The Harm Prevention Rule in Cyberspace

Schlagworte

accountability mechanism Cybergefahren cyber operations Cyberoperationen cyber threats Cyberspace cyberspace Due Dilligence Mindeststandards due diligence obligations duty of care nicht-staatliche Akteure Praxisstandards harm prevention rule minimum standards Schadensprävention Schadensvermeidung non-state actors standards of practice Sorgfaltspflicht staatliche Akteure state actors Verantwortungsmechanismus

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• Nicholas Tsagourias/Michael Farrell, ‘Cyber Attribution: Technical and Legal Approaches and Challenges’, European Journal of International Law 31 (2020), 941–967
• Nicholas Tsagourias, ‘Recommendation 13j’, in Enekken Tikk (ed.), Voluntary, Non-Binding Norms for Responsible State Behaviour in the Use of Information and Communications Technology – A Commentary (United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 2017), 241–264
• Bobby Vedral, ‘The Vulnerability of the Financial System to a Systemic Cyberattack’, in Taťána Jančárková/Lauri Lindström et al. (eds.), Going Viral (NATO CCDCOE 2021), 95–110
• Eleonora Viganò/Michele Loi/Emad Yaghmaei, ‘Cybersecurity of Critical Infrastructure’, in Markus Christen Bert Gordijn Michele Loi (eds.), The Ethics of Cybersecurity (Berlin: Springer Nature 2020), 157–178
• Federica Violi, ‘The Function of the Triad “Territory”, “Jurisdiction”, and “Control” in Due Diligence Obligations’, in Heike Krieger/Anne Peters/Leonhard Kreuzer, Due Diligence in the International Legal Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2020), 75–91
• Silja Vöneky, ‘Analogy’, in Anne Peters (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia for Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2020)
• Beatrice A. Walton, ‘Duties Owed: Low-Intensity Cyber Attacks and Liability for Transboundary Torts in International Law’, Yale Law Journal 126 (2017), 1460–1519
• Sean Watts, ‘Low-Intensity Cyber Operations and the Principle of Non-Intervention,’ in Jens D. Ohlin/Kevin Govern/Claire Finkelstein, Cyber War: Law and Ethics for Virtual Conflicts (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015), 249–270
• Stephan Wilske, ‘Abduction’, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2019)
• Thomas Wischmeyer, Informationssicherheit (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2023)
• Rüdiger Wolfrum/Mirka Möldner, ‘International Courts and Tribunals, Evidence’, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013)
• Rüdiger Wolfrum, ‘International Law of Cooperation’, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010)
• Johann-Christoph Woltag, Cyber Warfare: Military Cross-Border Computer Network Operations Under International Law (Cambridge et al.: Intersentia 2014)
• Michael Wood, ‘Customary International Law and the General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations’, International Community Law Review 21 (2019) 307–324
• William Thomas Worster, ‘The Inductive and Deductive Methods in Customary International Law Analysis: Traditional and Modern Approaches’, Georgetown Journal of International Law 45 (2014), 445–521
• Quincy Wright, ‘Espionage and the Doctrine of Non-Intervention in Internal Affairs’, in Roland J. Stanger (ed.), Essays on Espionage and International Law (Columbus: Ohio State University Press 1962)
• Li Zhang, ‘A Chinese Perspective on Cyber War’, International Review of the Red Cross 94 (2012), 801–807
• Zhixiong Huang/Kubo Mačák, ‘Towards the International Rule of Law in Cyberspace: Contrasting Chinese and Western Approaches’, Chinese Journal of International Law 16 (2017), 271–310
• Katharina Ziolkowski, ‘General Principles of International Law as Applicable in Cyberspace’ in Katharina Ziolkowski (ed.) Peacetime Regime for State Activities in Cyberspace (NATO CCDCOE 2013), 135–188
• Blogposts
• Dapo Akande/Antonio Coco/Talita de Souza Dias, ‘Old Habits Die Hard: Applying Existing International Law in Cyberspace and Beyond’, 5 January 2021, EJIL:Talk!, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/old-habits-die-hard-applying-existing-international-law-in-cyberspace-and-beyond/
• Prableen Bajpai, ‘The 5 Largest Economies In The World And Their Growth In 2020’, Nasdaq, 22 January 2020, available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-5-largest-economies-in-the-world-and-their-growth-in-2020-2020-01-22
