Jump to content
African Soil Protection Law / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
African Soil Protection Law / Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Contents
Chapter
Expand
|
Collapse
Authors
Page
1–30
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–30
Details
31–52
Executive summary
Harald Ginzky, Oliver C. Ruppel
Harald Ginzky, Oliver C. Ruppel
31–52
Details
1 The project
Details
1.1 Preparatory work
Details
1.2 Project design
Details
1.3 Selection of project countries
Details
1.4 Processing method
Details
1.5 Cooperation with the Pan-African Parliament
Details
2 Project results
Details
2.1 Setting the scene
Details
2.2 Proposed options
Details
2.2.1 Framework legislation
Details
2.2.2 Climate change, land and soil
Details
2.2.3 Agriculture
Details
2.2.4 Livestock
Details
2.2.5 Industrial facilities
Details
2.2.6 Mining
Details
2.2.7 Infrastructure
Details
2.2.8 Urbanisation
Details
2.2.9 Clarity of land tenure
Details
2.2.10 Control of foreign investors
Details
3 Institutional arrangements
Details
4 Procedures and procedural rights
Details
5 The role of science
Details
6 Global, continental and regional cooperation
Details
7 The way forward
Details
53–176
Country report for Cameroon
Christopher F. Tamasang, Cyril Effala, Ivo T. Tassah
Christopher F. Tamasang, Cyril Effala, Ivo T. Tassah
53–176
Details
1 Country information
Details
1.1 Geography and climatic conditions
Details
1.2 Economy
Details
1.3 Society
Details
1.4 Information on the organisational structure of Cameroon
Details
1.4.1 Legal system and legal tradition
Details
1.4.2 Competence of legislation
Details
1.4.3 Competence of law enforcement
Details
1.4.4 The Constitution, statutory and customary law
Details
2 Soil degradation
Details
2.1 The state of the environment
Details
2.2 Different types of soil and their vulnerability in terms of degradation
Details
2.3 Main drivers of soil degradation
Details
2.3.1 Agriculture
Details
2.3.2 Mining
Details
2.3.3 Wildfires, farming, hunting, and cattle rearing
Details
2.3.4 Industrial sites
Details
2.3.5 Urban sprawls
Details
2.3.6 Demographic growth rate
Details
2.3.7 Weather and climate factors
Details
2.3.8 Topographic constraints
Details
2.3.9 Land-grabbing
Details
2.3.10 Other causes or drivers of soil degradation
Details
2.4 Key actors in soil degradation
Details
2.5 Conclusion
Details
3 General information on public soil legislation
Details
3.1 Policy frameworks, government strategies, action plans, etc.
Details
3.1.1 International policies relevant to soil protection
Details
3.1.2 National policies relevant to soil protection
Details
3.2 Relevant international law for the protection of soils
Details
3.2.1 Relevant international soft law commitments
Details
3.2.2 Relevant international hard law instruments
Details
3.3 Relevant national legal provisions for the protection of soil
Details
3.3.1 The Constitution
Details
3.3.2 Legislation on land tenure
Details
3.3.3 Public environmental law
Details
3.3.4 Environmental monitoring
Details
3.3.5 Cross-cutting issues
Details
3.4 Relevant ministries and state institutions and their responsibilities
Details
3.4.1 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Details
3.4.2 Ministry of State Property, Surveys and Land Tenure
Details
3.4.3 Ministry of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development
Details
3.4.4 Ministry of Forests and Wildlife
Details
3.4.5 Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development
Details
3.4.6 Ministry of Urban Development and Housing
Details
3.4.7 Ministry of Trade
Details
3.4.8 Ministry of Mines, Industry and Technological Development
Details
3.4.9 Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation
Details
3.4.10 Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries
Details
3.4.11 Institute of Research for Agricultural Development
Details
3.4.12 Inter-Ministerial Committee for the Environment
Details
3.4.13 National Consultative Commission for the Environment and Sustainable Development
Details
3.4.14 Regional and local authorities
