The Cambridge Law Journal, 651–688.
Nolan Donal and Robertson Andrew (eds), Rights and Private Law (Hart Publishing 2012).
Nolan Paul, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Medicine - Is Too Much Transparency a Good Thing?’ [2023] The Medico-Legal Journal, Onlinefirst.
O'Neill Jennifer, ‘Lessons From the Vaginal Mesh Scandal: Enhancing the Patient-Centric Approach to Informed Consent for Medical Device Implantation’ (2021) 37(1) International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, e53, 1-5.
Orfali Kristina, ‘A Journey Through Global Bioethics’ (2019) 16(3) Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 305–308.
Ormerod David C. and Laird Karl, Smith, Hogan, & Ormerod's Criminal Law (Fifteenth Edition, Oxford University Press 2018).
Papathanasiou Jason, Zaraté Pascale and Freire de Sousa Jorge (eds), EURO Working Group on DSS: A Tour of the DSS Developments Over the Last 30 Years (Springer International Publishing 2021).
Parasuraman Raja and Manzey Dietrich H., ‘Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration’ (2010) 52(3) Human Factors, 381–410.
Parfit Derek, On What Matters: Volume One (Oxford University Press 2011).
Parikh Harsh, Hoffman Kentaro, Sun Haoqi and others, ‘Why Interpretable Causal Inference is Important for High-Stakes Decision Making for Critically Ill Patients and How To Do It’ (2022) Preprint, 1–31.
Parikh Ravi B. and Helmchen Lorens A., ‘Paying For Artificial Intelligence in Medicine’ [2022](5) NPJ Digital Medicine.
Pattinson Shaun D., Medical Law and Ethics (Sixth Edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2020).
Paulo Norbert, The Confluence of Philosophy and Law in Applied Ethics (Palgrave Macmillan UK 2016).
Pedrycz Witold and Chen Shyi-Ming (eds), Deep Learning: Concepts and Architectures (Springer International Publishing 2020).
Pennachin Cassio and Goertzel Ben, ‘Contemporary Approaches to Artificial General Intelligence’ in Goertzel and Pennachin, Artificial General Intelligence (Springer 2007).
Perry Stephen, ‘Risk, Harm, Interests and Rights’ in Lewens, Risk: Philosophical Perspectives (Routledge 2007).
Phillips Andelka M., Campos Thana C. de and Herring Jonathan (eds), Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law (Oxford University Press 2019).
Ploug Thomas and Holm Søren, ‘Doctors, Patients, and Nudging in the Clinical Context--Four Views on Nudging and Informed Consent’ (2015) 15(10) The American Journal of Bioethics, 28–38.
Ploug Thomas and Holm Søren, ‘The Four Dimensions of Contestable AI Diagnostics - A Patient-Centric Approach to Explainable AI’ (2020) 107 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.
Ploug Thomas and Holm Søren, ‘The Right to Refuse Diagnostics and Treatment Planning by Artificial Intelligence’ (2020) 23(1) Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 107–114.
Pope Thaddeus M., ‘Certified Patient Decision Aids: Solving Persistent Problems with Informed Consent Law’ (2017) 45(1) Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 12–40.
Poscher Ralf, ‘The Hand of Midas: When Concepts Turn Legal, or Deflating the Hart-Dworkin Debate’ in Hage and Pfordten, Concepts in Law (Springer Netherlands 2009).
Posner Richard A., Law and Legal Theory in England and America (Clarendon Press 2003).
Post David G., ‘Against "Against Cyberanarchy"’ (2002) 17(4) Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 1365–1387.
Povyakalo Andrey A., Alberdi Eugenio, Strigini Lorenzo and others, ‘How to Discriminate Between Computer-Aided and Computer-Hindered Decisions: A Case Study in Mammography’ (2013) 33(1) Medical Decision Making, 98–107.
Prainsack Barbara and Buyx Alena, ‘Thinking Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks in Medicine From the Perspective of Solidarity on Both Sides of the Atlantic’ (2016) 37(6) Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 489–501.
Priaulx Nicolette, ‘Joy to the World! A (Healthy) Child Is Born! Reconceptualizing Harm in Wrongful Conception’ (2004) 13(1) Social & Legal Studies, 5–26.
Priaulx Nicolette, The Harm Paradox: Tort Law and the Unwanted Child in an Era of Choice (Routledge 2014).