• Russell Buchan, ‘Eye on the Spy: International Law, Digital Supply Chains and the SolarWinds and Microsoft Hacks’, Völkerrechtsblog, 31 March 2021, available at: https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/de/eye-on-the-spy/
• Gary Corn, ‘Covert Deception, Strategic Fraud, and the Rule of Prohibited Intervention’, LawfareBlog, 24 September 2020, available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/covert-deception-strategic-fraud-and-rule-prohibited-intervention
• Kristen Eichensehr, ‘Three Questions on the WannaCry Attribution to North Korea’, JustSecurity, 20 December 2017, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/49889/questions-wannacry-attribution-north-korea
• Tomaso Falchetta, ‘The Draft UN Cybercrime Treaty Is Overbroad and Falls Short On Human Rights Protection’, JustSecurity, 22 January 2024, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/91318/the-draft-un-cybercrime-treaty-is-overbroad-and-falls-short-on-human-rights-protection/
• Michael P. Fischerkeller, ‘Current International Law Is Not an Adequate Regime for Cyberspace’, LawfareBlog, 22 April 2021, available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/current-international-law-not-adequate-regime-cyberspace
• Jack Goldsmith, ‘Self-Delusion on the Russia Hack’, 18 December 2020, The Dispatch, available at: https://thedispatch.com/p/self-delusion-on-the-russia-hack?s=r
• Oona Hathaway/Alasdair Phillips-Robins, ‘COVID-19 and International Law Series: Vaccine Theft, Disinformation, the Law Governing Cyber Operations’, JustSecurity, 4 December 2020, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/73699/covid-19-and-international-law-series-vaccine-theft-disinformation-the-law-governing-cyber-operations/
• Sven Herpig/Ari Schwartz, ‘The Future of Vulnerabilities Equities Processes Around the World’, Lawfare, 4 January 2019, available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/future-vulnerabilities-equities-processes-around-world
• Leonhard Kreuzer, ‘Disentangling the Cyber Security Debate’, Völkerrechtsblog, 20 June 2018, available at: https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/de/disentangling-the-cyber-security-debate/
• Heike Krieger, ‘Sovereignty – an Empty Vessel?’, EJIL:Talk!, 7 July 2020, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/sovereignty-an-empty-vessel/
• Marko Milanovic, ‘Wieder and Guarnieri v UK: A Justifiably Expansive Approach to the Extraterritorial Application of the Right to Privacy in Surveillance Cases’, EJIL:Talk!, 21 March 2024, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/wieder-and-guarnieri-v-uk-a-justifiably-expansive-approach-to-the-extraterritorial-application-of-the-right-to-privacy-in-surveillance-cases/
• Marko Milanovic, ‘The Grand Normalization of Mass Surveillance: ECtHR Grand Chamber Judgments in Big Brother Watch and Centrum för rättvisa’, EJIL:Talk!, 26 May 2021 available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-grand-normalization-of-mass-surveillance-ecthr-grand-chamber-judgments-in-big-brother-watch-and-centrum-for-rattvisa/
• Anne Peters, ‘Surveillance Without Borders? The Unlawfulness of the NSA-Panopticon, Part II’, Ejil:Talk!, 4 November 2013, available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/surveillance-without-borders-the-unlawfulness-of-the-nsa-panopticon-part-ii/
• Mark Pomerleau, ‘What is ‘sovereignty’ in cyberspace? Depends who you ask’, FifthDomain, 21 November 2019, available at: https://www.c4isrnet.com/international/2019/11/21/what-is-sovereignty-in-cyberspace-depends-who-you-ask/
• Przemysław Roguski, ‘The Importance of New Statements on Sovereignty in Cyberspace by Austria, the Czech Republic and United States’, 11 May 2020, JustSecurity, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/70108/the-importance-of-new-statements-on-sovereignty-in-cyberspace-by-austria-the-czech-republic-and-united-states/
• Michael N. Schmitt, ‘Three International Law Rules for Responding Effectively to Hostile Cyber Operations’, JustSecurity, 13 July 2021, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/77402/three-international-law-rules-for-responding-effectively-to-hostile-cyber-operations/
• Michael N. Schmitt, ‘The Sixth United Nations GGE and International Law in Cyberspace’, JustSecurity, 10 June 2021, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/76864/the-sixth-united-nations-gge-and-international-law-in-cyberspace/
• Michael N. Schmitt, ‘Terminological Precision and International Cyber Law’, Articles of War, 29 July 2021, available at: https://lieber.westpoint.edu/terminological-precision-international-cyber-law/
• Michael N. Schmitt, ‘Russia’s SolarWinds Operation and International Law’, JustSecurity, 21 December 2020, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/73946/russias-solarwinds-operation-and-international-law/
• Michael N. Schmitt, ‘In Defense of Sovereignty in Cyberspace’, JustSecurity, 8 May 2018, available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/55876/defense-sovereignty-cyberspace/
• Alexis Steffaro, ‘Detour or Deadlock? Decoding the Suspended UN Cybercrime Treaty Negotiations’, 4 March 2024, available at: https://www.centerforcybersecuritypolicy.org/insights-and-research/detour-or-deadlock-decoding-the-suspended-un-cybercrime-treaty-negotiations/
• Yevgeny Vindman, ‘Is the SolarWinds Cyberattack an Act of War? It Is, If the United States Says It Is’, JustSecurity, available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/solarwinds-cyberattack-act-war-it-if-united-states-says-it/
• Research paper
• Annegret Bendiek, ‘Due Diligence in Cyberspace – Guidelines for International and European Cyber Policy and Cybersecurity Policy’, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik – Research Paper 2016
• Carme Colomina/Héctor Sanchez Margalef/Richard Youngs, ‘The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in the World’, Study Requested by the DROI subcommittee (European Parliament), April 2021
• David P. Fidler, ‘Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets Through Cyber Technologies’, ASIL Insights 17 (2013)
• Sven Herpig, Active Cyber Defense – Toward Operational Norms (Stiftung Neue Verantwortung 2023)
• Sven Herpig, A Framework for Government Hacking in Criminal Investigations (Stiftung Neue Verantwortung 2018)
• Klaus Lenssen, ‘…on the Ground: An Industry Perspective’, in Ingolf Pernice/Jörg Pohle (eds.), Privacy and Cyber Security on the Books and on the Ground (Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society 2018), 107–110
• James Lewis, ‘Assessing the Risks of Cyber Terrorism, Cyber War and Other Cyber Threats’, Center for Strategic and International Studies 2002
• Tambiama Madiega, ‘Digital Sovereignty for Europe’, EPRS – European Parliamentary Research Service, July 2020
• Zhanna Malekos Smith/Eugenia Lostri/James A. Lewis (Project Director), McAfee, ‘The Hidden Costs of Cybercrime’, 9 December 2020
• Tim Maurer/Robert Morgus, Tipping the Scale: An Analysis of Global Swing States in the Internet Governance Debate (The Centre for International Governance Innovation and the Royal Institute for International Affairs 2014)
• Harriet Moynihan, ‘The Application of International Law to State Cyberattacks Sovereignty and Non-intervention’, Chatham House – Research Paper, 2019
• Przemysław Roguski, ‘Application of International Law to Cyber Operations: A Comparative Analysis of States’ Views’, The Hague Program for Cyber Norms, Policy Brief, 2020
• Christina Rupp/Alexandra Paulus, Official Public Political Attribution of Cyber Operations – State of Play and Policy Options (Stiftung Neue Verantwortung 2023)
• Stefan Talmon, ‘Das Abhören des Kanzlerhandys und das Völkerrecht’, Bonn Research Papers on Public International Law 3 (2013)
• Enekken Tikk/Mika Kerttunen, ‘The Alleged Demise of the UN GGE: An Autopsy and Eulogy’, Cyber Policy Institute, 2017
• Ann Valjataga, ‘Tracing Opinio Juris in National Cyber Security Strategy Documents‘, NATO CCDCOE 2018, 1–18
• Expert testimonies
• Helmut Philipp Aust, 1. Untersuchungsausschuss der 18. Wahlperiode des Deutschen Bundestages Stellungnahme zur Sachverständigenanhörung am 5. Juni 2014
• Non-legal articles/news (online)
• Ronen Bergman/David M Halbfinger, ‘Israel Hack of Iran Port Is Latest Salvo in Exchange of Cyberattacks’, NYTimes, 18 May 2021
• Ronen Bergman/Rick Gladstone/Farnaz Fassihi’, Blackout Hits Iran Nuclear Site in What Appears to Be Israeli Sabotage, New York Times, 11 April 2021
• Patrick Beuth, ‘Der Spionagefall des Jahres’, Der Spiegel, 18 December 2020
• Russell Brandom, ‘UK Hospitals Hit with Massive Ransomware Attack’, The Verge, 12 May 2017, available at: https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/12/15630354/nhs-hospitals-ransomware-hack-wannacry-bitcoin
• Gary D. Brown/Owen W. Tullos, ‘On the Spectrum of Cyberspace Operations’, Small Wars Journal, 11 December 2012, available at: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/on-the-spectrum-of-cyberspace-operations
• Kellen Browning, ‘Hundreds of Businesses, From Sweden to U.S., Affected by Cyberattack’, New York Times, 2 July 2021
• Tom Burt, ‘New Cyberattacks Targeting U.S. Elections’, MicrosoftBlog, 10 September 2020
• Adrian Croft, ‘EU Threatens to Suspend Data-sharing with U.S. over Spying Reports’, Reuters, 5 July 2013, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-eu-idINDEE96409F20130705
• Grace Dobush, ‘20-year-old German Hacker Confesses in Doxxing Case’, Handelsblatt, 1 August 2019
• Ryan Dube, ‘What Is Binary Code and How Does It Work?’, Lifewire, 2 March 2022, available at: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-binary-and-how-does-it-work-4692749
• Myriam Dunn Cavelty/Jacqueline Eggenschwiler, ‘Behavioral Norms in Cyberspace’, The Security Times, February 2019
• Melissa Eddy/Nicole Pelroth, ‘Cyber Attack Suspected in German Woman’s Death’, New York Times, 18 September 2020,
• Josh Frühliner, ‘The CIA Triad: Definition, Components and Examples’, CSO Online, 10 February 2020, available at: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3519908/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html
• Alex Grigsby, ‘The United Nations Doubles Its Workload on Cyber Norms, and Not Everyone Is Pleased’, Council on Foreign Relations, 15 November 2018, available at: https://www.cfr.org/blog/united-nations-doubles-its-workload-cyber-norms-and-not-everyone-pleased
• Thomas Holt, ‘What Are Software Vulnerabilities, and Why Are There so Many of Them?’, The Conversation, 23 May 2017
• Michael Knigge, ‘NSA Surveillance Eroded Transatlantic Trust’, DW, 27 December 2013, available at: https://www.dw.com/en/nsa-surveillance-eroded-transatlantic-trust/a-17311216
• Meike Laaff, ‘Wie eine Cyberattacke einen ganzen Landkreis lahmlegt’, ZEIT Online, 12 July 2021
• Steve Morgan, ‘Cybercrime To Cost The World $10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025’, 13 November 2020, available at: https://cybersecurityventures.com/cybercrime-damage-costs-10-trillion-by-2025/
• Olga Pavlova, ‘Putin says Russia Prepared to Extradite Cyber Criminals to US on Reciprocal Basis’, CNN, 13 June 2021
• Chad Perrin, ‘The CIA Triad’, TechRepublic, 30 June 2008, available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-cia-triad/
• Ian Phillips/Vladimir Isachenkov, ‘Putin: Russia Doesn’t Hack but “Patriotic” Individuals Might’, APNews, 1 June 2017
• James Risen/Eric Lichtblau, ‘How the U.S. Uses Technology to Mine More Data More Quickly’, New York Times, 8 June 2013
• Irina Rizmal, ‘Cyberterrorism: What Are We (not) Talking About?’, Diplo, 3 August 2017
• Jordan Robertson/Laurence Arnold, ‘Cyberwar: How Nations Attack Without Bullets or Bombs’, Washington Post, 14 December 2020
• Dan Sabbagh/Andrew Roth, ‘Russian State-Sponsored Hackers Target Covid-19 Vaccine Researchers’, Guardian, 16 July 2020
• David E. Sanger/Nicole Perlroth/Eric Schmitt, ‘Scope of Russian Hacking Becomes Clear: Multiple U.S. Agencies Were Hit’, New York Times, 9 September 2021
• Bruce Schneier, ‘Class Breaks’, Schneier on Security, 3 January 2017
• Bruce Schneier, ‘Simultaneous Discovery of Vulnerabilities’, Schneier on Security, 15 February 2016
• Vladimir Soldatkin/Humeyra Pamuk, ‘Biden Tells Putin Certain Cyberattacks Should be 'off-limits'’, Reuters, 17 June 2021
• Robert Sprague/Sean Valentine, ‘Due Diligence’, Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 October 2018.
• Mehul Srivastava, ‘WhatsApp voice calls used to inject Israeli spyware on phones’, Financial Times, 14 May 2019
• Friedel Taube, ‘Russia-Ukraine Conflict: What Role Do Cyberattacks Play?’, Deutsche Welle, 28 February 2022, available at: https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-conflict-what-role-do-cyberattacks-play/a-60945572.
• Ian Tennant/Summer Walker, ‘Cyber, Fire and Fury’, Global Initiative, 17 March 2022, available at: https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/un-cybercrime-treaty/.
• Maegan Vazquez/Allie Malloy, ‘Biden Will Discuss Recent Cyber Attack on Meat Producer with Putin in Geneva’, CNN, 2 June 2021
• Kim Zetter, ‘Inside the Cunning, Unprecedented Hack of Ukraine's Power Grid’, Wired, 3 March 2016
• Unnamed: ‘Pegasus: Spyware Sold to Governments 'Targets Activists'’, BBC, 19 July 2021, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-57881364
• Unnamed: ‘How the Dutch Foiled Russian “Cyber-attack” on OPCW’, BBC, 4 October 2018, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45747472