Details
3.4.15 National Council for Planning and Sustainable Development of the Territory
Details
3.5 Conclusion
Details
4 Legislation on main drivers of soil degradation: Strengths and weaknesses
Details
4.1 Agriculture
Details
4.1.1 Relevant legal provisions
Details
4.1.2 Enforcement issues
Details
4.1.3 Monitoring
Details
4.1.4 And what’s more?
Details
4.2 Mining
Details
4.2.1 Relevant legal provisions
Details
4.2.2 Monitoring
Details
4.2.3 The role of foreign investors
Details
4.3 Industrial development
Details
4.4 Demographic growth, urban sprawl and land-planning regulatory frameworks
Details
4.5 Climate change law and soil degradation
Details
4.6 Land tenure insecurity: Relevant legal provisions and associated problems
Details
4.6.1 Ordinance No. 74/2 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing state lands
Details
4.6.2 Ordinance No. 74/1 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing land tenure
Details
4.6.3 Decree No. 76/166 of 27 April 1976 establishing the terms and conditions for the management of national lands
Details
4.6.4 Circular No. 001/CAB/PM of 1 April 2014 relating to measures applicable to investors on access to land
Details
4.6.5 Law No. 85/009 of 4 July 1985 relating to expropriation on grounds of public utility and the modalities for the payment of indemnities
Details
4.6.6 Traditional law
Details
4.6.7 Conflicts and means of resolution
Details
4.6.8 Land tenure legislation and associated land-grabbing
Details
4.6.9 Relationship of landownership and environmental responsibility
Details
4.7 Wildfires, hunting and cattle rearing
Details
4.8 Conclusion
Details
5 Lessons learnt and recommendations
Details
5.1 Positive lessons learnt and opportunities for soil protection
Details
5.2 Negative lessons learnt
Details
5.3 Recommendations
Details
177–294
Country report for Kenya
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Irene Kamunge, James Kipkerebulit Yatich
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Irene Kamunge, James Kipkerebulit Yatich
177–294
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Country information
Details
2.1 Religion
Details
2.2 Climatic conditions
Details
2.3 Population
Details
2.4 Literacy levels
Details
2.5 The economy
Details
2.6 National debt
Details
2.7 Kenya’s political system and governance
Details
2.8 Legislative authority
Details
2.9 Environmental dispute resolution
Details
3 Main drivers and causes of soil degradation
Details
3.1 Kenya soil profile
Details
3.2 The main drivers of soil degradation
Details
3.2.1 Agriculture
Details
3.2.2 Mining
Details
3.2.3 Industrial activities
Details
3.2.4 Soil erosion
Details
3.2.5 Unregulated urban and infrastructural development
Details
3.2.6 Climate change
Details
3.2.7 Brownfield sites
Details
3.3 Other threats to soil
Details
3.3.1 Topographic features
Details
3.3.2 Soil contamination
Details
3.3.3 Soil compaction
Details
3.3.4 Salinity and sodicity
Details
3.3.5 Soil erodibility
Details
3.3.6 Poor rangeland management
Details
3.3.7 Loss of forest cover
Details
3.3.8 Biodiversity loss
Details
3.3.9 Poverty
Details
3.3.10 Encroachment of fresh water and wetland ecosystems
Details
3.4 Key actors in soil degradation
Details
3.4.1 Investors
Details
3.4.2 Government
Details
3.4.3 Farmers
Details
3.4.4 Pastoralists
Details
3.5 Conclusion
Details
4 Background on soil legislation
Details
4.1 Historical perspective
Details
4.2 Colonial laws, policies and plans
Details
4.2.1 Crown Lands Ordinance, No. 21 of 1902
Details
4.2.2 Crown Lands Ordinance, 1915
Details
4.2.3 Native Lands Trust Ordinance, 1938
Details
4.2.4 Agricultural Policy, 1944
Details
4.2.5 African Courts Ordinance, 1951
Details
4.2.6 Swynnerton Plan, 1954
Details
4.3 Selected soil conservation initiatives in post-independence Kenya
Details
4.3.1 National Soil and Water Conservation Project
Details
4.3.2 Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil Conservation and Afforestation
Details
4.4 Types of conservation measure that have been used in Kenya
Details
4.4.1 Terraces
Details
4.4.2 Conservation agriculture
Details
4.4.3 Cover crop for soil fertility and erosion control
Details
4.4.4 Green manure
Details
4.4.5 Agroforestry
Details
4.4.6 Hedges
Details
4.4.7 Improved fallows
Details
4.4.8 Vegetation strips
Details
4.4.9 Conservation and regeneration measures
Details
4.4.10 Contour farming
Details
4.4.11 Trash lines
Details
4.4.12 Cut-off drains, retention and infiltration ditches
Details
4.5 Conclusion
Details
5 Legislation on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
5.1 International instruments relevant to soil protection
Details
5.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
Details
5.1.2 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020) and Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2020)
Details
5.1.3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Details
5.1.4 Land degradation-neutrality
Details
5.2 Regional policies and instruments
Details
5.2.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968
Details
5.2.2 Action Plan of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa’s Development Environment Initiative
Details
5.2.3 NEPAD’s Initiative for the Resilience and Restoration of African Landscapes
Details
5.2.4 Protocol Concerning Protected Areas and Wild Fauna and Flora in the Eastern African Region, 1985
Details
5.3 National policies
Details
5.3.1 National Environment Policy, 2014
Details
5.3.2 National Land Policy, 2009
Details
5.3.3 National Land Use Policy, 2017
Details
5.3.4 National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013
Details
5.4 National Laws
Details
5.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
Details
5.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999
Details
5.4.3 Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016
Details
5.4.4 Water Act, 2016
Details
5.4.5 Climate Change Act, 2016
Details
5.4.6 Land laws
Details
5.4.7 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013
Details
5.4.8 Crops Act, 2013
Details
5.4.9 Irrigation Act, 2019
Details
5.4.10 Plant Protection Act, 2012
Details
5.4.11 Mining Act, 2016
Details
5.4.12 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011
Details
5.4.13 Fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs Act
Details
5.5 Jurisprudence on environmental protection
Details
5.6 Conclusion
Details
6 Lessons learnt and recommendations for future legislation
Details
6.1 Lessons learnt
Details
6.2 Recommendations
Details
6.3 Elements of a soil-specific legislation
Details
295–378
Country report for Zambia
Pamela Towela Sambo, Andrew Nkunika, Nelly Zulu
Pamela Towela Sambo, Andrew Nkunika, Nelly Zulu
295–378
Details
1 Introduction
Details
1.1 Geographic and climatic information
Details
1.2 Historical background, demographic information and education
Details
1.3 Main economic activities
Details
1.3.1 Mining
Details
1.3.2 Agriculture
Details
1.3.3 Manufacturing
Details
1.3.4 Energy
Details
1.3.5 Construction
Details
1.3.6 Tourism
Details
1.4 Gross national product
Details
1.5 National debt
Details
1.6 Foreign investments
Details
2 Information on government organisational structure
Details
2.1 Legal system / tradition
Details
2.2 Competence of legislation and enforcement
Details
2.3 Role of traditional entities
Details
2.4 Religious considerations
Details
3 Main drivers of soil degradation
Details
3.1 Mining and soil sustainability
Details
3.2 Unsustainable agricultural practices
Details
3.2.1 Overstocking and overgrazing of animals
Details
3.2.2 Wrong use of fertilizers and pesticides
Details
3.3 Deforestation
Details
3.4 Climate change effects
Details
3.5 Poverty and demographic growth
Details
3.6 Urbanisation
Details
3.7 Weak governance systems
Details
4 Relevant legislative framework on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
4.1 Constitutional provisions on soil sustainability
Details
4.2 Mining legislation
Details
4.3 Agricultural legislation
Details
4.3.1 Fencing Act, Chapter 190
Details
4.3.2 Agriculture (Fertilizers and Feed) Act, Chapter 226
Details
4.3.3 Land tenure system
Details
4.3.4 Environmental Management Act, 2011
Details
4.3.5 Forests Act, No. 4 of 2015
Details
4.3.6 Urban and Regional Planning Act, No. 3 of 2015
Details
4.3.7 Local Government Act, No. 2 of 2019
Details
4.3.8 Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, No. 20 of 2018
Details
5 Relevant policy framework on the main drivers of soil degradation
Details
5.1 Vision 2030
Details
5.2 Sustainable Development Goals
Details
5.3 Seventh National Development Plan
Details
5.4 Draft National Land Policy, 2017
Details
5.5 National Policy on Environment, 2009
Details
5.6 National Climate Change Policy, 2016
Details
5.7 National Agricultural Policy, 2016
Details
6 Relevant international soil commitments
Details
6.1 Regional commitments
Details
6.1.1 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Details
6.1.2 Southern African Development Community
Details
6.1.3 African Union
Details
6.2 Multilateral environmental treaties
Details
7 Cross-cutting issues
Details
7.1 Environmental impact assessments
Details
7.2 Public participation
Details
7.3 Access to information
Details
8 Law concerning foreign investors
Details
9 Competence of environmental enforcement
Details
9.1 The Environment Fund
Details
9.2 Environmental audits
Details
9.3 Environmental monitoring
Details
9.4 Prevention orders
Details
9.5 Protection orders
Details
9.6 Restoration orders
Details
9.7 Compliance orders
Details
9.8 Cost orders
Details
9.9 Civil and criminal prosecution
Details
10 Lessons learnt and recommendations
Details
379–452
Mapping out options for model legislation for sustainable soil management in Africa
Harald Ginzky, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Oliver C. Ruppel, Pamela Towela Sambo, Christopher F. Tamasang
Harald Ginzky, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Oliver C. Ruppel, Pamela Towela Sambo, Christopher F. Tamasang
379–452
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Setting the scene
Details
2.1 Africa in natural, historical, economic and political terms
Details
2.2 Importance of soil
Details
2.3 Main soil threats, degradation drivers and challenges
Details
2.3.1 Agriculture
Details
2.3.2 Mining
Details
2.3.3 Industrialisation
Details
2.3.4 Urbanisation
Details
2.3.5 Weather and climate change
Details
2.3.6 Topographical constraints
Details
2.3.7 Poverty
Details
2.3.8 Poor law implementation and enforcement
Details
2.3.9 Illegal or illegitimate foreign investment in land
Details
3 Framework for soil legislation
Details
3.1 International framework
Details
3.2 National framework
Details
3.3 The country studies’ findings
Details
3.4 Recommendations
Details
3.4.1 Objective and value of framework legislation and political buy-in
Details
3.4.2 Constitutional provisions
Details
3.4.3 Soil-related policies
Details
3.4.4 Overarching soil provisions
Details
3.4.5 Penalties and sanctions
Details
4 Climate change, land and soil
Details
4.1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change findings
Details
4.2 Recommendations
Details
5 Agriculture
Details
5.1 Agriculture – crop growing
Details
5.1.1 Cameroon
Details
5.1.2 Kenya
Details
5.1.3 Zambia
Details
5.1.4 Public law
Details
5.1.5 Findings
Details
5.1.6 Recommendations
Details
5.2 Agriculture – livestock
Details
5.2.1 Summary of three country reports
Details
5.2.2 Public law
Details
5.2.3 Findings
Details
5.2.4 Recommendations
Details
6 Industry, mining, infrastructure and urbanisation
Details
6.1 Industrial facilities
Details
6.1.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.1.2 Recommendations
Details
6.2 Mining
Details
6.2.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.2.2 Recommendations
Details
6.3 Infrastructure
Details
6.3.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.3.2 Recommendations
Details
6.4 Urbanisation
Details
6.4.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
6.4.2 Recommendations
Details
7 Clarity of land tenure
Details
7.1 The country studies findings
Details
7.2 Recommendations
Details
8 Control of foreign investors
Details
8.1 The country studies’ findings
Details
8.1.1 Cameroon
Details
8.1.2 Kenya
Details
8.1.3 Zambia
Details
8.2 Recommendations
Details
9 Institutional and procedural aspects
Details
9.1 Institutional arrangements
Details
9.1.1 Competent authorities: Responsibilities, coordination and internal procedures
Details
9.1.2 Recommendations
Details
9.2 Institutional setting and more effective procedures
Details
9.2.1 Drafting legislation in institutional settings is important and demanding
Details
9.2.2 Coordination and clear distinction of competencies are essential
Details
9.2.3 Decentralisation of responsibilities is key
Details
9.2.4 Determination of appropriate level
Details
9.2.5 Further mechanisms to avoid poor law enforcement
Details
9.2.6 Specific control mechanisms of communities’ chiefs
Details
9.2.7 Optional: extension of water authorities to water and soil authorities
Details
9.2.8 National circumstances need to be considered and accordingly adapted
Details
9.3 Procedures and procedural rights
Details
9.3.1 Environmental impact assessment
Details
9.3.2 Access to information
Details
9.3.3 Public participation
Details
9.3.4 Access to justice
Details
9.3.5 Recommendations
Details
10 The role of science
Details
11 Global, continental and regional cooperation
Details
11.1 The African Union
Details
11.1.1 Vision 2063
Details
11.1.2 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Details
11.1.3 The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment
Details
11.1.4 The African Continental Free Trade Area
Details
11.1.5 New Partnership for Africa’s Development
Details
11.2 Regional Economic Communities
Details
11.3 Recommendations
Details
12 Outlook
Details
453–484
Soil protection across Africa: Taking a glimpse at Namibia, Uganda, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting, Larissa-Jane Houston, Yvonne Nana Afua
Oliver C. Ruppel, Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting, Larissa-Jane Houston, Yvonne Nana Afua
453–484
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Namibia
Details
3 Uganda
Details
4 Mozambique
Details
5 Nigeria
Details
6 Ghana
Details
7 South Africa
Details
8 Africa relevant international regulatory framework on soil
Details
9 Conclusion
Details
485–498
The Pan-African Parliament of the African Union: Composition, mandate and partnerships, and its quest for sustainable development
Oliver C. Ruppel, Larissa-Jane Houston
Oliver C. Ruppel, Larissa-Jane Houston
485–498
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Composition
Details
3 Mandate
Details
4 Functions and powers
Details
5 Partnerships
Details
6 Quest for Sustainable Development
Details
499–528
Soil protection and the right to food: Sustainability implications for global climate governance and world agricultural trade?
Oliver C. Ruppel
Oliver C. Ruppel
499–528
Details
1 Introduction
Details
2 Soil and the right to food
Details
3 Soil and global climate governance
Details
3.1 UNFCCC
Details
3.2 Paris Agreement
Details
4 Soil agronomy, circular bioeconomy and supply chain management
Details
5 World agricultural trade
Details
5.1 World Trade Organisation
Details
5.2 Trade in agriculture under the WTO
Details
5.2.1 The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Details
5.2.2 The WTO agreements on agriculture, subsidies and countervailing measures
Details
6 Conclusion
Details
Durchsuchen Sie das Werk
Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein
CC-BY-NC-ND
Access
African Soil Protection Law , page 1 - 30
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
Autoren
Oliver C. Ruppel (Ed.)
Harald Ginzky (Ed.)
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748908043-1
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-6693-2
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-0804-3
Chapter Preview
Chapter Preview
Share
Download PDF
Download citation
RIS
BibTeX
Copy DOI link
doi.org/10.5771/9783748908043-1
Share by email
Video schließen
Share by email Nomos eLibrary
Recipient*
Sender*
Message*
Your name
Send message
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google
Privacy Policy
and
Terms of Service
apply.