Price David, ‘Remodelling the Regulation of Postmodern Innovation in Medicine’ (2005) 1(2) International Journal of Law in Context, 121–141.
Price II W. N., ‘Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Applications and Legal Implications.’ (2017) 14(1) The SciTech Lawyer, 10–13.
Price II W. N., ‘Distributed Governance of Medical AI’ (2022) 25(1) SMU Science & Technology Law Review, 3–22.
Price II W. N., ‘Medical AI and Contextual Bias’ (2019) 33(1) Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 65–116.
Price II W. N., Sachs Rachel E. and Eisenberg Rebecca S., ‘New Innovation Models in Medical AI’ (2022) (2022) 99(4) Washington University Law Review, 1121– 1173.
Price Monroe E., ‘The Newness of New Technology’ (2001) 22(5-6) Cardozo Law Review, 1885–1913.
Pugh Jonathan, Autonomy, Rationality, and Contemporary Bioethics (Oxford University Press 2020).
Purshouse Craig, ‘Autonomy, Affinity, and the Assessment of Damages: ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd [2017] SGCA 20 and Shaw v Kovak [2017] EWCA Civ 1028’ (2018) 26(4) Medical Law Review, 675–692.
Purshouse Craig, ‘How Should Autonomy Be Defined in Medical Negligence Cases?’ (2015) 10(4) Clinical Ethics, 107–114.
Purshouse Craig, ‘Judicial Reasoning and the Concept of Damage: Rethinking Medical Negligence Cases’ (2015) 15(2-3) Medical Law International, 155–181.
Purshouse Craig, ‘Liability for Lost Autonomy in Negligence: Undermining the Coherence of Tort Law?’ (2015) 22(3) Torts Law Journal, 226–249.
Purshouse Craig, ‘Should Lost Autonomy be Recognised as Actionable Damage in Medical Negligence Cases?’ (Thesis for the degree of PhD in Bioethics and Medical Jurisprudence, University of Manchester 2015).
Purshouse Craig, ‘The Impatient Patient and the Unreceptive Receptionist: Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust [2018] UKSC 50’ (2019) 27(2) Medical Law Review, 318–329.
Raz Joseph, ‘Legal Principles and the Limits of Law’ (1972) 81(5) Yale Law Journal, 823–854.
Reidenberg Joel R., ‘Governing Networks and Rule-Making in Cyberspace’ (1996) 45(3) Emory Law Journal, 911–930.
Reidenberg Joel R., ‘Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology’ (1997) 76(3) Texas Law Review, 553–594.
Reimann Mathias and Zimmermann Reinhard (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (Second Edition, Oxford University Press 2019).
Rhodes Rosamond, Francis Leslie P. and Silvers Anita (eds), The Blackwell Guide to Medical Ethics (John Wiley & Sons 2008).
Richards Bernadette J., ‘Autonomy and the Law: Widely Used Poorly Defined’ in Kirchhoffer and Richards, Beyond Autonomy (Cambridge University Press 2019).
Rid Annette. and Wendler David, ‘Risk-Benefit Assessment in Medical Research – Critical Review and Open Questions’ (2010) 9(3-4) Law, Probability and Risk, 151–177.
Robertson Andrew and Tang Hang W. (eds), The Goals of Private Law (Hart Publishing 2009).
Robertson Andrew, ‘Constraints on Policy-Based Reasoning in Private Law’ in Robertson and Tang, The Goals of Private Law (Hart Publishing 2009).
Rubel Alan, Castro Clinton and Pham Adam, Algorithms and Autonomy (Cambridge University Press 2021).
Rudin Cynthia, ‘Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead’ (2019) 1(5) Nature Machine Intelligence, 206–215.
Rudin Cynthia and Ustun Berk, ‘Optimized Scoring Systems: Toward Trust in Machine Learning for Healthcare and Criminal Justice’ (2018) 48(5) Interfaces, 449–466.
Rudin Cynthia, Chen Chaofan, Chen Zhi and others, ‘Interpretable Machine Learning: Fundamental Principles and 10 Grand Challenges’ (2022) 16 Statistics Surveys, 1–85.
Rumelhart David E., Hinton Geoffrey E. and McClelland James L., ‘A General Framework for Parallel Distributed Processing’ in Rumelhart, James L. McClelland and PDP Research Group, Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 1: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Foundations (1999).
Rumelhart David E., James L. McClelland and PDP Research Group (eds), Parallel Distributed Processing, Volume 1: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Foundations (1999).
Russell Stuart J., ‘Rationality and Intelligence’ (1997) 94(1-2) Artificial Intelligence, 57–77.
Rustad Michael L. and Koenig Thomas H., ‘Cybertorts and Legal Lag: An Empirical Analysis’ (2003) 13(1) Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 77–140.
Ryan Mark, ‘In AI We Trust: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Reliability’ (2020) 26(5) Science and Engineering Ethics, 2749–2767.
Saghai Yashar, ‘Salvaging the Concept of Nudge’ (2013) 39(8) Journal of Medical Ethics, 487–493.
Saporta Adriel, Gui Xiaotong, Agrawal Ashwin and others, ‘Benchmarking Saliency Methods for Chest X-Ray Interpretation’ [2022](4) Nature Machine Intelligence, 867–878.
Sartor Giovanni, ‘Human Rights in the Information Society: Utopias, Dystopias and Human Values’ in Azevedo Cunha and others, New Technologies and Human Rights: Challenges to Regulation (Ashgate Publishing 2013).
Savulescu Julian, ‘Autonomy, the Good Life, and Controversial Choices’ in Rhodes, Francis and Silvers, The Blackwell Guide to Medical Ethics (John Wiley & Sons 2008).
Savulescu Julian, ‘Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment’ (1994) 8(3) Bioethics, 191–222.
Scarpazza Cristina, Baecker Lea, Vieira Sandra and others, ‘Applications of Machine Learning to Brain Disorders’ in Mechelli and Vieira, Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Schmidhuber Jürgen, ‘Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview’ (2015) 61 Neural Networks, 85–117.
Schoeman Ferdinand D. (ed), Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy (Cambridge University Press 2009).
Schönberger Daniel, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Critical Analysis of the Legal and Ethical Implications’ (2019) 27(2) International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 171–203.
Schramme Thomas and Edwards Steven (eds), Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine (Springer Netherlands 2017).
Schultz Marjorie M., ‘From Informed Consent to Patient Choice: A New Protected Interest’ (1985) 95(2) The Yale Law Journal, 219–299.
Seabourne Gwen, ‘The Role of the Tort of Battery in Medical Law’ (1995) 24(3) Anglo-American Law Review, 265–298.
Sejnowski Terrence J., The Deep Learning Revolution (MIT Press 2018).
Selbst Andrew D. and Powles Julia, ‘Meaningful Information and the Right to Explanation’ (2017) 7(4) International Data Privacy Law, 233–242.
Sharma Nisha, Ng Annie Y., James Jonathan J. and others, ‘Large-Scale Evaluation of an AI System as an Independent Reader for Double Reading in Breast Cancer Screening’ (2021) Pre-Print, 1–13.
Sharpe Virginia A. and Faden Alan I., Medical Harm: Historical, Conceptual, and Ethical Dimensions of Iatrogenic Illness (Cambridge University Press 2001).
Shell Richard G., ‘Contracts in the Modern Supreme Court’ (1993) 81(2) California Law Review, 431–530.
Sherrard Michael and Gatt Ian, ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Antibody Testing: Guidance from an Opinion Provided for the British Medical Association’ (1987) 295(6603) British Medical Journal, 911–912.
Shortreed Susan M., Laber Eric, Lizotte Daniel J. and others, ‘Informing Sequential Clinical Decision-Making Through Reinforcement Learning: An Empirical Study’ (2011) 84(1-2) Machine Learning, 109–136.
Siegel Reva B. and Greenhouse Linda, Before Roe v. Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling (Kaplan 2010).
Simons Kenneth W., ‘A Restatement (Third) of Intentional Torts’ (2006) 48 Arizona Law Review, 1061–1102.
Smith Stephen A., ‘Duties, Liabilities, and Damages’ (2012) 125(7) Harvard Law Review, 1727–1756.
Sommer Joseph H., ‘Against Cyberlaw’ (2000) 15(3) Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 1145–1232.
Somsen Han, ‘Regulating Human Genetics in a Neo-Eugenic Era’ in Murphy, New Technologies and Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2009).
Spindelman Marc, ‘Are the Similarities between a Woman's Right to Choose an Abortion and the Alleged Right to Assisted Suicide Really Compelling’ (1996) 29(3) University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 775–856.
Stevens Laura M., Mortazavi Bobak J., Deo Rahul C. and others, ‘Recommendations for Reporting Machine Learning Analyses in Clinical Research’ (2020) 13(10) Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 782-793.
Stoljar Natalie, ‘Informed Consent and Relational Conceptions of Autonomy’ (2011) 36(4) The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 375–384.
Strauß Stefan, ‘Deep Automation Bias: How to Tackle a Wicked Problem of AI?’ (2021) 5(2) Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 1–14.
Sujan Mark, Furniss Dominic, Grundy Kath and others, ‘Human Factors Challenges for the Safe Use of Artificial Intelligence in Patient Care’ (2019) 26(1) BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 1–5.
Sun Ron, ‘Connectionism and Neural Networks’ in Frankish and Ramsey, The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge University Press 2014).
Sunstein Cass R., After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State (Harvard University Press 1993).
Sunstein Cass R., Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict (Oxford University Press 1998).
Sutherland Lauren, ‘Montgomery: Myths, Misconceptions and Misunderstanding’ [2019](3) Journal of Personal Injury Law, 157–167.
Sutherland Lauren, ‘The Law Finally Reflects Good Professional Practice: Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board’ [2015](123) Reparation Bulletin, 4–8.
Sutton Richard S. and Barto Andrew, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (Second Edition, MIT Press 2018).
Syrett Keith, ‘Institutional Liability’ in Laing and McHale, Principles of Medical Law (Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press 2017).
Szolovits Peter, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Westview Press 1982).
Terrion Halle F., ‘Informed Choice: Physicians' Duty to Disclose Nonreadily Available Alternatives’ (1993) 43(2) Case Western Reserve Law Review, 491–524.
Thaler Richard H. and Sunstein Cass R., Nudge (The Final Edition, Allen Lane 2021).
Theodoridis Sergios, Machine Learning: A Bayesian and Optimization Perspective (Second Edition, Elsevier 2020).
Thomasian Nicole M., Eickhoff Carsten and Adashi Eli Y., ‘Advancing Health Equity with Artificial Intelligence’ (2021) 42(4) Journal of Public Health Policy, 602–611.
Throckmorton Archibald H., ‘Damages for Fright’ (1923) 57(6) American Law Review, 828–853.
Todd Stephen, ‘Common Law Protection for Injury to a Person's Reproductive Autonomy’ (2019) 135 Law Quarterly Review, 635–659.
Topol Eric J., Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again (Basic Books 2019).
Topol Eric J., ‘High-Performance Medicine: The Convergence of Human and Artificial Intelligence’ (2019) 25(1) Nature Medicine, 44–56.
Tranter Kieran, ‘The Law and Technology Enterprise: Uncovering the Template to Legal Scholarship on Technology’ (2011) 3(1) Law, Innovation and Technology, 31–83.
Tribe Laurence H., ‘Technology Assessment and the Fourth Discontinuity: The Limits of Instrumental Rationality’ (1973) 46(3) Southern California Law Review, 617–660.
Tsoukias Alexis, ‘Social Responsibility of Algorithms: An Overview’ in Papathanasiou, Zaraté and Freire de Sousa, EURO Working Group on DSS: A Tour of the DSS Developments Over the Last 30 Years (Springer International Publishing 2021).
Turner Jacob, Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence (Springer International Publishing 2019).
Turton Gemma, ‘Informed Consent to Medical Treatment Post-Montgomery: Causation and Coincidence’ (2019) 27(1) Medical Law Review, 108–134.
Twerski Aarib D. and Cohen Neil B., ‘Informed Decision Making and the Law of Torts: The Myth of Justiciable Causation’ [1988](3) University of Illinois Law Review, 607–666.
Vansweevelt Thierry and Glover-Thomas Nicola (eds), Informed Consent and Health: A Global Analysis (Edward Elgar Publishing 2020).
Varuhas J. N., ‘The Concept of 'Vindication' in the Law of Torts: Rights, Interests and Damages’ (2014) 34(2) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 253–293.
Veatch Robert M., ‘Doctor Does Not Know Best: Why in the New Century Physicians Must Stop Trying to Benefit Patients’ (2000) 25(6) The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 701–721.
Vieira Sandra, Pinaya Walter H. L. and Mechelli Andrea, ‘Introduction to Machine Learning’ in Mechelli and Vieira, Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Vieira Sandra, Pinaya Walter H. L. and Mechelli Andrea, ‘Main Concepts in Machine Learning’ in Mechelli and Vieira, Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Vieira Sandra, Pinaya Walter H. L., Garcia-Dias Rafael and others, ‘Deep Neural Networks’ in Mechelli and Vieira, Machine Learning: Methods and Applications to Brain Disorders (Academic Press 2019).
Voter Andrew F., Meram Ece, Garrett John W. and others, ‘Diagnostic Accuracy and Failure Mode Analysis of a Deep Learning Algorithm for the Detection of Intracranial Hemorrhage’ (2021) 18(8) Journal of the American College of Radiology, 1143–1152.
Wachter Sandra, Mittelstadt Brent and Floridi Luciano, ‘Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation’ (2017) 7(2) International Data Privacy Law, 76–99.
Wachter Sandra, Mittelstadt Brent, Russell and others, ‘Counterfactual Explanations Without Opening the Black Box: Automated Decisions and the GDPR’ (2017) 31(1) Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 841–887.
Wagemans Jean H. M., ‘The Assessment of Argumentation from Expert Opinion’ (2011) 25(3) Argumentation, 329–339.
Wall Jesse, ‘How the Philosophy Gets In’ in Phillips, Campos and Herring, Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law (Oxford University Press 2019).
Walton Douglas N., Appeal to Expert Opinion: Arguments from Authority (Pennsylvania State University Press 1997).
Wang Pei, ‘On Defining Artificial Intelligence’ (2019) 10(2) Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 1–37.
Wang Pei, ‘What Do You Mean by “AI”?’ in Wang, Goertzel and Franklin, Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference (IOS Press 2008).
Wang Pei, Goertzel Ben and Franklin Stan (eds), Artificial General Intelligence 2008: Proceedings of the First AGI Conference (IOS Press 2008).
Weisbard Alan J., ‘Informed Consent: The Law's Uneasy Compromise with Ethical Theory’ (1986) 65(4) Nebraska Law Review, 749–767.
Westbrook Johanna I., Coiera Enrico W. and Gosling A. S., ‘Do Online Information Retrieval Systems Help Experienced Clinicians Answer Clinical Questions?’ (2005) 12(3) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 315–321.
Wicks Elizabeth, Human Rights and Healthcare (Hart Publishing 2007).
Winner Langdon, ‘Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding It Empty: Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Technology’ (1993) 18(3) Science, Technology, & Human Values, 362–378.
Winston Kenneth I. (ed), The Principles of Social Order: Selected Essays of Lon L. Fuller (Revised Edition, Hart Publishing 2001).
Witkin Bernard E., Summary of California Law (Eleventh Edition, Thomas Reuters 2022).
Witzleb Normann and Caroll Robyn, ‘The Role of Vindication in Torts Damages’ (2009) 17(1) Tort Law Review, 16–44.
Wolf Susan M., ‘Shifting Paradigms in Bioethics and Health Law: The Rise of a New Pragmatism’ (1994) 20(4) American Journal of Law & Medicine, 395–415.
Wolf Susan, Freedom Within Reason (Oxford University Press 1993).
Wood Elena A., Ange Brittany L. and Miller D. D., ‘Are We Ready to Integrate Artificial Intelligence Literacy into Medical School Curriculum: Students and Faculty Survey’ (2021) 8 Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 1-5.
Wulfovich Sharon and Meyers Arlen (eds), Digital Health Entrepreneurship (Springer Cham 2020).
Yang Xi, Bian Jiang, Hogan William R. and others, ‘Clinical Concept Extraction Using Transformers’ (2020) 27(12) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 1935–1942.
Yu Kun-Hsing, Beam Andrew L. and Kohane Isaac S., ‘Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare’ (2018) 2(10) Nature Biomedical Engineering, 719–731.
Zacher Hans F., ‘Das soziale Staatsziel’ in Zacher, Abhandlungen zum Sozialrecht (Müller Juristischer Verlag 1993).
Zacher Hans F., Maydell Bernd von and Eichenhofer Eberhard (eds), Abhandlungen zum Sozialrecht (Müller Juristischer Verlag 1993).
Zednik Carlos, ‘Solving the Black Box Problem: A Normative Framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence’ (2021) 34(2) Philosophy & Technology, 265–288.
Zweigert Konrad and Kötz Hein, Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung: Auf dem Gebiete des Privatrechts (Third Edition, Mohr Siebeck 1996).
II. Material
‘FAccT '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency’ (2021).
‘Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining’ (2015).
‘The 2021 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications: October 31-November 2, 2021, Dubai, UAE’ (2021).
AI Healthcare Coalition, ‘AI Healthcare Coalition Appreciates CMS’ Efforts to Support Access to Innovative AI Services’ (2021) <https://ai-coalition.org/news/ai-healthcare-coalition-appreciates-cms-efforts-to-support-access-to-innovative-ai-services> accessed 26.3.2023.
Annette Markham and others (eds), ‘AIES '20: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society’ (2020).
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, ‘Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-Making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679’ (2018).
Bhatt Umang, Xiang Alice, Sharma Shubham and others, ‘Explainable Machine Learning in Deployment’ (Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Barcelona, Spain, 27.01.2020-30.01.2020).
Caruana Rich, Lou Yin, Gehrke Johannes and others, ‘Intelligible Models for HealthCare: Predicting Pneumonia Risk and Hospital 30-day Readmission’ (Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Sydney NSW Australia, 10.8.2015-13.8.2015).
Chang Anthony, ‘Common Misconceptions and Future Directions for AI in Medicine: A Physician-Data Scientist Perspective’ in Riaño, Wilk and Teije, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: 17th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, AIME 2019, Poznan, Poland, June 26–29, 2019, Proceedings (2019).
Chaudhury Hassan, ‘AI in Health in the United Kingdom: An Overview for SME's and Research Institutes on the Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for AI Applications in the British Healthcare Sector’ (Market Report, 2021) <https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/AI-in-Health-UK-market-report_0.pdf> accessed 26.3.2023.
Coghlan Andy, ‘Could HIV tests land doctors in court?’ (19.1.1994) <https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119100-600-could-hiv-tests-land-doctors-in-court/> accessed 9.3.2021.
Deutscher Ethikrat, ‘Mensch und Maschine – Herausforderungen durch Künstliche Intelligenz’ (Stellungnahme, 2023).
Di Nucci Ezio, Jensen Rasmus T. and Tupasela Aaro, ‘Ethics of Medical AI: The Case of Watson for Oncology’ (English version of the paper ― Kunstig Intelligens og Medicinsk Etik: Tilfaeldet Watson for Oncology, to be printed in the volume 8 Cases i Medicinsk Etik 5.12.2019) <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3432317> accessed 5.4.2020.
Digital Diagnostics, ‘IDx-DR’ <https://www.digitaldiagnostics.com/products/eye-disease/idx-dr/> accessed 7.3.2022.
Edwards Lifesciences, ‘Edwards' Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index Launches In The U.S.’ (18.3.2022) <https://www.edwards.com/ns20180319> accessed 7.3.2022.
Fibricheck, ‘What is FibriCheck and how does it work?’ <https://www.fibricheck.com/what-is-fibricheck-and-how-does-it-work/> accessed 7.3.2022.
Franke Ulrike, ‘Artificial Intelligence Diplomacy: Artificial Intelligence Governance as a New European Union External Policy Tool’ (Study Requested by the AIDA Committee, 2021) <https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/IPOL_STU(2021)662926> accessed 26.3.2023.
General Medical Council, ‘Consent: Patients and Doctors Making Decisions Together’ (London 2008).
General Medical Council, ‘Decision Making and Consent’ (London 2020).
GOV.UK, ‘Regulating medical devices in the UK: What you need to do to place a medical device on the Great Britain, Northern Ireland and European Union (EU) markets’ (Guidance 1.1.2022) <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/regulating-medical-devices-in-the-uk> accessed 7.3.2022.
Grgic-Hlaca Nina, Redmiles Elissa M., Gummadi Krishna P. and others, ‘Human Perceptions of Fairness in Algorithmic Decision Making’ (WWW '18: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference, Lyon, France, 23.04.2018-27.4.2018).
Hamon Ronan, Junklewitz Henrik, Malgieri Gianclaudio and others, ‘Impossible Explanations?: Beyond Explainable AI in the GDPR From a COVID-19 Use Case Scenario’ (FAccT '21: 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 03.03.2021 - 10.03.2021).
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, ‘Code of Practice’ (2021 Ninth Edition) <https://portal.hfea.gov.uk/knowledge-base/read-the-code-of-practice/> accessed 26.3.2023.
IBM, ‘5725-W51 IBM Watson for Oncology: Sales Manual’ (2020) <https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?appname=skmwww&htmlfid=897%2FENUS5725-W51&infotype=DD&subtype=SM&mhsrc=ibmsearch_a&mhq=IBM%20WATSON%20ONcology> accessed 18.3.2023.
IDx LLC, ‘Fully Automated Diagnostic Device Receives CE Certification; IDx LLC Planning For Rollout Across Europe’ (6.5.2013) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fully-automated-diagnostic-device-receives-ce-certification-idx-llc-planning-for-rollout-across-europe-206263101.html> accessed 7.3.2022.
Information Commissioner's Office, ‘What are ‘controllers’ and ‘processors’?’ (17.10.2022) <https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/controllers-and-processors/what-are-controllers-and-processors/#1> accessed 18.3.2023.
International World Wide Web Conference Committee (ed), ‘WWW '18: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference’ (2018).
Johns Hopkins Technology Ventures, ‘Digital Health Startup That Assists Emergency Department Decision Making Acquired’ (2022) accessed 17.3.2023.
Joint Committee on the Draft Mental Incapacity Bill, ‘Draft Mental Incapacity Bill: Session 2002–03 Volume I’ (2003).
Lakkaraju Himabindu and Bastani Osbert, ‘"How Do I Fool You?": Manipulating User Trust via Misleading Black Box Explanations’ (AIES '20: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, New York, USA, 07.02.2020-09.02.2020).
Laugel Thibault, Lesot Marie-Jeanne, Marsala Christophe and others, ‘The Dangers of Post-Hoc Interpretability: Unjustified Counterfactual Explanations’ (Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Macao, China, 8.10.2019-8.16.2019).
Law Commission, ‘Liability for Psychiatric Illness’ (Law Commission Consultation Paper No 137, 1995).
Mann Brian, ‘Health Care Software Firm Fined $145M In Opioid Scheme With Drug Companies’ (1.2.2020) <https://www.npr.org/2020/02/01/801832788/healthcare-software-firm-fined-145m-in-opioid-scheme-with-drug-companies?t=1615393792393> accessed 10.3.2021.
Matheny Michael, Israni Sonoo T., Ahmed Mahnoor and others, ‘Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril’ (NAM Special Publication 2019) <https://nam.edu/artificial-intelligence-special-publication/> accessed 5.4.2020.
Marchiori Chiara, Dykeman Douglas, Girardi Ivan and others, ‘Artificial Intelligence Decision Support for Medical Triage’ [2020] AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 793–802.
MaxQ AI, Ltd, ‘MaxQ-AI Receives CE Mark Approval for Accipio™Ix Intracranial Hemorrhage Artificial Intelligence Software Platform’ (22.5.2018) <https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/maxq-ai-receives-ce-mark-approval-for-accipioix-intracranial-hemorrhage-artificial-intelligence-software-platform-300652488.html> accessed 7.3.2022.
MaxQ Artificial Intelligence, ‘ACCIPIO®—Solution Architecture and Design: A White Paper’ <https://www.maxq.ai/resources> accessed 7.3.2022.
Mireille Hildebrandt and others (eds), ‘FAT* '20: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency: January 27-30, 2020, Barcelona, Spain’ (2020).
NHS Transformation Directorate, ‘The NHS AI Lab’ <https://transform.england.nhs.uk/ai-lab/> accessed 26.3.2023.
NHSX, ‘NCCID case study: Setting standards for testing Artificial Intelligence’ (21.2.2022) <https://www.nhsx.nhs.uk/ai-lab/explore-all-resources/develop-ai/nccid-case-study-setting-standards-for-testing-artificial-intelligence/> accessed 6.3.2022.
Nix Mike, Onisiforou George and Painter Annabelle, ‘Understanding Healthcare Workers’ Confidence in AI’ (Report 1 of 2 2022) <https://digital-transformation.hee.nhs.uk/building-a-digital-workforce/dart-ed/horizon-scanning/understanding-healthcare-workers-confidence-in-ai> accessed 11.11.2022.
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, ‘Bioethics Briefing Note: Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Healthcare and Research’ (2018) <http://nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/Artificial-Intelligence-AI-in-healthcare-and-research.pdf> accessed 17.6.2022.
Okay Feyza Y., Yildirim Mustafa and Ozdemir Suat, ‘Interpretable Machine Learning: A Case Study of Healthcare’ (2021 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 10.31.2021-11.2.2021).
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, ‘Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment: A report on the Ethical, Medical and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions’ (Washington, DC 1983).
Riaño David, Wilk Szymon and Teije Annette ten (eds), Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: 17th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, AIME 2019, Poznan, Poland, June 26–29, 2019, Proceedings (2019).
Rohaidi Nurfilzah, ‘IBM’s Watson Detected Rare Leukemia In Just 10 Minutes’ (16.8.2016) <https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/08/topnews/ibm-watson-rare-leukemia-university-tokyo-artificial-intelligence/> accessed 4.9.2022.
Ross Casey and Swetlitz Ike, ‘IBM pitched its Watson supercomputer as a revolution in cancer care. It’s nowhere close’ (5.9.2017) <https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/05/watson-ibm-cancer/> accessed 28.3.2023.
Sarit Kraus (ed), ‘Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence’ (2019).
Schemmer Max, Kühl Niklas, Benz Carina and others, ‘On the Influence of Explainable AI on Automation Bias: Research in Progress’ (19.4.2022) <https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.08859> accessed 6.6.2022.
Selanikio Joel, ‘A Closer Look at FDA's AI Medical Device Approvals’ (12.10.2022) <https://www.futurehealth.live/blog/2022/10/10/closer-look-at-fda-ai-approvals> accessed 19.3.2023.
Siemens Healthineers, ‘AI-Pathway Companion Prostate Cancer from Siemens Healthineers approved for use in Europe as medical device’ (3.3.2020) <https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/fr-be/press-room/press-releases/pr-aipathwaycomp-ce.html> accessed 7.3.2022.
Smart Andrew, James Larry, Hutchinson Ben and others, ‘Why Reliabilism Is Not Enough: Epistemic and Moral Justification in Machine Learning’ (AIES '20: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, New York, USA, 07.02.2020-09.02.2020).
Stember Joseph and Shalu Hrithwik, ‘Deep Reinforcement Learning With Automated Label Extraction From Clinical Reports Accurately Classifies 3D MRI Brain Volumes’ (17.6.2021) <https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.09812> accessed 6.3.2022.
Tayo Benjamin O., ‘Simplicity vs Complexity in Machine Learning — Finding the Right Balance’ (11.11.2019) <https://towardsdatascience.com/simplicity-vs-complexity-in-machine-learning-finding-the-right-balance-c9000d1726fb> accessed 6.3.2022.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘Accipiolx 510(k) Summary’ (K182177 26.20.2018) <https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K182177> accessed 7.3.2022.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML)-Enabled Medical Devices’ (5.10.2022) <https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/software-medical-device-samd/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-aiml-enabled-medical-devices> accessed 19.3.2023.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software as a Medical Device’ (2021) <https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/software-medical-device-samd/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-software-medical-device> accessed 6.3.2022.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘De Novo Classification Request for Acumen Hypotension Prediction Index Feature Software’ (De Novo Summary (DEN160044) 16.3.2018) <https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/denovo.cfm?id=DEN160044> accessed 7.3.2022.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘De Novo Classification Request for IDx-DR’ (De Novo Summary (DEN180001) 11.4.2018) <https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/denovo.cfm?ID=DEN180001> accessed 7.3.2022.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration, ‘FibriCheck 510(k) Summary’ (K173872 28.9.2018) <https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K173872> accessed 7.3.2022.
United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, ‘ULHT trialling artificial intelligence software to support breast cancer screening’ (16.8.2019) <https://www.ulh.nhs.uk/news/ulht-trialling-artificial-intelligence-software-to-support-breast-cancer-screening/> accessed 7.3.2022.
World Economic Forum, ‘The ‘AI divide’ between the Global North and Global South’ (16.1.2023) <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/01/davos23-ai-divide-global-north-global-south/> accessed 26.3.2023.
Zhang Daniel, Maslej Nestor and Brynjolfsson Erik and others, ‘Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2022’ (2022) <https://aiindex.stanford.edu/report/> accessed 26.3.2023.

Durchsuchen Sie das Werk

Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein