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Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
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1–6
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–6
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7–10
Special Address of the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection
Christine Lambrecht
Christine Lambrecht
7–10
Details
11–24
Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare – An introduction
Josef Drexl
Josef Drexl
11–24
Details
25–154
On the need for additional access rights
25–154
25–68
Enhancing access to and sharing of data: Striking the balance between openness and control over data
Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze
Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze
25–68
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A. Introduction
Details
B. Data as infrastructural resource and the spillover benefits of its shared access
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I. Data as a non-rivalrous although partially excludable good
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II. Data as a capital good with increasing returns to scale and scope
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III. Data as general-purpose but context-dependent input
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IV. Empirical evidence of the spillover social and economic benefits of data access and sharing
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C. Major data governance challenges of data access and sharing
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I. The loss of control over data, and the risk of violation of privacy and intellectual property rights
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1. Violations of agreed terms and of expectations in data re-use
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2. Loss of control over data and the role of consent
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II. Incentivising data sharing in light of positive externalities and the risk of ‘free riding’
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III. ‘Data ownership’ as an attempt to regain control over data
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1. ‘Ownership’ of personal data
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2. Contractual arrangements and the role of contract guidelines and model contracts for data sharing
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D. Towards a more differentiated data governance approach for data access and sharing
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I. Technological means for re-establishing control over access to data and information
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1. Data access control mechanisms
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a) (Ad hoc) downloads
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b) Application programming interfaces (APIs)
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c) Data sandboxes for trusted access and re-use of sensitive and proprietary data
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2. Confidentiality-enhancing technologies for information access control
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a) Cryptography
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b) De-identification: from anonymisation to pseudonymisation and aggregation
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II. A data taxonomy for disentangling the various interests in data
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1. The overlapping domains of data – reflecting the various stakeholder interests
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2. The manner data originate – reflecting the contribution to data creation
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III. Data commons as arrangements with variable degrees of openness and control
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1. Data commons for the governance of shared resources of common interests
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2. Restricted data-sharing arrangements
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a) Data partnerships
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b) Data for societal objectives
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E. Conclusion
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69–102
Data access, consumer interests and social welfare – An economic perspective on data
Bertin Martens
Bertin Martens
69–102
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A. Introduction
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B. The economic characteristics of data
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I. Data as intermediary input
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II. Data collection has an economic cost
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III. The value of data depends on their use
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IV. Excludability and monopolistic data trade
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V. Data are not a homogeneous product
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VI. Non-rivalry and economies of scope in data re-use
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VII. Economies of scope in data aggregation
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VIII. The social value of data
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C. Platforms and data-driven network effects
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I. Data-driven network effects
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II. The role of platforms in the data economy
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III. Monopolistic market failures in platforms
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D. Other data-driven market failures
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I. Information externalities
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II. Asymmetric information
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III. Missing markets because of high transaction costs and risks
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1. Transaction costs in personal data markets
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2. Transaction costs and lack of transparency in commercial services markets
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3. Risks
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E. Concluding remarks
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103–154
A legal framework for access to data – A competition policy perspective
Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker
Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker
103–154
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A. Data access in the digital economy
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B. Private data control versus open access – fundamental choices for the data economy
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I. Private control vs. open access: The basic trade-off
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II. The benefits of open access to public sector data
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III. Private control as the basic paradigm for private sector data
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1. The status quo: Private control through de-facto possession
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2. Limits of the private control approach
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3. The gaps of a private control approach do not justify its renunciation
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4. Addressing the market failures in a private control context: The role of competition law
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C. Access to usage data in three different baseline settings – Variations in the legal framework and in the role of competition policy
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I. Scenario 1: Access to individual level data by data co-generators
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1. The data access scenario
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2. Possible market failures
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3. Legislative reactions
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a) Article 20 GDPR: A mandatory portability right regarding personal data
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b) Electricity Directive: Access to smart meter data
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c) The Payment Service Directive II (PSD2): Access to accounts and account data
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d) Contractual rights to port non-personal data B2C
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4. Competition law
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5. Policy options
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a) Access to individual-level data in B2C settings
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b) Access to individual-level (industrial) data in B2B settings
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6. Conclusions on scenario 1
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II. Scenario 2: Third-party access to bundled individual-level data or aggregated data in aftermarket settings
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1. The data access scenario
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2. Possible market failures
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3. Legislative reactions
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4. Competition law
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5. Policy options: The role of data intermediaries
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III. Scenario 3: Access to data for innovation purposes
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1. The data access scenario
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2. Possible market failures
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3. Competition law
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4. Policy options?
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D. A brief summary
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155–252
The larger legal framework
155–252
155–174
The constitutional framework for data access rights
Thomas Fetzer
Thomas Fetzer
155–174
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A. Introduction
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B. The relevant constitutional standard
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C. Constitutional data access rights?
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I. Access to public sector data
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1. Article 5(1), first sentence, alt. 2 of the Basic Law – freedom of information
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2. Article 2(1) of the Basic Law – general right of personality
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II. Interim result
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D. Constitutional duty to create statutory data access rights?
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I. Right of access to public sector data
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II. Right of access to private data
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III. Interim result
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E. Constitutional limits for data access rights?
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I. Data access rights of the government
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II. Private data access rights
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III. Interim result
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F. Final result
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175–208
The legal framework for access to data from a data protection viewpoint – especially under the GDPR
Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann
Indra Spiecker genannt Döhmann
175–208
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A. Introduction to data protection’s regulatory impulse
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I. Free data for all?
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II. Data protection as a regulatory regime to link data and decision-making
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III. The lack of control
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IV. The general answer of the GDPR regulatory regime
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B. Prerequisites on Access under Data Protection Law
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I. Personal Data as the Threshold for Application of Data Protection Regimes
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II. Lawfulness of Data Processing and Procedural Requirements in combination
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III. Data Protection for both private and public data processing
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C. Data as a special good and its effect on regulation
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D. Data Access under the GDPR
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I. Access and Data Processing
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II. Right to access of data under the GDPR
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1. Rights to access by the data subject, Article 15 GDPR
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2. Right to data portability, Article 20 GDPR
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III. Right to access of data by others than the data subject
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1. Consent or legal ground as basis for data processing, Article 6 (1) GDPR
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2. Limitation of purpose and extension of purpose
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a) The strict binding of data processing to a specific purpose
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b) Compatible other purposes
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c) Archiving, Research and Statistics as privileged purposes
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3. Freedom of expression, media, press and journalistic purposes, Article 85 (1) GDPR
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4. Transparency and freedom of information, Article 85 (1) GDPR
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E. Guidelines for a regulatory regime in conformance with data protection
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I. Proactive versus reactive regime
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II. Irreversible and uncontrollable consequences versus liability and damages
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III. Specific, controlled, anti-discrimination interests versus overall transparency and access
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F. Conclusion and Outlook
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209–252
The existing European IP rights system and the data economy – An overview with particular focus on data access and portability
Matthias Leistner
Matthias Leistner
209–252
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A. Introduction
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B. IP rights and interoperable formats for data portability
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I. Copyright law: freedom of interfaces and data formats
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II. Patent law: from protection of data formats towards protection of formatted data?
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1. Patents on data encryption and transfer processes, in particular standard-essential patents
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2. Scope of patents concerning formatted data sequences
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III. Trade secrets
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C. The discussion on access to and portability of data and the existing EU IP-rights framework, in particular database sui generis protection and trade secrets
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I. Overview
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II. Access to data, copyright in databases and database sui generis protection – Current problems and the case for immediate reform of the Database Directive
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1. Introduction – impact of European database protection on big data and AI use scenarios
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2. Copyright in database works – limited and balanced approach in the EU
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3. Database sui generis protection right: current problems and immediate need for reform
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a) Condition of protection and legal uncertainty in the area of volunteered and observed data
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b) Scope of protection and problems for access to aggregated data sets
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c) Exceptions to the sui generis right, public sector data and further problems
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4. Summary
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III. Trade secrets protection: A defensive, more flexible hybrid regime which is better equipped for the data economy
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IV. Access to data, sui generis database protection and trade secrets: The perspective of current and future access regimes
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1. Basic consideration: Access to data and use of data
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2. The basic case groups
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3. Details of the interface with IP protection, in particular sui generis protection
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a) Cases that should be excluded from protection
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b) Cases where the incentive rationale of the sui generis protection right has to be taken into account, but has to be balanced with a specific access and use interest
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(1) Overriding interest in access and use
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(2) Access rights for individual ‘lawful customers’ with regard to sensor-produced data of smart devices
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(3) Access and use rights for competitors: compulsory licences in the specific context of the sui generis right and of trade secrets protection
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D. Selected elements of IP rights as building blocks for the regulation of future data markets
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E. Conclusion
Details
253–438
Taking stock of existing data access regimes
253–438
253–286
Data access rules: The role of contractual unfairness control of (consumer) contracts
Michael Grünberger
Michael Grünberger
253–286
Details
A. (Responsive) Contract law shall be Queen
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B. The regulatory problem: enabling data access under fair terms
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I. Negative impacts of the status quo
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II. Disadvantages of a purely self-regulatory approach
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III. Putting unfair terms control back on the stage
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C. An (additional) regulatory instrument: unfairness control in B2C and B2B data contracts
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I. The proposition
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1. Unfairness control as a data access rule
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2. Premises
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a) Methodological framework: responsive private law theory
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b) General regulatory framework of the data economy
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c) Specific regulatory framework for contractual data access rules
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II. The benchmark and the knowledge problems
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1. The lack of a statutory default rule
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2. The vocation of our digital age for legal science
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3. Statutory default rules are not required
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4. A procedural model for the unfairness control
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a) Rebuttable presumption of fairness
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b) Role model I: equitable remuneration scheme in copyright law
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c) Procedural requirements
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d) Role model II: the (German) Corporate Governance Code
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D. Problems
Details
I. Privity-of-contract problem
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II. Transnational dimension
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E. Conclusion
Details
287–318
Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based principles
Axel Metzger
Axel Metzger
287–318
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Consumer protection – Data access and porting under the DCSD
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I. Current state of the DCSD
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II. Access to non-personal data under Article 16(4) DCSD
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III. Comparison of Article 16(4) DCSD and Articles 15, 20 GDPR
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IV. Individual and collective enforcement
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V. Transfer or fiduciary exercise of rights
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C. Data access and porting under general contract law principles
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I. No mandatory access rules in European and German general contract law
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1. European contract law
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2. National contract law – The case of Germany
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II. A case for mandatory access rules in B2B contracts?
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III. Access and porting as default rules for B2B contracts?
Details
1. Concept and functions of default contract rules
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2. Building blocks from EU instruments, contract law principles and national law
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3. ALI–ELI Principles for a Data Economy
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D. Conclusion
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319–342
Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights?
Ruth Janal
Ruth Janal
319–342
Details
A. Introduction
Details
I. From ownership to access
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II. Overview of Article 20 GDPR
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III. Structure of Arguments
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B. Distinctions between the GDPR setting and a B2B scenario
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I. Personal data and non-personal data
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II. Attribution of data
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1. The GDPR setting
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2. The business setting
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a) Lack of legal attribution
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b) Multi-relational nature of data
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c) The Trade Secrets Directive
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III. Structural power imbalances
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IV. Remuneration for data analysis
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V. Commercial value
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VI. Summary
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C. Transfer of ideas and principles
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I. The data encompassed
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1. Data covered by Article 20 GDPR
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2. Data that might be covered by a business portability right
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a) Beneficiary and addressee
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b) Data provided because of a contract or consent
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c) Observed and inferred data
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d) Preliminary findings
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II. Rights and freedoms of others
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1. Relevant rights and freedoms of others under the GDPR
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2. Balancing of interests under the GDPR
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a) Data rights of third parties
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b) Trade secrets
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3. Duty of care when complying with a portability request
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4. Inferences for a business portability right
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III. Modus operandi
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1. The implications of portability under the GDPR
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2. Data format
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3. Inferences for businesses
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D. Conclusions and recommendations
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343–400
Safeguarding innovation in the framework of sector-specific data access regimes: The case of digital payment services
Jörg Hoffmann
Jörg Hoffmann
343–400
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. Defining a holistic framework for data access regimes
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I. Data-driven innovation capacities of markets and factual data exclusivity
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1. Applying IP Economics in data access cases – the innovation incentive of factual data exclusivity
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2. Legal Framework of essential facilities – EU competition law, EU utilities market regulation in the telecommunication sector and EU fundamental rights
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II. Industrial policy-driven market regulation and the principle of free market economy – a call for more market-driven innovation
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III. Adverse effects of data sharing for consumer sovereignty, privacy and innovation
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IV. Adverse effects of data sharing on competition and innovation
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C. Evaluation of the data access regimes for digital payment services
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I. Payment initiation services
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1. Overview
Details
2. Non-market-driven FinTech innovation regulation and structural disadvantages of incumbent banks
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3. Adverse effects on privacy, competition and innovation – the need for new asymmetric regulation
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II. Account information services
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1. Overview
Details
2. Lack of investment incentives and the need for maintaining market options for incumbent banks
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3. Tackling BigTech banking by introducing new asymmetric regulation
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D. Conclusion
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401–438
Data access rights – A comparative perspective
Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider
Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider
401–438
Details
A. Introduction
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I. From data ownership to data access
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II. Functional taxonomy of data access rights
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B. Course of investigation
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C. National law: Taxonomy of data access rights
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D. Foreign legal systems: Taxonomy of data access rights, comparison with German law
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I. Sectoral data protection regulation
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1. HIPAA
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2. COPPA
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3. CPP
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II. Cross-sectoral data protection regulation
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1. California
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2. New Zealand
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3. Brazil
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4. Japan
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5. India
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6. Philippines
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7. Singapore
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8. Switzerland
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III. Sector specific cross-type of data regulation
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1. CDR Data
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a) Consumer Data
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b) Product Data
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2. A hybrid approach to Data Governance
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a) Accredited persons
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b) Gateways
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IV. Cross-sectoral and cross-type of data regulation
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E. Findings and recommendations
Details
439–572
Paving the way for future reforms
439–572
439–476
From (horizontal and sectoral) data access solutions towards data governance systems
Wolfgang Kerber
Wolfgang Kerber
439–476
Details
A. Introduction
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B. Horizontal vs. sectoral data access solutions
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I. Horizontal data access solutions
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II. Sectoral data access solutions
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1. Opening of bank account data (PSD2)
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2. Access to data in connected cars
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C. From data access solutions to data governance systems
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D. Data governance systems: Basic approach and instruments
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I. General and specific data governance systems
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II. Market failures and policy objectives
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III. Some instruments for data governance systems
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1. Consumer data rights and data portability
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2. Data trustee solutions
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3. Interoperability and standardisation
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4. Minimum standards for safety, security, and privacy
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E. Perspectives
Details
477–528
Connected devices – An unfair competition law approach to data access rights of users
Josef Drexl
Josef Drexl
477–528
Details
A. Introduction
Details
B. General concepts
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I. Connected devices
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II. Data
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III. The user of connected devices
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IV. Data access
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C. Data access rights as an element of data governance
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D. Transformation of the markets
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I. Competition-driven innovation
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II. Transformation of business models and markets
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E. Data access rights as a means to overcome data lock-ins
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F. Alternative legal instruments
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I. The right to portability of personal data pursuant to Article 20 GDPR
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II. Contract law
Details
III. Competition law
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1. Limitations of current EU competition law
Details
2. Proposals for reform of German competition law
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3. Discussion on the EU level
Details
4. Remaining gaps
Details
IV. Sector-specific data access rights of competitors
Details
V. Data access and intellectual property
Details
G. Proposal for an unfair competition law approach to data access
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I. Why unfair competition law?
Details
II. Legal design of the data access right
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H. Conclusion
Details
529–572
The law and policy of government access to private sector data (‘B2G data sharing’)
Heiko Richter
Heiko Richter
529–572
Details
A. Issue
Details
B. Context and objectives of government access
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I. Development context
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II. Objectives of government access
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III. Public task and examples
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C. Research focuses
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I. Overview
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II. Mandatory access rules
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III. Data of private undertakings without a public link
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IV. Horizontal aspects
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V. Non-personal data
Details
D. Key questions that access rules should address
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I. Overview
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II. Purpose (what for?)
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III. Beneficiaries (for whom?)
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IV. Obliged parties (against whom?)
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V. Relevant data (what?)
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VI. Modalities of access (how?)
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E. Principles for developing access rules
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I. Function of principles
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II. Principle of justifying statehood
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III. Principle of holistic rules
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IV. Principle of responsibility
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V. Principle of proximity
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VI. Example: German ‘Market Transparency Unit for Fuels’
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F. Towards a horizontal B2G access framework?
Details
I. Overview
Details
II. Purpose of a horizontal framework
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III. Possible functions of a horizontal framework
Details
IV. Substantive issues for a horizontal framework
Details
V. PSI Directive as a model?
Details
VI. Conclusion
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G. Recommendations for concrete reforms
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I. Reaching beyond access rules
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II. Reform laws on official statistics
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III. Modify database protection
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IV. Coordinate advancement of re-use law
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V. Strengthen subjective access rights
Details
H. Outlook
Details
573–574
Contributors
573–574
Details
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Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare , page 1 - 6
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Autoren
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Ed.)
Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb (Ed.)
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999-1
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8081-5
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2499-9
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