Women and Terrorism in Bangladesh

Jasmin Lorch; M Abul Kalam Azad

doi:10.5771/9783748932970

Women and Terrorism in Bangladesh

Women’s Involvement and Roles in Jihadist Networks and the Problem of Human Rights Violations in Counterterrorism

Reihe: Schriften zur interdisziplinären Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung. | Series on Interdisciplinary Women’s and Gender Studies.

Band 14 Erschienen 2023

Kein Zugriff

doi.org/10.5771/9783748932970
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8503-2
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3297-0
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

Im Shop erwerben

Zusammenfassung

In der gesamten süd- und südostasiatischen Region ist die zunehmende Beteiligung von Frauen am Terrorismus ein zunehmend auffälliges, aber wenig untersuchtes Phänomen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der Band anhand einzigartiger empirischer Daten, warum sich Frauen aus Bangladesch in dschihadistischen islamistischen Netzwerken engagieren, welche Rolle sie in der Organisation spielen und wie die bangladeschische Regierung und der Sicherheitsapparat auf den weiblichen Dschihadismus reagiert haben. Dazu werden Pressenberichte, Polizei- und Gerichtsdokumente sowie Interviews herangezogen.

Abstract

Across the South and Southeast Asian region, the growing involvement of women in terrorism is an increasingly conspicuous but little-studied phenomenon. Against this backdrop, this volume uses unique empirical data to examine why Bangladeshi women get involved in jihadist Islamist networks; what roles they play in them; and how the Bangladeshi government and security apparatus have reacted to female jihadism. Press reports, police and court documents and interviews are used for this purpose.

Schlagworte

Gender Islam IS Terrorismus Militär Politische Bewegung

Acemoglu, D. et al. (2020), “The Perils of High-Powered Incentives: Evidence from Colombia's False Positives”, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12 (3), 1–43.
Afzal, M.B. (2021), “The Gendered Face of Terrorism in Bangladesh – Part II: What Drives Women into Extremism”, Peace and Security Review 10 (23), 42-56.
Ahmad, M. (2006), Ahl-e-Hadith Movement in Bangladesh: History, Religion, Politics and Militancy, Islamabad: International Islamic University. [Online] Available from: www.iiu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/downloads/ird/downloads/Ahl-e-Hadith-Movement-in-Bangladesh-Complete.pdf. [Accessed January 12, 2019].
Ahmed, T.N. (2017), “A Slow Judiciary”, Dhaka Tribune, December 10, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2017/12/10/a-slow-judiciary. [Accessed January 12, 2023].
Ahsan, Z. and Banavar, P. (2011), “Who Are the Militants?”, in: A. Riaz and C. C. Fair (eds.), Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh, Oxon: Routledge, 46–70.
Akhter, N. (2010), The Religious Lives of Immigrant Muslim Women in Canada: The Case of Bangladeshi Women in St. John's, Newfoundland. Doctoral Dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Akhter, S. (2018), “Women of Well-Off Families Are Also Getting Involved in Extremism: Bangladesh Police”, BBC Bengali, April 6, 2018. [Online] Available from: www.bbc.com/bengali/news-43674015. [Accessed November 26, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Alakoc, B. P. (2017), “When Suicide Kills: An Empirical Analysis of the Lethality of Suicide Terrorism”, International Journal of Conflict and Violence 11#8/20017. [Online] Available from: https://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/3089/pdf. [Accessed May 19, 2023].
Alam, S.S. (2020), “Women at Risk of Militancy”, Prothom Alo, July 5, 2020. [Online] Available from: https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9D%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE. [Accessed October 17, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Ali, A. (2017), “Raid on Rajshahi Militant Den: 5 Militants, a Fireman Killed”, Daily Star, May 13, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/raid-rajshahi-militant-den-5-militants-fireman-killed-1404415. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Ali, F., & Post, J. (2008), “The History and Evolution of Martyrdom in the Service of Defensive Jihad: An Analysis of Suicide Bombers in Current Conflicts”, Social Research: An International Quarterly 75(2), 615-654.
Amarasingam, A. (2009), “Fitna”, Journal of Religion & Film 13(1), Article 16. [Online] Available from: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol13/iss1/16, [Accessed September 20, 2023].
Amnesty International (2009), Amnesty International Report 2009 – Bangladesh, May 28, 2009. [Online] Available from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a1fadfe41.html. [Accessed December 5, 2023].
Amnesty International (2021), Weaponizing Counter-Terrorism. [Online] Available from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/06/weaponizing-counter-terrorism/. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
Amnesty International (2023), Bangladesh: Dissent under Attack. Amnesty International: Submission to the 44th Session of the UPR Working Group, November 2023, April 5, 2023. [Online] Available from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/6649/2023/en/. [Accessed September 25, 2023].
Ashour, O. (2009), Votes and Violence: Islamists and the Process of Transformation. London: The International Centre for the Study of Radicalization and Political Violence (ICSR). [Online] Available from: https://https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Votes-and-Violence_Islamists-and-The-Processes-of-Transformation.pdf. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
Asseburg, M (2007), “Einführung”, in: M. Asseburg (ed.), Moderate Islamisten als Reformakteure. Rahmenbedingungen und pragmatischer Wandel, Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP), 9–11.
Azad, A. K. (2017), “The Price of Complacency”, Daily Star, July 8, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/the-price-complacency-1429795. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Azad, A. K. (2020), “The Danger of Bangladesh Becoming a Role MBodel in Tackling Militancy”, Bangla Tribune, January 3, 2020. [Online] Available from: জঙ্গিদমনেবাংলাদেশের ‘রোলমডেল’ হওয়ারবিপদ (banglatribune.com) [Accessed April 24, 2023]. [in Bengali].
Aziz, L. et al. (2020), “Crack a Book: An Ethnographic Account of Dreams’ Interpretation in Pakistan”, PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(3), 955-975.
Bakhtyar, M. (2014), “Adaptation and Comparison of Dajjal (Antichrist) in Islam with in Christianity”, Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture 2, 71-81.
Bangla News (2018), “Neo-JMB Women Wing Chief Held”, April 6, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.banglanews24.com/english/national/news/bd/67820.details. [Accessed: April 24, 2023].
Bangla Tribune (2019), “No Place for Militancy, Terrorism in Islam: Minister”, December 10, 2019. [Online] Available from: https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/87552/No-place-for-militancy-terrorism-in-Islam?print=1#jadewits_print. [Accessed August 8, 2023].
Banks. C. (2019), “Introduction: Women, Gender, and Terrorism: Gendering Terrorism”, Women & Criminal Justice 29(4–5), 181–187.
Bashar, I. (2015), “ISIS, AQIS and the Revival of Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh”, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 7(6), 18–23
Bashar, I. (2019), “Islamist State Ideology Continues to Resonate in Bangladesh”, in: Middle East Institute (MEI) (ed), Middle East Asia Project (MAP) Series, September 3, 2019. [Online] Available from: https://www.mei.edu/publications/islamic-state-ideology-continues-resonate-bangladesh [Accessed May 14, 2023].
Baxter, C. (1997), Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
BBC World (2016), “Woman Blows Herself Up in Bangladesh Raid on ‘Militant Hideout’”, December 24, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38426951. [Accessed May 25, 2022].
Bdnews24 (2006), “JMB Leader Shot Dead by RAB, Wife and Two Children Blow Themselves Up”, March 12, 2006. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/jmb-leader-shot-dead-by-rab-wife-and-two-children-blow-themselves-up-2nd-ld. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
Bdnews24 (2009), “JMB Lynchpin Mizan’s Wife Says She Tried to Commit Suicide”, May 15, 2009. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2009/05/15/jmb-lynchpin-mizan-s-wife-says-she-tried-to-commit-suicide. [Accessed August 23, 2022].
Bdnews24 (2015), “Charges Framed Against Eight Again in Blogger Rajib Murder Case”, May 21, 2015. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/05/21/charges-framed-against-eight-again-in-blogger-rajib-murder-case. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Bdnews24 (2016a), “Women Were Forced Into Militancy by Their Extremist Husbands: Police”, December 27, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/12/27/women-choose-militancy-due-to-pressure-from-husbands-police. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Bdnews24 (2016b) “Terrorism: UGC Team Visits Dhaka’s North South University”, July 14, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/terrorism-ugc-team-visits-dhakas-north-south-university. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Bdnews24 (2018), “Suspected Head of Neo-JMB’s Female Wing Walks Free on Bail”, June 13, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2018/06/14/suspected-head-of-neo-jmbs-female-wing-walks-free-on-bail. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Bdnews24 (2020), “Bangladesh Police Arrest Indian National with Ties to Terrorist Outfit”, July 18, 2020. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-police-arrest-indian-national-with-ties-to-terrorist-outfit. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) (2022), Bangladesh Country Report. [Online] Available from: https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/BGD. [Accessed January 8, 2022].
Biernatzki, W.E. (2002), “Terrorism and Mass Media”, Communication Research Trends 21(1), 1-27.
BIPPS (Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies) (2018), National Conference. Prevention of Violent Extremism from a Gender Perspective. Conference Report. [Online] Available from: http://bipss.org.bd/pdf/Conference%20Report%20(Gender).pdf. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Biswas, P. (2018), “A Year Into Hotel Olio Bomb Blast: Investigation Yet To Be Complete”, Bdnews24, August 15, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/a-year-into-hotel-olio-bomb-blast-investigaton-yet-to-be-complete. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Bloom, M. (2007), “Female Suicide Bombers: A Global Trend”, Daedalus 36(1), 94–102.
Bloom, M. (2011a), Bombshell, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bloom, M. (2011b), “Bombshell – The Many Faces of Women Terrorists”, presentation at the Colorado Foothills World Affairs Council, May 17, 2011. [Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=mia+bloom+terrorism. [Accessed September 13, 2023].
Bloom, M. and Lokmanoglu, A (2020), “From Pawn to Knights: The Changing Role of Women’s Agency in Terrorism?”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759263.
BNAPWPS (Bangladesh National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security) (2019–2022).
Bodziany, M. and Netczuk-Gwoździewicz, M. (2021), “Feminization of Terror: Psychological Analysis of the Role of Women in Terrorist Structures”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 44(3), 266–283.
Boustead, A. E., & Herr, T. (2020), “Analyzing the Ethical Implications of Research Using Leaked Data”, Political Science & Politics 53(3), 505–509.
Bowers, C.B. (2009), “Hawala, Money Laundering, and Terrorism Finance: Mirco-Lending as an End to Illicit Remittance”, Denver Journal of International Law & Policy 37(9), 379–419.
Brown, J. A. (2017), Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Simon and Schuster.
Bsoul, L. A. (2019), “The Emergence of the Major Schools of Islamic Law/Madhhabs“, in: K.A.E. Fadle et al. (eds), Routledge Handbook of Islamic Law, London: Routledge, 141-155.
Buril, F. (2017), “Changing God’s Expectations and Women’s Consequent Behaviors – How ISIS Manipulates ‘Divine Commandments’ to Influence Women’s Role in Jihad”, Journal of Terrorism Research 8(3), 1–10.
Burke, J. (2015), “Progress Fans Flames of Militant Unrest in Changing Bangladesh”, The Guardian, November 7, 2015. [Online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/07/bangladesh-killings-islamic-militant-unrest-economic-progress. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Byman, D. L. (2015), Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different Goals, Different Targets. Brookings Testimony, April 29, 2015. [Online] Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/comparing-al-qaeda-and-isis-different-goals-different-targets/. [Accessed April 23, 2023].
CAT (Committee Against Torture) (2019), Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of Bangladesh, August 26, 2019. [Online] Available from: https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d% 2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsqgRP%2BqMxsHC87ICAd8ka3DUpHWZxnSYlrsZb%2BjutT8cwUmdLcjzTGdyUVFhyA3LMfy86GCE%2BvJgX1E8Z61aCE24rf03z5%2FQYlO95H7EP7rO. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Chowdhury, F.D. (2009), “Problems of Women's Participation in Bangladesh Politics”, The Round Table 98(404), 555–567.
Cochrane, B. and Smith, D. (2021), “The Push and Pull: Women and Violent Extremism”, Academia Letters. [Online] Available from: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL2997. [Accessed May 7. 2022].
Codron, J. (2007), “Putting Factions ‘Back in’ the Civil-Military Relations Equation: Genesis, Maturation and Distortion of the Bangladeshi Army”, South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, October 18, 2007. [Online] Available from: http://samaj.revues.org/230?&id=230. [Accessed April 12, 2016].
Contractor, Q. (2022), “Religious Imagination in the Making of Public Muslims in a Mumbai Slum”, Culture and Religion, DOI: 10.1080/14755610.2022.2093235.
Conway, M. (2021), “Online Extremism and Terrorism Research Ethics: Researcher Safety, Informed Consent, and the Need for Tailored Guidelines”, Terrorism and Political Violence 33(2), 367–380.
Cook, D. (1998), “Tamim al-Dari“, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61(1), 20-28.
Cook, J. and Vale, G. (2018), From Daesh to Diaspora: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation. [Online] Available from: https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ICSR-Report-From-Daesh-to-%E2%80%98Diaspora%E2%80%99-Tracing-the-Women-and-Minors-of-Islamic-State.pdf [Accessed September 13, 2023].eng
Cooper A. (2021), “Extremist Sought Global Headlines in Jailhouse Terror Attack, Court Told”, The Age, October 20, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/national/extremist-sought-global-headlines-in-jailhouse-terror-attack-court-told-20211020-p591j3.html. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
CSIS (Center for Strategic and Intertional Studies) (2021), Franchising Terrorism. Podcast. [Online] Available from: https://www.csis.org/podcasts/africa/franchising-terrorism [Accessed May 21, 2023].
Cunningham, K.J. (2007), “Countering Female Terrorism”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30(2), 113–129.
Daily Observer (2017), “Operation at Rajshahi 'Militant Den’ Ends”, May 12, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://observerbd.com/details.php?id=73145 [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Daily Star (2009), “JMB’s Explosives Expert Boma Mizan Captured”, May 15, 2009. [Online] Available from: www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-88335. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Daily Star. (2016a), “Female ‘Neo-JMB’ Members: ‘Dragged into Militancy by Husbands’”, December 28, 2016. [Online] Available from: www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/female-neo-jmb-members-dragged-militancy-husbands-1336594. [Accessed October 18, 2016].
Daily Star. (2016b), “Don’t Appear for Any Militants, Anisul to Lawyers”, August 11, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/country/dont-appear-any-militants-anisul-lawyers-1268233. [Accessed May 17, 2023].
Daily Star. (2017), “‘Bribery at every step’”, December 1, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/bribery-every-step-1498822. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Daily Star. (2018a) “Sister Follows Suit”, February 14, 2018. [Online] Available from: www.thedailystar.net/city/cop-comes-under-knife-attack-1534435. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Daily Star. (2018b), “Zafar Iqbal Attacked”, March 4, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/renowned-professor-dr-muhammad-zafar-iqbal-stabbed-head-1543150. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Daily Sun (2017), “Weapon Supplier of Holey Artisan Attack Arrested”, July 8, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://www.daily-sun.com/post/239081/Weapon-supplier-of-Holey-Artisan-attack-arrested. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Daily Sun (2019), “Hotel Olio Blast: 14 Militants Chargesheeted”, December 9, 2019. [Online] Available from: https://www.daily-sun.com/post/445235/Hotel-Olio-blast:-14-militants-chargesheeted. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Davis, J. (2013), “Evolution of the Global Jihad: Female Suicide Bombers in Iraq”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36(4), 279–291.
Davis, J. (2017), Women in Modern Terrorism. From Liberation Wars to Global Jihad and the Islamic State, London: Rowman and Littlefield.
Dawson, L.L. and Amarasingam, A, (2016), Trying to Talk to Terrorists: Ethical and Methodological Challenges in Canada. TSAS Working Paper Series No. 16–13. Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS). [Online] Available from: https://www.tsas.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/TSASWP16-13_Dawson-Amarasingam.pdf. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Devi, L., and Kaur, M. (2019), “Purdah or Ghunghat, a Powerful Means to Control Women: A Study of Rural Muslim and Non-Muslim Women in Western Uttar Pradesh, India”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26(3), 336–349.
Dhaka Tribune, (2018), “Foiled August 15 Attack: Main Financer Arrested”, April 5, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/2018/04/05/panthapath-hotel-bombing-main-financier-arrested. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Dhaka Tribune, (2021), “Female Ansar Al-Islam Member Makes Confessional Statement”, September 2, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2021/09/02/female-ansar-al-islam-member-makes-confessional-statement. [Accessed September 8, 2021].
Dhaka Tribune, (2022), "RAB DG: Bangladesh Role Model in Curbing Militancy". [Online] Available from: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/293130/rab-dg-bangladesh-role-model-in-curbing-militancy. [Acessed October 25, 2023].
Diani, M. and Ocelík, P. (2017), Political Networks. Abstract. European Consortium of Political Research (ECPR) Political Networks Section. ECPR General Conference Oslo. [Online] Available from: https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/SectionDetails/639. [Accessed July 24, 2023].
Edel, M. and Josua, M. (2018), “How Authoritarian Rulers Seek to Legitimize Repression: Framing Mass Killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan”, Democratization 25(5), 882–900.
Edgar, I. R. (2015), “The Dreams of Islamic State”, Perspectives on Terrorism 9(4), 72–84.
Errico F.B. (2021), “Radicalization Drivers for Women and the Growing Role of Female Jihadists”, European Democracy, May 10, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.europeandemocracy.eu/news/radicalization-drivers-for-women-and-the-growing-role-of-female-jihadists/. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
European Parliament (2018), European Parliament Resolution of 15 November 2018 on The Human Rights Situation in Bangladesh (2018/2927(RSP)). [Online] Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0461_EN.html?redirect. [Accessed May 21, 2023].
Fair, C. C. (2017), Jamaat-ud-Dawa: Converting Kuffar at Home. Killing Them Abroad. Hudson Institute (September 11, 2017). [Online] Available from: https://www.christinefair.net/pubs/JUD_CCF.pdf. [Accessed September 20, 2023].
Fair, C.C. et al. (2017), “Who Supports Suicide Terrorism in Bangladesh? What the Data Say”, Politics and Religion 10(30), 622–61.
Farnsworth, S. (2019), “Bangladeshi Student’s Lone Wolf Terror Attack in Melbourne Left Daughter with Flashbacks, Victim Says”, ABC News, January 29, 2019. [Online]. Available from: www.abc.net.au/news/2019-01-29/islamic-state-inspired-mill-park-stabbing-momena-shoma/10758498. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) (2013), Press Release “Al Qaeda-Inspired Operative Sentenced to 30 Years in Prison for Attempting to Bomb Federal Reserve Bank in New York”, August 9, 2013. [Online] Available from: https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2013/al-qaeda-inspired-operative-sentenced-to-30-years-in-prison-for-attempting-to-bomb-federal-reserve-bank-in-new-york. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Feldman, S., and McCarthy, F. E. (1983), “Purdah and Changing Patterns of Social Control Among Rural Women in Bangladesh”, Journal of Marriage and Family 45(4), 949–959.
Ferdaush and Rahman (2011), Gender Inequality in Bangladesh, Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators. Centre for Research and Action in Development. [Online] Available from: https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/33900/2/gender_inequality_in_bangladesh.pdf. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Figueira, D. (2011), Salafi Jihadi Discourse of Sunni Islam in the 21st Century. The Discourse of Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Anwar al-Awlaki, Bloomington: iUniverse.
Fraihi, H. (2018), “The Future of Feminism by ISIS is in the Lap of Women”, International Annals of Criminology 56(1–2), 23–31.
Freedom House (2021), Bangladesh Country Report 2021. [Online] Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/country/bangladesh/freedom-world/2021. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Gaber, T. (2014), “Jannat: Paradise in Islamic Art Mumtaz Currim, ed. Mumbai: The Marg Foundation, 2012”, American Journal of Islam and Society 31(2), 128–132.
Ganguly, S. and Riaz, A. (2016), “Bangladesh’s Homegrown Problem: Dhaka and the Terrorist Threat”, Foreign Affairs, July 6, 2016; [Online] Available from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/bangladesh/2016-07-06/bangladeshs-homegrown-problem. [Accessed January 24, 2023].
Gentry, C. E. (2019), “Women and Terrorism”, in: E. Chenoweth et al. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.28.
Gentry, C.E. and Sjoberg, L (2016), “Female Terrorism and Militancy”, in Jackson, R. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, London: Routledge, 161–172. [Online] Available from: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/11940/Sjoberg_and_Gentry_2016_Chapter15.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. [Accessed January 24, 2023].
Ghobadzadeh, N. (2014), Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, E. (2017), “Crimes of the Powerful in Conflict – Affected Environments: False Positives, Transitional Justice and the Prospects for Peace in Colombia”, State Crime 6(1), 132–155.
Greenland, A. et al. (2020), “Dying for the Cause: The Rationality of Martyrs, Suicide Bombers and Self-immolators“, Rationality and Society” 32(1), 93–115
Gul, I. (2018), “Women’s Role in Recruitment for ISIS/Islamist Networks in Pakistan”, International Annals of Criminology 56(1–2), 79–92.
Gultekin, K. (2007), “Women Engagement in Terrorism: What Motivates Females to Join in Terrorist Organizations,” in: S. Ozeren et al. (eds), Understanding Terrorism: Analysis of Sociological and Psychological Aspects. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series 22 – E: Human and Societal Dynamics, IOS Press, 167–175.
Haq, M. J. (2015), “Deen in Islam: A Conceptual Analysis”, International Journal of Islamic Thoughts 4(2), 39-49.
Harrigan, J. (2013), “”The Rise of Religious-Based Radicalism and the Deradicalization Programme in Bangladesh”, in: H. El-Said and J. Harrigan (eds.), Deradicalising Violent Extremists: Counter-Radicalization and Deradicalization Programmes and Their Impact in Muslim Majority States, London: Routledge, 140–160.
Harris, W. (2010),““The Armageddon Election” and the Antichrist Debates”, in: S. Nagy-Zekmi and C. Zabus (eds), Colonization or Globalization. Postcolonial Explorations of Imperial Expansion, Pylmouth: Lexington Books, 149-156.
Hasan et al (2016), “Mother and Child May Have Been Slated for Suicide Attack”, Dhaka Tribune, 26 December 2016. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/2016/12/26/mother-child-may-slated-suicide-attack. [Accessed June 27, 2022].
Hasan, S. (2016), “Now Women Militants!” Prothom Alo, September 12, 2016, [Online]. Available from: https://www.prothomalo.com/opinion/column/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF. [Accessed October 18, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Hasan, M. and Mcdonald, G. (2022), The Persistent Challenge of Extremism in Bangladesh. United States Institute of Peace. Special Report No. 511. [Online] Available from: https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/06/persistent-challenge-extremism-bangladesh. https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/06/persistent-challenge-extremism-bangladesh. [Accessed January 28, 2023].
Hashmi, A. S. (2016), “Historical Roots of the Deobandi Version of Jihadism and Its Implications for Violence in Today’s Pakistan,” in: J. Syed et al. (eds.), Faith-
Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 133–162.
Hashmi, T.I. (2004), “Islamic Resurgence in Bangladesh: Genesis, Dynamics and Implications”, in S. Limaye et al. (eds), Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia, Honolulu: Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, 35–72.
Hassan, F. (2012), “A Comparative Approach to Common Ground between Buddhism and Islam“, European Journal of Scientific Research 71(4), 514-519.
Hassan, M.H. (2017), “The Danger of Takfir (Excommunication). Exposing IS’ Takfiri Ideology”, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 9(4), 3-12.
Heath-Kelly, C. (2012), “Reinventing Prevention or Exposing the Gap? False Positives in UK Terrorism Governance and the Quest for Rre-emption”, Critical Studies on Terrorism 5(1), 69–87.
Helliwell, C. (2023), “Domestic/Public Distinction”, in: H. Callan (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. [Online] Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2296. [Accessed September 1, 2023].
Hindustan Times (2017), “Bangladesh Police Arrest Top Militant Over Dhaka Café Attack”, July 8, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-police-arrest-top-militant-over-dhaka-cafe-attack/story-CJadlwQdILk4nIZIh5rcqO.html. [Accessed: 24 April 2023].
Hossain, G. (2008), Madrassas and Muslim Militancy in Bangladesh. Working Paper, Dhaka: Jahangirnagar University.
Hossain, I. (2020), “Three Years into Hotel Olio Blast: Trial Yet to Start”, Dhaka Tribune, August 14, 2020. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/08/14/3-years-into-hotel-olio-blast-trial-yet-to-start. [Accessed October 24, 2024].
Hossain, M.K., & Kabir, M. (2001), “Purdah, Mobility and Women’s Empowerment and Reproductive Behaviour in Rural Bangladesh”, Social Change 31(3), 84-102.
Hossen, Md. S. (2020), “Patriarchy Practice and Women’s Subordination in the Society of Bangladesh: An Analytical Review (2020)”, Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2 (III), 51–60.
HRW (Human Rights Watch (2022), UN: Ban Abusive Bangladesh Unit from Peacekeeping. [Online] Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/20/un-ban-abusive-bangladesh-unit-peacekeeping. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
HRW (Human Rights Watch) (2023). Bangladesh: Rampant Police Abuse of Rohingya Refugees. [Online] Available from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/01/17/bangladesh-rampant-police-abuse-rohingya-refugees. [Accessed April 23, 2023].
Huey, L. and Witmer, E., (2016), “#IS_Fangirl: Exploring a New Role for Women in Terrorism”, Journal of Terrorism Research 7(1), 1–10.
Hui, J. Y. (2017), “Crowdsourcing Terrorism: Utopia, Martyrdom and Citizenship Reimagined,” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 4(3), 337–352.
Huq, M. (2009), “Talking Jihad and Piety: Reformist Exertions among Islamist Women in Bangladesh,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 163–82.
Huq, S. (2011a), “Piety, Music and Gender Transformation: Reconfiguring Women as Culture Bearing Markers of Modernity and Nationalism in Bangladesh”, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 12(2), 225–239.
Huq, S. (2011b), “Discussing the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) Rebellion: Non-Islamist Women and Religious Revival in Urban Bangladesh”, Contemporary Islam 5, 267–83.
Huq, S. and Rashid, S.F. (2008), “Refashioning Islam: Elite Women and Piety in Bangladesh”, Contemporary Islam 2(1), 7–22.
Hwang, J. C. (2023), Becoming Jihadis: Radicalization and Commitment in Southeast Asia, London: Oxford University Press Inc.
ICG (International Crisis Group) (2006), Bangladesh Today. Asia Report No. 121, Islamabad/Brussels: ICG. [Online] Available from: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/121-bangladesh-today.pdf. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
ICG (International Crisis Group) (2008), Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh. ICG Asia Report No. 151. Dhaka/Brussels: ICG. [Online] Available from: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/55109/151_restoring_democracy_in_bangladesh.pdf. [Accessed May 19, 2023].
ICG (International Crisis Group) (2016), Exploiting Disorder: al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. Special Report No. 1. Brussels: ICG. [Online] Available from: https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/exploiting-disorder-al-qaeda-and-islamic-state. [Accessed January 28, 2023].
ICG (International Crisis Group) (2018), Countering Jihadist Militancy in Bangladesh. Asia Report No. 295, Brussels: ICG. [Online] Available from: www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/295-countering-jihadist-militancy-bangladesh. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
ICG (International Crisis Group) (2020), The Islamic State Franchises in Africa: Lessons from Lake Chad. ICG Commentary by V. Foucher, 29 October 2020. [Online] Available from: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/islamic-state-franchises-africa-lessons-lake-chad. [Accessed January 8, 2023]
IRBC (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada) (2003), Bangladesh: A Group Called the Sahaba Soldiers. [Online] Available from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4d5e7.html. [Accessed January 20, 2018].
Islam, K. S. (2022), “Mediating Terror: Framing the Dhaka Attack in the Bangladeshi Press” in: S. Parvez and S. Rahman (eds), The Politics of Terrorism and Counterterrorism in Bangladesh, London: Routledge, 107–127.
Islam, M. et al. (2009), “The Independence of Judiciary in Bangladesh: A New Milestone and Its Challenges”, Bangladesh Journal of Public Administration XVII (1563–5032), 25–41.
Islam, M.N. and Islam, M.S. (2018), “Politics and Islamic Revivalism in Bangladesh: The Role of the State and Non-State/Non-Political Actors,” Politics, Religion and Ideology 19(3), 326–52.
Islam, S. and Khan, M.J. (2021), “NEO-JMB: Financier Now Allowed to Travel Abroad”, Daily Star, January 12, 2022. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/neo-jmb-financier-now-allowed-travel-abroad-2937256. [Accessed June 20, 2022].
Jacobson, M. and Washington, Dc (2010), “Terrorist Dropouts: Learning from Those Who Have Left”. [Online]. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Terrorist-Dropouts%3B-Learning-from-Those-Who-Have-Jacobson-Washington/c8154dc6a61a897e0deca2904ca206de1c09d415. [Accessed January 23, 2023].
Jacques, K. and Taylor, P.J. (2009), “Female Terrorism: A Review”, Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3), 499–515.
Jadoon, A. et al. (2020), “Breaking the Glass Ceiling? Female Participation in Militant Organizations in Islamic State Affiliates in Southeast Asia”, Terrorism and Political Violence, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2020.1838904.
Jaffrelot, C. (2017), “South Asian Muslims’ Interactions with Arabian Islam Until the 1990s,” in: C. Jaffrelot and L. Louer (eds), Pan-Islamic Connections. Transnational Networks between South Asian and the Gulf, New York: Oxford University Press, 21–48.
Jaffrelot, C. and Louer, L. (2017), “Introduction: The Gulf-South Asia Religious Connections,” in: C. Jaffrelot and L. Louer (eds), Pan-Islamic Connections. Transnational Networks between South Asian and the Gulf, New York: Oxford University Press, 1–20.
Johnston, M.F. et al (2020), “The Lure of (Violent) Extremism: Gender Constructs in Online Recruitment and Messaging in Indonesia”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2020.1759267.
Kabeer et al. (2012), “NGOs and the Political Empowerment of Poor People in Rural Bangladesh: Cultivating the Habits of Democracy?”, World Development 40(10), 2044–2062.
Kaplan, J. and Costa, C.P. (2015), “The Islamic State and the New Tribalism”, Terrorism and Political Violence 27(5), 926-969.
Karim, Z. (2016), “Female Member of Suicide Squad”, Prothom Alo, December 26, 2016. [Online]. Available from: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Female-member-of-suicide-squad. [Accessed April 25, 2023].
Karim, A.T., and Fair, C.C. (2007), Bangladesh at the Crossroads, United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Special Report No. 181, Washington, DC: USIP.
Kelle, U. et al. (2019), „Qualitätssicherung von Einstellungsskalen mit Hilfe qualitativer Methoden und von „Mixed-Methods-Designs“ – die Messung religiöser Überzeugungen“, in: N. Menold and T. Wolbring (Hrsg.), Qualitätssicherung sozialwissenschaftlicher Erhebungsinstrumente. Schriftenreihe der ASI - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialwissenschaftlicher Institute, Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 225-257.
Khan, M.J. (2021), “Ansar al Islam Plans to Beef up its Female Wing, CTTC Officials Claim”, Daily Star, September 3, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/ansar-al-islam-eyeing-strong-female-wing-2167231. [Accessed March 14, 2022].
Khan, S.E. (2018), “Bangladesh: The Changing Dynamics of Violent Extremism and the Response of the State”, Small Wars & Insurgencies 28 (1), 191–271.
Khan, S.E. (2019), “The Gender Dimension of Extremism: The Unfolding Links Between Women and Extremism in Bangladesh”, in: Isezaki, M.H.K. and Yasir, S. (eds.), Radicalization in South Asia, New Delhi: SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd.
Khelghat-Doost, H. (2017), “Women of the Caliphate: The Mechanism for Women’s Incorporation into the Islamic State (IS)”, Perspectives on Terrorism 11(1), 17–25.
Khelghat-Doost, H (2019), “The Strategic Logic of Women in Jihadi Organizations”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42(10), 853–877.
Knappertsbusch, F. (2021), „“Mixed-Methods and Multimethod Research“, in: B. Hollstein et al. (Hrsg.), Soziologie – Sociology in the German-Speaking World. Special Issue Soziologische Revue, Berlin, Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 261-271.
Kollol, K. (2016), “Are Women Getting Involved in Militancy in Bangladesh Under the Pressure of their Husbands?”, BBC Bengali, Dezember 27, 2016. [Online] Available from: www.bbc.com/bengali/38443229. [Accessed October 19, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Kuckartz, U. (2017), „Datenanalyse in der Mixed-Methods-Forschung. Strategien der Integration von qualitativen und quantitativen Daten und Ergebnissen“, Köln Z Soziol 69 (Suppl 2), 157–183.
Kugelman, M. and Ahmad, A. (2017), “Why Extremism Is on the Rise in Bangladesh”, Foreign Affairs, July 27, 2017. [Online] Available from: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2017-07-27/why-extremism-rise-bangladesh. [Accessed November 20, 2021].
Kuiper, M. J. (2021), Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Kunst, J. R. and Obaidi, M. (2020), “Understanding Violent Extremism in the 21st Century: The (Re)emerging Role of Relative Deprivation,” Current Opinion in Psychology 35, 55–59.
Krueger, A.B. and Malečková, J. (2003), “Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119–144.
Labu, N. (2018a), “Nabila’s Decent into Extremism”, Dhaka Tribune, April 7, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/2018/04/07/nabilas-descent-into-extremism. [Accessed January 12, 2022].
Labu, N. (2018b), “Bail Granted to Female Suspect Held Over Blast During Dhaka Hotel Raid”, Bangla Tribune, June 13, 2018, [Online] https://en.banglatribune.com/others/news/4765/Bail-granted-to-female-suspect-held-in-Dhaka-hotel. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Labu, N. (2019), “Number of Women Involved in Militancy is on Rise”, Bangla Tribune, December 10, 2019 [Online] Available from: www.banglatribune.com/598378. [Accessed October 19, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Lee, J. (2021), “Disgust and Untouchability: Towards an Affective Theory of Caste”, South Asian History and Culture 12(2-3), 310-327.
Liton, B.A. (2017), “Three ‘Militants’ Die in Suicide Blasts in Rajshahi’s Godagari Area”, Bdnews24, May 11, 2017. [Online]. Available from: https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2017/05/11/three-militants-die-in-suicide-blasts-in-rajshahi-s-godagari-area. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Lorch, J. (2014), “Elections in Bangladesh: Political Conflict and the Problem of Credibility”, in: E-International Relations, February 2, 2014, [Online] Available from: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/02/02/elections-in-bangladesh-political-conflict-and-the-problem-of-credibility. [Accessed May 14, 2023].
Lorch, J. (2017), Civil Society and Mirror Images of Weak States: Bangladesh and the Philippines, Governance and Limited Statehood Series edited by Thomas Risse, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lorch, J. (2018), “Trajectories of Political Salafism: Insights from the Ahle Hadith Movement in Pakistan and Bangladesh”, in: Middle East Institute (MEI) (ed.), Middle East Asia Project (MAP) Series. 30 October 2018. [Online] Available from: www.mei.edu/publications/trajectories-political-salafism-insights-ahle-hadith-movement-pakistan-and-bangladesh. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Lorch, J. (2019), “Islamization by Secular Ruling Parties: The Case of Bangladesh”, Politics and Religion 12(2), 257–282.
Lorch, J. (2020), “Terrorism in Bangladesh: Understanding a Complex Phenomenon”, Asian Survey 60 (4), 778–802.
Lorch, J. (2021), “Elite Capture, Civil Society and Democratic Backsliding in Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines”, Democratization 28(1), 81–102.
Lorch, J. and Azad, A. K. (2022), “Female Terrorism in Bangladesh: Manifestations, Causes, and Consequences”, in: S. Parvez and S. Rahman (eds.), The Politics of Terrorism and Counterterrorism in Bangladesh, London: Routledge, 49–69.
Lorch, J. and Chakroun, H. (2020), “Salafism Meets Populism: The Al-Karama Coalition and the Malleability of Political Salafism in Tunisia”, in Middle East Institute (MEI) (ed.), Middle East Asia Project (MAP) Series, May 12, 2020. [Online]. Available from: https://www.mei.edu/publications/salafism-meets-populism-al-karama-coalition-and-malleability-political-salafism. [Accessed September 26, 2022].
Lynch, M. (2010), “Islam Divided between Salafi-Jihad and the Ikhwan,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33, 467–87.
Lynch, M. (2016), Is the Muslim Brotherhood a Terrorist Organization or a Firewall Against Violent Extremism? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [Online] Available from: https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/03/07/ismuslim-brotherhood-terrorist-organization-or-firewall-against-violentextremism-pub-62983. [Accessed September 26, 2022].
Manik, J.A. (2009), “Trained Female JMB Militants Appear on Scene for First Time”, Daily Star, February 21, 2009. [Online] Available from https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-76813. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Manik, J.A. (2016), “2 Suspected Militants Detonate Suicide Bombs During a Police Raid in Bangladesh”, New York Times, December 24, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/24/world/asia/dhaka-terrorist-attack-bangladesh.html. [Accessed August 23, 2022].
Manik, J. A. and Ashraf, S. (2006), “Rab Kills JMB Bomber; His Wife, 2 Kids Blown Off”, Daily Star, March 14, 2006, [Online] Available from: https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/14/d6031401011.htm. [Accessed May 21, 2023].
Mannan, M. (2015). BRAC, Global Policy Language, and Women in Bangladesh: Transformation and Manipulation, Albany: State University of New York Press.
Manne, A. (2015), “Narcissism and Terrorism. How the Personality Disorder Leads to Deadly Violence”, The Guardian, June 8, 2015. [Online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/08/narcissism-terrorism-violence-monis-breivik-lubitz-jihadi-john. [Accessed November 4, 2022].
Marković, V. M. et al (2021), “Contextual and Psychological Predictors of Militant Extremist Mindset in Youth”, Frontiers in Psychology 12(2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.622571.
Marks, M. (2013), “Youth Politics and Tunisian Salafism: Understanding the Jihadi Current”, Mediterranean Politics 18(1), 104–111.
Marthoz, J.P. (2017), Terrorism and the Media: A Handbook for Journalists. Paris: UNESCO. [Online] Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247074. [Accessed May 20, 2023].
Mas, R. (2019), “Agency, Power, Piety”, in: S.M. Hawthorne (ed), Gender: God (Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks: Gender), Framington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 129-142.
Massoumi, N. et al. D. (2019), “Secrecy, Coercion and Deception in Research on ‘Terrorism’ and ‘Extremism’”, Contemporary Social Science. DOI: 10.1080/21582041.2019.1616107.
Masud, M. K. (2000), “Introduction”, in: M.K. Masud (ed), Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablīghī Jamāʻat as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal. Social, Economical and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia 69, xii-lx.
Mayer, J-F. (2001), “Cults, Violence and Religious Terrorism: An International Perspective”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 24(5), 361–376.
Mayring, P. (2001), „Kombination und Integration Qualitativer und Quantitativer Analyse“, in: Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung 2(1), Art. 6.
Mayring, P. and Fenzl, T. (2014), „Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse“, in: N. Baur and J. Blasius (Hrsg.), Handbuch Methoden der Empirischen Sozialforschung, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 543-556.
McCoy, T. (2014), “‘Lady al-Qaeda’: The American-educated PhD the Islamic State Desperately Wants Freed”, The Washington Post, August 28, 2014. [Online] Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/28/lady-al-qaeda-the-american-educated-doctor-the-islamic-state-desperately-wants-freed/. [Accessed September 16, 2022].
Meijer, R. (2009) “Introduction”, in Meijer (ed.), Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, 1-32.
Mendelsohn, B. (2016), The Al-Qaeda Franchise: The Expansion of al-Qaeda and Its Consequences, New York: Oxford Academic.
Merkens, H. (2004), ”“Selection Procedures, Sampling, Case Construction”, in U. Flick et al. (eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research, London: SAGE, 165-171.
Michael, G.J. (2015), “Who’s Afraid of WikiLeaks? Missed Opportunities in Political Science Research”, Review of Policy Research 32 (2), 175–199.
Milam, W.B. (2007), “Bangladesh and the Burdens of History”, Current History 106 (699), 153–160.
Milam, W.B. (2016), “The Real Source of Terrorism in Bangladesh”, New York Times, May 16, 2016. [Online] Available from: www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/opinion/the-real-source-of-terror-in-bangladesh.html. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Mills, T. et al. (2020), “The Ethics of Researching ‘Terrorism’ and Political Violence: A Sociological Approach”, Contemporary Social Science 15(2), 119–133.
Mizan H. (2020), “Bangladesh Role Model Combating Terrorism”, Bangladesh Post, July 9, 2020. [Online] Available from: https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/bangladesh-role-model-in-combating-terrorism-37298. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Moaveni, Z. (2019), Guest House for Young Widows. Among the Women of ISIS, New York: Random House.
Mohsina, N. (2017a), “Growing Trends of Female Jihadism in Bangladesh”, The Diplomat, March 24, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/growing-trends-of-female-jihadism-in-bangladesh. [Accessed November 20, 2020].
Mohsina, N. (2017b), “Growing Trends of Female ‘Jihadism’ in Bangladesh”, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 9 (8), 5–11.
Monir, Z. (2022), “Youth Jailed for Life for Trying to Kill Zafar Iqbal”, New Age, April 27, 2022. [Online] Available from: https://www.newagebd.net/article/169059/youth-jailed-for-life-for-trying-to-kill-zafar-iqbal. [Accessed October 23, 2023].
Morgades-Bamba, C.E. et al. (2020), “Exploring the Radicalization Process in Young Women”, Terrorism and Political Violence 32(7), 1439–1457.
Morris, M. (2018), “'I Attempted Murder on Behalf of Islamic State, Student Momena Shoma Tells Police”, ABC News, August 1, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-01/momena-shoma-court-case-islamic-state-attempted-murder-claim/10060550 [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Morrison, J.; Silke, A. & Bont, E. (2021), “The Development of the Framework for Research Ethics in Terrorism Studies (FRETS)”, Terrorism and Political Violence 33(2), 271–289
Mostofa, S.M. (2020), “Key Drivers of Female Radicalisation Bangladesh”, Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 12 (4), 27–31.
Mostofa, S.M. (2021), Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh. A Pyramid Root Cause Model. Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific (CSAP), Palgrave Macmillan Cham.
Muhammad, A. et al. (2012), “E-hafiz: Intelligent System to Help Muslims in Recitation and Memorization of Quran”, Life Science Journal 9(1), 534-541.
Mukharji, S. (2016), “Bangladesh Cannot Go Soft on Terror”, Dailyo, December 29, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://www.dailyo.in/politics/bangladesh-terror-attacks-suicide-bombing-india-border-is-jmb-sheikh-hasina/story/1/14793.html. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Munk, T.B. (2017), “100,000 False Positives for Every Real Terrorist: Why Anti-Terror Algorithms Don't Work”, First Monday 22. [Online] Available from: https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7126/6522. [Accessed October 23, 2023].
Murdoch, L. (2018), “Alleged Melbourne Attacker’s Sister Knifed Policeman: Dhaka Police”, Sydney Morning Herald, February 14, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/alleged-melbourne-attacker-s-sister-knifed-policeman-dhaka-police-20180214-p4z0ae.html. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Murphy, P.J. (2010), Allah’s Angels: Chechen Women in War, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
Nasir, J.J. (1990), The Islamic Law of Personal Status. Second Edition. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London/Dordrecht/Boston: Graham and Trotman.
Ness, C.D. (2005), “In the Name of the Cause: Women's Work in Secular and Religious Terrorism”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28(5), 353–373.
Nuraniyah, N. (2018) “Not Just Brainwashed: Understanding the Radicalization of Indonesian Female Supporters of the Islamic State”, Terrorism and Political Violence 30(6), 890–910.
O’Loughlin, J. (2016), “The Perils of Self-Censorship in Academic Research in a WikiLeaks World”, Journal of Global Security Studies 1(4), 337–345.
Oaten, J. (2019), “Bangladeshi Student Momena Shoma Sentenced to 42 Years for Terror Attack on Homestay Landlord”, ABC News, June 5, 2019. [Online] Available from: www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-05/bangladeshi-homestay-guest-sentenced-for-engaging-in-terror-act/11180560. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2008), Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism. United Nations. Fact Sheet No. 32. [Online] Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Factsheet32EN.pdf. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2020), Human Rights in the Administration of Justice in Iraq: Trials Under the Anti-Terrorism Laws and Implications for Justice, Accountability and Social Cohesion in the Aftermath of ISIL, Bagdad: United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq. OHCHR. [Online] Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_Report_HRAdministrationJustice_Iraq_28January2020.pdf. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) (2022), UN Experts Urge Bangladesh to End Reprisals Against Human Rights Defenders and Relatives of the Disappeared, United Nations, March 12, 2022. [Online] Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/03/un-experts-urge-bangladesh-end-reprisals-against-human-rights-defenders-and. [Accessed May 21, 2023].
OMCT (World Organisation Against Torture) and Odhikar (2019), Circle of Fear: Combating Impunity for Torture and Strengthening the Rule of Law in Bangladesh. [Online] Available from: https://www.omct.org/site-resources/legacy/cycleoffear_bangladesh_report_omct_2020-12-11-144514.pdf. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) (2014), Preventing Terrorism and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization That Lead to Terrorism: A Community Policing Approach. [Online] Available from: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/1/d/111438.pdf. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Pannier T. and Tahir N. (2021), “Majlis Podcast: Mixed Results Ffor Women Jihadists Brought Back To Kazakhstan”, Radio Free Europe, June 4, 2021. [Online]. Available from: https://www.rferl.org/a/majlis-women-extremists-kazakhstan/31340279.html. [Accessed September 16, 2022].
Parra-Arnau, J. and Castelluccia, C. (2018), “Dataveillance and the False-Positive Paradox”, pre-print, HAL Open Science. [Online]. Available from: https://hal.science/hal-01157921v2/document [Accessed May 20, 2023].
Parvez, S. (2019), “Bangladesh and India”, in: I. Kfir and G. Grive (eds), Counterterrorism Yearbook, Barton ACTI: Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), 41–48.
Parvez, S. (2020), Understanding Digital Media and the Lifecycles of Bangladeshi Violent Extremists. Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Sydney: Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney.
Parvez, S. and Hastings, J.V. (2022), “Understanding the Role of Digital Media in Female Participation in Terrorism: The Case of Bangladesh”, Small Wars & Insurgencies 338, 1345–1371.
Paul, R. (2019), “Bangladesh Sentences Seven to Death for 2016 Café Attack”, Reuters, November 27, 2019. [Online] Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-attack-verdict-idCAKBN1Y10JD. [Accessed May 21, 2023].
Pearson, E. (2015), “The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad”, Policy & Internet 8, 5–33.
Pearson, E. (2021), “‘Love You to Infinity and Beyond’: Jailhouse Letters Revealed as Alleged Terrorism Sympathiser Fights for Freedom”, The Age, February 3, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/love-you-to-infinity-and-beyond-jailhouse-letters-revealed-as-alleged-terrorism-sympathiser-fights-for-freedom-20210203-p56z0q.html [Accessed January 20, 2023].
Perešin, A. (2015), “Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS”, Perspectives on Terrorism 9(3), 21–38.
Perliger, A. and Pedahzur, A. (2011), “Social Network Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence”, PS: Political Science & Politics 44(1), 45–50.
Pilkington, E. (2023), “‘The Forever Prisoner’: Abu Zubaydah’s Drawings Expose the US’s Depraved Torture Policy” The Guardian, May 11, 2023, [Online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/may/11/abu-zubaydah-drawings-guantanamo-bay-us-torture-policy. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
Prothom Alo (2016a), “Parents Unaware of Second Marriage of Suicidal Shakira”, December 19, 2016. [Online] Available from: t.ly/Bhy1. [Accessed January 18, 2022]. [in Bengali].
Prothom Alo (2016b), “8 Sued Over Ashkona Raid”, December 26, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8-sued-over-Ashkona-raid. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Prothom Alo (2017), “Bombs, Arms Recovered from Rajshahi ‘Militant Hideout'”, May 12, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Bombs-arms-recovered-from-Rajshahi-%E2%80%98militant. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Prothom Alo (2018), “Melbourne Student Had Contact with Nibras: Police”, March 29, 2018, [Online] Available from: https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Melbourne-student-had-contact-with-Nibras-Police. [Accessed April 25, 2023].
R v Shoma (2019), The Queen Versus Momena Shoma in the Supreme Court in the Supreme Court of Victora at Melbourne Criminal Division. VSC 367. [Online] Available from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/vic/VSC/2019/367.html. [Accessed September 13, 2023].
R v Shoma (2021), No. 2. The Queen Versus Momena Shoma in the Supreme Court in the Supreme Court of Victora at Melbourne Criminal Division. VSC 797. [Online] Available from: https://jade.io/article/867480 [Accessed September 13, 2023].
Rabbi A.R. (2016a), “Mother and Child May Have Been Slated for Suicide Attack”, Dhaka Tribune, December 26, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/2016/12/26/mother-child-may-slated-suicide-attack. [Accessed June 27, 2022].
Rabbi, A.R. (2016b), “Women Being ‘Forced’ Into New JMB”, Dhaka Tribune, September 12, 2016. [Online] Available from: www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/10/11/recruiting-women-now-new-goal-terrorists. [Accessed November 19, 2020].
Rabbi, A. R. (2018), “Suspected Militants Out on Bail Despite Threat of Future Attacks”, Dhaka Tribune, June 14, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2018/06/15/suspected-militants-out-on-bail-despite-threat-of-future-attacks. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Rahman, S. (2022), “The Other Side of the Counterterrorism in Bangladesh” in: S. Parvez and S. Rahman (eds.), The Politics of Terrorism and Counterterrorism in Bangladesh, London: Routledge, 169–148.
Rahman, K. and Jenkins, M. (2019), Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Bangladesh. U4 Helpdesk Answer 2019/6, Transparency International. [Online] Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20491. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
Ranko, A. and Nedza, J. (2015), “Crossing the Ideological Divide? Egypt's Salafists and the Muslim Brotherhood after the Arab Spring”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2015.1116274.
Ranko, A. et al. (2018), “A Common Transnational Agenda? Communication Network and Discourse of Political-Salafists on Twitter”, Mediterranean Politics 23(2), 286–308.
Rashid, A. (2016), “Women Extremists and New Trend of Terrorism”, Daily Samakal, August 22, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-editorial-comments/article/1608232132. [Accessed November 17, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Rashid, M. (2019), “Seven to Die for Holey Artisan Attack”, New Age, November 27, 2019, [Online] Available from: https://www.newagebd.net/article/91895/seven-to-die-for-holey-artisan-attack. [Accessed May 21, 2023].
Rashid, M.M. and Nur, T. B. (2017), “Persian Words Used in Kazi Nazrul Islam’s Poetry”, Language Art 2(4), 117-128.
Raufer, X. (2003), “Al Qaeda: A Different Diagnosis”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26(6), 391-398,
Reese, S.S. (2018), Imperial Muslims. Islam, Community and Authority in the Indian Ocean 1839–1937, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Reissner, J. (2007), Islam in der Weltgesellschaft. Wege in eine eigene Moderne. SWP-Studie 19/07, Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).
Ressa, M. (2013), From Bin-Laden to Facebook. Ten Days of Abduction, Ten Years of Terrorism. International Edition. Imperial College Press.
Riaz, A. (2007), Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Complex Web, London: Routledge.
Riaz, A. (2016), “Who are the Bangladeshi ‘Islamist Militants’?”, Perspectives on Terrorism 10(1), 2–18.
Riaz, A. (2021), US Sanctions on Bangladesh’s RAB: What happened? What’s Next?, Atlantic Council, South Asia Source, December 16, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/us-sanctions-on-bangladeshs-rab-what-happened-whats-next/. [Accessed January 8, 2023]
Riaz, A. and Parvez, S. (2018), “Bangladeshi Militants: What Do We Know?”, Terrorism and Political Violence 30(6), 944–61.
Riaz, A. and Parvez, S. (2021), “Anatomy of a Rigged Election in a Hybrid Regime: The Lessons from Bangladesh, Democratization 28(4), 801–820.
Richardson, C. (2011), Relative Deprivation Theory in Terrorism: A Study of Higher Education and Unemployment as Predictors of Terrorism. Semantic Scholar. [Online] Available from: https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/politics/documents/Clare_Richardson_terrorism.pdf. [Accessed May 13, 2023].
Rippin, A. (2014), “Tafsir”, in: Oxford Bibliographies. Islamic Studies. [Online] Available from: https://www.google.com/search?q=tafsir+meaning&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=566211836&sxsrf=AM9HkKkRyxLyxatd57SVVJJX0gRWfY0eiQ:1695025905419&ei=8QoIZcWPGc67i-gPq_O4oAM&start=0&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwiFzOjH37OBAxXO3QIHHas5DjQ4KBDy0wN6BAgDEAQ&biw=1408&bih=610&dpr=1.36. [Accessed September 18, 2023].
Roul, A. (2014), “Al-Qaeda Leader al-Zawahiri Urges Jihad against the ‘Anti-Islamic’ Government of Bangladesh”, Terrorism Monitor 12(2), 4–6.
Roul, A. (2018), “The Shifting Narrative of Women’s Role in Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh’s Islamic Jihad”, Terrorism Monitor 16(22). [Online] Available from: https://jamestown.org/program/the-shifting-narrative-of-womens-role-in-jamaat-ul-mujahideen-bangladeshs-islamic-jihad/. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Roul, A. (2021), “Neo-Jama’atul Mujahideen Bangladesh’s Female Members Further Islamic State’s Recruitment and Propaganda”, Terrorism Monitor 19(3). [Online] Available from: https://jamestown.org/program/neo-jamaatul-mujahideen-bangladeshs-female-members-further-islamic-states-recruitment-and-propaganda/. [Accessed January 18, 2022].
Rumman, M.A. and Hanieh, H.A. (2017), Infatuated with Martyrdom. Female Jihadism from Al-Qaeda to the ‘Islamic State’, Amman: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Iraq & Jordan.
Rühl, B. (2021), „Terrorist*innen: Geschlechterrollen in der Gewalt“, Podcast: Terrorismus – Strategie des Schreckens. Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. [Online] Available from: https://www.bpb.de/mediathek/audio/344477/terrorist-innen-geschlechterrollen-in-der-gewalt/. [Accessed April 21, 2022].
Safi, M. (2018), “Sister of Bangladeshi Student Accused of Melbourne Stabbing Arrested in Dhaka”, The Guardian, February 14, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/15/sister-of-bangladeshi-student-accused-of-melbourne-stabbing-arrested-in-dhaka. [Accessed April 24, 2023].
Sageman, M. (2014), “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research”, Terrorism and Political Violence 26(4), 565–580.
Saunders, R.A. (2008), “The Ummah as Nation: A Reappraisal in the Wake of the ‘Cartoons Affair’”, Nations and Nationalism 14, 303-321
Schmid, A.P. (1989), “Terrorism and the Media: The Ethics of Publicity”, Terrorism and Political Violence 18(4), 539–565.
Schultz, J. (1998), Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media. Cambridge University Press.
Schuurman, B. (2020), “Research on Terrorism, 2007–2016: A Review of Data, Methods, and Authorship”, Terrorism and Political Violence 32(5), 1011–1026
Schuurman, B. and Eijkman, Q. (2013), Moving Terrorism Research Forward: The Crucial Role of Primary Sources. ICCT Background Note. [Online] Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17493#metadata_info_tab_contents. [Accessed January 25, 2023].
Schweitzer, Y. (2006), “Introduction”, in: Y. Schweitzer (ed.), Female Suicide Bombers: Dying for Equality?, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. [Online] Available from: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/91112/2006-08_Female%20Suicide%20Bombers_complete%20document.pdf. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Seib, P. (2015), The Allure of ISIL’s Caliphate. CPD Blog Commentary, July 15, 2015, Center of Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California. [Online] Available from: https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/allure-isil%E2%80%99s-caliphate. [Accessed May 22, 2023].
Selim, M. (2017), “Why Women Are Becoming Militants”, Daily Pratadin, March 20, 2017. [Online] Available from: www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2017/03/20/216386. [Accessed November 30, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Shah, S. (2012), “Muslim Schools in Secular Societies: Persistence or Resistance! ”, British Journal of Religious Education 34(1), 51-65.
Shay, S. (2004), The Shahids. Islam and Suicide Attacks. London: Routledge.
Sheehan, I. S. (2012), “Assessing and Comparing Data Sources for Terrorism Research”, in: C. Lum and L.W. Kennedy (eds.), Evidence-Based Counterterrorism Policy, New York: Springer, 13–40.
Sidell III, R. B. (2012), A Geospatial Analysis of a Bangladeshi Insurgency. Doctoral Dissertation, The George Washington University.
Sikand, Y. (2001), “The Tablighi Jama’at in Bangladesh,” Peace Initiatives 7(1–3).
Singh, J. (2015), “Religious Agency and the Limits of Intersectionality”, Hypatia 30, 657-674.
Sjoberg L. (2017), “Jihadi Brides and Female Volunteers: Reading the Islamic State’s War to See Gender and Agency in Conflict Dynamics”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, online first. DOI: 10.1177/0738894217695050.
Sluka, J.A. (2018), “Too Dangerous for Fieldwork? The Challenge of Institutional Risk-Management in Primary Research on Conflict, Violence and ‘Terrorism’”, Contemporary Social Science 15(2), 241–257.
Speckhard, A. (2008), “The Emergence of Female Suicide Terrorists”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 31(11), 995–1023.
Spencer, A. (2010), The Tabloid Terrorist: The Predictive Construction of New Terrorism in the Media, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Spencer, A.N. (2016), “The Hidden Face of Terrorism: An Analysis of the Women in Islamic State”, Journal of Strategic Security 9 (3), 74–98.
Stein, M. (2013), “The Goals of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and its Impact on Central Asia and the United States”, Foreign Military Studies Office, 297-299.
Steinberg, G. (2022), Gutachten zur Organisation Islamischer Staat (IS), erstellt für den Generalbundesanwalt.
Stille, M. (2021), “Public Piety and Islamic preaching in Bangladesh”, South Asian History and Culture 12(2-3), 295-309.
Stratfor Worldview (2016), “The Islamic State Seeks to Expand its Reach in Bangladesh”, April 20, 2016. [Online] Available from: https://worldview.stratfor.com/ article/islamic-state-seeks-expand-its-reach-bangladesh. [Accessed April 2, 2021].
Sultan, T. (2017), “Why Women in Militancy?”, Prothom Alo, January 3, 2017. [Online] Available from: t.ly/Qwol. [Accessed: November 20, 2020]. [in Bengali].
Sutton, C. (2018), “Accused Female Terrorist’s Forbidden Romance Before Alleged Melbourne Stabbing”, New.com.au, February 21, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.news.com.au/national/crime/accused-female-terrorists-forbidden-romance-before-alleged-melbourne-stabbing/news-story/b12de460bb0908de23eb03980e266850. [Accessed September 16, 2022].
Svensson, I. et al. (2021), “Confronting the Caliphate? Explaining Civil Resistance in Jihadist Proto-States”, European Journal of International Relations 27(2), 572–595.
Tansey, O. (2007), “Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for Nonprobability Sampling”, Political Science & Politics 40(4), 765-772.
Thayer, B. A., & Hudson, V. M. (2010), “Sex and the Shaheed: Insights from the Life Sciences on Islamic Suicide Terrorism”“, International Security 34(4), 37-62.
Theocharis, Y. et al. (2017), “From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media and Democracy”“, Journal of Democracy 28(4), 46-59.
Times of India (2017), “Al-Qaida-linked Cell Ansar Ghazwat-Ul-Hind Announces Zakir Musa as Its Chief in Kashmir”, July 27, 2017. [Online] Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/al-qaida-linked-cell-ansar-ghazwat-ul-hind-announces-zakir-musa-as-its-chief-in-kashmir/articleshow/59792567.cms. [Accessed January 7, 2023].
Toros, H. (2008), “Terrorists, Scholars and Ordinary People: Confronting Terrorism Studies with Field Experiences”“, Critical Studies on Terrorism 1(2), 279–292.
Toros, H. (2022), “Better Researchers, Better People? The Dangers of Empathetic Research on the Extreme Right”, Critical Studies on Terrorism 15(1), 225–231.
Tran, D. (2021), “Convicted Terrorist Momena Shoma Receives Further Jail Time for Trying to Stab Inmate with Garden Shears, ABC News, December 3, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-03/momena-shoma-sentenced-to-further-prison-inmate-stabbing/100671868. [Accessed January 8, 2023].
Tran, D. (2022), “Canadian Prisoner Attacked by Convicted Terrorist Now in Legal Fight with Victorian Government”, ABC News, May 5, 2022. [Online] Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-06/momena-shoma-kailee-mitz-jihad-stabbing-prison/101039600. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2021), Bangladesh Training Module on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism. [Online] Available from: https://www.unodc.org/res/terrorism/resources/capacity-building_html/GENDER_DIMENSIONS_Book_FINAL.pdf. [Accessed January 29, 2023].
US Department of State (2021), 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Bangladesh. Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Bangladesh. [Online] Available from: https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/bangladesh. [Accessed April 23, 2023].
Vale, G. (2019), Women in Islamic State: From Caliphate to Camps, The Hague: International Center for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). [Online] Available from: https://www.icct.nl/publication/women-islamic-state-caliphate-camps. [Accessed May 14, 2023].
Verhulst et al. (2011), “Correlation Not Causation: The Relationship between Personality Traits and Political Ideologies”, American Journal of Political Science 56(1), 34–51.
Vila-Henninger, L. et al. (2022), “Abductive Coding: Theory Building and Qualitative (Re)Analysis”, Sociological Methods & Research, 0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00491241211067508.
Vinall, F. (2021), “‘I Love You’: Terrorist’s Secret Letters to Female Prisoner”, News.com.au, February 3, 2021. [Online] Available from: https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/courts-law/i-love-you-terrorists-secret-letters-to-female-prisoner/news-story/f83048f3877a35b26a9033218d6e02f3. [Accessed January 29, 2023].eng
Wagemakers, J. (2015), “The Concept of Bayʻa in the Islamic State’s Ideology”, Perspectives on Terrorism 9(4), 98–106.
Wall Street Journal (2022), “The Facebook Files. A Wall Street Journal investigation”, [Online] Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-facebook-files-11631713039. [Accessed May 20, 2022].
Weimann, G. (2011), “Cyber-Fatwas and Terrorism”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34(10), 765-781.
Wiktorowicz, Q. (2006), “Anatomy of the Salafi Movement”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29(3), 207–39.
Windsor, L. (2020), “The Language of Radicalization: Female Internet Recruitment to Participation in ISIS Activities”, Terrorism and Political Violence 32(3), 506–538.
Zekri, S. (2021), „Im Flagshipstore der Islamisten“, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28. Oktober 2021, 3.
Zelin, A. Y. (2018a), Tunisian Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria. Policy Notes PN55, November 28, 2018, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. [Online] Available from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/tunisian-foreign-fighters-iraq-and-syria. [Accessed May 20, 2023].
—.Zelin, A. Y. (2018b), Tunisia’s Female Jihadists. Policy Analysis/Policy Watch 3032, October 31, 2018, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. [Online] Available from: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/tunisias-female-jihadists. [Accessed May 20, 2023].
Zelin, A. Y., and Alrifai, O. A. (2015), “The Islamic State in Southern Syria”, CTC Sentinel 8(11), 23-8.
Zelinsky, N. (2014), “ISIS Sends a Message. What Gestures Say About Today’s Middle East”, Foreign Affairs, September 3, 2014. [Online] Available from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2014-09-03/isis-sends-message [Accessed: May 13, 2023].

Durchsuchen Sie das Werk

Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein