When NGOs Fulfill State Obligations
How NGO Laws in Africa Can Interfere with Social Rights of Beneficaries
Abstract
Einige afrikanische Staaten haben die Handlungsbefugnisse, Finanzierung und die Meinungsäußerung von NGOs eingeschränkt. Viele haben ihre Besorgnis darüber geäußert, dass die Eckpfeiler einer freien Zivilgesellschaft - das Recht auf Versammlungs- und Redefreiheit - angegriffen werden. Ein bislang eher weniger untersuchtes Problem ist jedoch, ob solche restriktiven Maßnahmen auch die sozialen Rechte der Begünstigten von NGOs gefährden könnten. Der UN-Sozialpakt verpflichtet die Staaten, Schritt für Schritt auf eine vollständige Verwirklichung der sozialen Rechte zuzugehen. Wie sollten also die Verpflichtungen eines Staates in Bezug auf soziale Rechte verstanden werden, wenn NGOs ins Spiel kommen? Wie könnten sich diese Verpflichtungen auf die Freiheit eines Staates auswirken, NGOs zu regulieren?
Dieses Buch bietet eine systematische Untersuchung wie die sozialrechtlichen Verpflichtungen von Staaten gegenüber den Begünstigten unser Verständnis der Regulierungsbeziehungen zwischen Staaten und NGOs neu definieren und weiterentwickeln können.
Zusammenfassung
Einige afrikanische Staaten haben die Handlungsbefugnisse, Finanzierung und die Meinungsäußerung von NGOs eingeschränkt. Viele haben ihre Besorgnis darüber geäußert, dass die Eckpfeiler einer freien Zivilgesellschaft - das Recht auf Versammlungs- und Redefreiheit - angegriffen werden. Ein bislang eher weniger untersuchtes Problem ist jedoch, ob solche restriktiven Maßnahmen auch die sozialen Rechte der Begünstigten von NGOs gefährden könnten. Der UN-Sozialpakt verpflichtet die Staaten, Schritt für Schritt auf eine vollständige Verwirklichung der sozialen Rechte zuzugehen. Wie sollten also die Verpflichtungen eines Staates in Bezug auf soziale Rechte verstanden werden, wenn NGOs ins Spiel kommen? Wie könnten sich diese Verpflichtungen auf die Freiheit eines Staates auswirken, NGOs zu regulieren?
Dieses Buch bietet eine systematische Untersuchung wie die sozialrechtlichen Verpflichtungen von Staaten gegenüber den Begünstigten unser Verständnis der Regulierungsbeziehungen zwischen Staaten und NGOs neu definieren und weiterentwickeln können.
- 21–41 1. Introduction 21–41
- 306–316 8. References 306–316
- 317–337 Bibliography 317–337
- Bibliography
- Books, Book Chapters, Encyclopedias and Theses
- Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History (Routledge 2003)
- Alexander, Larry, ‘What Is the Problem of Judicial Review?’ in Carrecedo, José Rubio (ed), Political Philosophy: New Proposals for New Questions (Franz Steiner Verlag 2007) 173-181
- Alston, Philip, ‘'Not-a-Cat' Syndrome: Can the International Human Rights Regime Accommodate Non-State Actors?’ in Alston, Philip (ed), Non-State Actors and Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2005) 3-36
- Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M., The Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative Analysis (Manchester United Press 1998)
- Anheier, Helmut K. and Salamon, Lester M., ‘The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective’ in Powell, Walter W. and Steinberg, Richard (eds), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (2nd edn, Yale University Press 2006) 89-114
- Anheier, Helmut K. and Seibel, Wolfgang, The Nonprofit Sector in Germany: Between State, Economy, and Society (Manchester University Press 2001)
- An-Naʻīm, Abdullahi Ahmed., ‘Introduction: Expanding Legal Protection of Human Rights in African Contexts’ in Naʻīm AAA (ed), Human Rights under African Constitutions: Realizing the Promise for Ourselves(University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated 2003) 1
- Awortwi, Nicholas and Walter-Drop, Gregor, ‘Governance Below the State: Non-State Social Protection Services in Africa’ in Awortwi, Nicholas and Walter-Drop, Gregor (eds), Non-State Social Protection Actors and Services in Africa: Governance Below the State (Routledge 2018) 1-24
- Balanda, Mikuin L., ‘African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights’ in Ginther, Konrad and Benedek, Wolfgang (eds), New Perspectives and Conceptions of International Law: An Afro-European Dialogue (Springer-Verlag 1984) 134-146
- Barrientos, Armando, ‘Social Protection’ in Currie-Adler, Bruce and others (eds), International Development: Ideas, Experience & Prospects (Oxford University Press 2014) 188-203
- Becker, Ulrich, ‘Social Services of General Interest in Germany’ in Social Services of General Interest in the EU (Springer 2013) 497-511
- Ben-Ari, Rephael H., The Normative Position of International Non-Governmental Organizations under International Law: An Analytical Framework (Martinus Nijhoff 2012)
- Bevan, Philippa, ‘The Dynamics of Africa's in/Security Regimes’ in Gough, Ian and Wood, Geof (eds), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America: Social Policy in Development Contexts (Cambridge University Press 2004)
- Biegon, Japhet, ‘The Inclusion of Socio-Economic Rights in the 2010 Constitution: Conceptual and Practical Issues’ in Biegon, Japhet and Musila, Godfrey M. (eds), Judiciary Watch Report: Judicial Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights under the New Constitution : Challenges and Opportunities for Kenya, vol 10 (Kenya Section of the International Commission of Jurists 2011)
- Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loïc J. D., An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (University of Chicago Press 1992)
- Brownlie, Ian, Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2012)
- Cammett, Melanie and MacLean, Lauren M., ‘Introduction’ in Cammett, Melanie and MacLean, Lauren M. (eds), The Politics of Non-State Welfare (Cornell University Press 2014) 1-16
- Cammett, Melanie and MacLean, Lauren M. (eds), The Politics of Non-State Welfare (Cornell University Press 2014)
- Chapman, Audrey R. and Russell, Sage (eds), Core Obligations: Building a Frameowrk for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Intersentia 2002)
- Chilcote, Ronald H. (ed), Protest and Resistance in Angola and Brazil: Comparative Studies (University of California Press 1972)
- Clapham, Andrew, ‘Non-State Actors’ in Moeckli, Daniel and others (eds), International Human Rights Law(Oxford University Press 2010) 561-582
- Clapham, Andrew (ed), Human Rights and Non-State Actors, vol 5 (Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2013)
- Craven, Matthew, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on Its Development (Brownlie, Ian (ed) Oxford University Press 1995)
- Curtin, Philip and others, African History (Little Brown 1978)
- Devereux, Stephen and Getu, Melese, ‘The Conceptualisation and Status of Informal and Formal Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa’ in Devereux, Stephen and Getu, Melese (eds), Informal and Formal Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa(Fountain Publishers 2013) 1-8
- Devereux, Stephen and Getu, Melese (eds), Informal and Formal Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa (Fountain Publishers 2013)
- Dobler, Gregor, ‘Private Vices, Public Benefits? Small Town Bureaucratisation in Namibia’ in Peters, Anne and Handschin, Lukas (eds), Conflict of Interest in Global, Public and Corporate Governance (Cambridge University Press 2012) 217-232
- Dorman, Sara R., ‘Inclusion and Exclusion: NGOs and Politics in Zimbabwe’ (Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford 2001)
- Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton University Press 1990)
- Ferguson, James, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order (Duke University Press 2006)
- Fisher, Julie, Nongovernments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World (Kumarian Press 1998)
- Fitzmaurice, Malgosia, ‘Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties’ in Shelton, Dinah (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013) 739-771
- Fowler, Alan, ‘NGOs & the Globalization of Social Welfare: Perspectives from East Africa’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda (Centre for Development Research 1995)
- Gagakuma, Wisdom and Samuel, Zigiju, ‘Effectiveness of Capacity Building Programs in Fragile States: The Ethiopia Case’ in Olowu, Dele and Chanie, Paulos (eds), State Fragility and State Building in Africa: Cases from Eastern and Southern Africa (Springer International Publishing 2015) 113-134
- Gilbert, Neil and Gilbert, Barbara, The Enabling State (Oxford University Press 1989)
- Gough, Ian, ‘Welfare Regimes in Development Contexts: A Global and Regional Analysis’ in Gough, Ian and others (eds), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America(Cambridge University Press 2004) 15-47
- Gough, Ian, ‘Mapping Social Welfare Regimes Beyond the OECD’ in Cammett, Melanie and MacLean, Lauren M. (eds), The Politics of Non-State Welfare (Cornell University Press 2014) 17-30
- Harriss, John, ‘Development Theories’ in Currie-Adler, Bruce and others (eds), International Development: Ideas, Experience & Prospects (Oxford University Press 2014) 35-49
- Hebo, Mamo, ‘'Giving Is Saving': The Essence of Reciprocity as an Informal Social Protection System among the Arsii Oromo, Southern Ethiopia’ in Devereux, Stephen and Getu, Melese (eds), Informal and Formal Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa (Fountain Publishers 2013) 9-42
- Inman, Robert P., ‘Markets, Governments, and the "New" Political Economy’ in Auerbach, Alan J. and Feldstein, Marin (eds), Handbook of Public Economics, vol 2 (1987) 647-776
- Ishumi, Abel G. M., ‘Provision of Secondary Education in Tanzania: Historical Background and Current Trends’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda (Centre for Development Research 1995) 153
- Jayawickrama, Nihal, The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional and International Jurisprudence (Cambridge University Press 2002)
- Jordan, Lisa and van Tuijl, Peter (eds), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan 2006)
- Kälin, Walter and Künzli, Jörg, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (Oxford University Press 2009)
- Kaufmann, Christine, ‘The Covenants and Financial Crises’ in Moeckli, Daniel and others (eds), The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present, and Future(Oxford University Press 2018) 303-333
- King, Jeff, Judging Social Rights (Dyzenhaus D and Tomkins A eds, Cambridge University Press 2012)
- Klabbers, Jan and others, The Constitutionalization of International Law (Oxford University Press 2011)
- Klare, Karl, ‘Critical Perspectives on Social and Economic Rights, Democracy and Separation of Powers’ in García, Helena Alviar and others (eds), Social and Economic Rights in Theory and Practice: Critical Inquiries (Routledge 2015) 3-22
- Krsticevic, Viviana and Griffey, Brian, ‘Interim Measures’ in Langford, Malcolm and others (eds), The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Commentary (Pretoria University Law Press 2016) 293-326
- Kufuor, Kofi O., The African Human Rights System: Origin and Evolution (Palgrave Macmillan US 2010)
- Kumar, Ashwani, ‘The Question of the Poor’ in Taylor, Rupert (ed), Third Sector Research (Springer 2010) 281-298
- Kwesiga, Jassy B. and Namisi, Harriet, ‘Issues in Legislation for NGOs in Uganda’ in Jordan, Lisa and van Tuijl, Peter (eds), NGO Accountability: Politics, Principles and Innovations (Earthscan 2006) 81-92
- Levy, Brian and Kpundeh, Sahr John (eds), Building State Capacity in Africa: New Approaches, Emerging Lessons (World Bank Publications 2004)
- Liebenberg, Sandra, Socio-Economic Rights: Adjudication under a Transformative Constitution (Juta & Co. 2010)
- Liebenberg, Sandra, ‘Direct Constitutional Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in South Africa’ in Chirwa, Danwood M. and Chenwi, Lilian (eds), The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa: International, Regional and National Perspectives (Cambridge University Press 2016) 305-337
- Makau, B. M., ‘Dynamics of Partnership in the Provision of General Education in Kenya’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda(Centre for Development Research 1995) 87
- Manji, Firoze, ‘The Depoliticisation of Poverty’ in Manji, Firoze (ed), Development and Rights (Oxfam GB 1998) 12-33
- Mberu, Blessing and others, ‘Internal Migration, Urbanization and Slumbs in Sub-Saharan Africa’ in Groth, Hans and May, John F. (eds), Africa's Population: In Search of a Demographic Dividend (Springer 2017) 315-332
- McCorquodale, Robert, ‘Non-State Actors and International Human Rights Law’ in Joseph, Sarah and McBeth, Adam (eds), Research Handbook on International Human Rights Law (Edward Elgar 2010) 91-114
- Mertus, Julie A., Bait and Switch: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy (2d edn, Routledge 2008)
- Micklitz, Hans- W. (ed), Constitutionalization of European Private Law, vol 22 (Oxford University Press 2014)
- Moeckli, Daniel, ‘Interpretation of the ICESCR: Between Morality and State Consent’ in Moeckli, Daniel and others (eds), The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present, and Future (Oxford University Press 2018) 48-74
- Moyo, Dambisa, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa (Allen Lane 2009)
- Munishi, Gaspar K., ‘Social Services Provision in Tanzania: The Relationship between Political Development Strategies and NGO Participation’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda (Centre for Development Research 1995) 141
- Murray, Rachel and Long, Debra, The Implementation of the Findings of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (Cambridge University Press 2015)
- Murungi, John, An Introduction to African Legal Philosophy (Lexington Books 2013)
- Mutua, Makau, ‘Human Rights International NGOs: A Critical Evaluation’ in Welch, Jr., Claude E. (ed), NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance (University of Pennsylvania Press 2001) 151-166
- Mutzenberg, Patrick, ‘NGOs: Essential Actors for Embedding the Covenants in the National Context’ in Moeckli, Daniel and others (eds), The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present, and Future (Oxford University Press 2018) 75-95
- Mwebe, Henry, ‘The Impact of Privatisation on Socio-Economic Rights and Services in Africa: The Case of Water Privatisation in South Africa’ (Master's Thesis, University of Pretoria 2004)
- Nassali, Maria, Beating the Human Rights Drum: Applying Human Rights Standards to NGOs' Governance (Pretoria University Law Press 2015)
- Neuman, Gerald L., ‘Subsidiarity’ in Shelton, Dinah (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013) 345-359
- Oakland, William H., ‘Theory of Public Goods’ in Auerbach, Alan J. and Feldstein, Marin (eds), Handbook of Public Economics, vol 2 (1987) 485-535
- Odongo, Godfrey O. and Musila Godfrey M., ‘Direct Constitutional Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Kenya's 2010 Constitution’ in Chirwa, Danwood M. and Chenwi, Lilian (eds), The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa: International, Regional and National Perspectives (Cambridge University Press 2016) 338-371
- Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O., ‘Human and Peoples' Rights: What Point Is Africa Trying to Make?’ in Cohen, Ronald and others (eds), Human Rights and Governance in Africa (Univeristy Press of Florida 1993) 74-86
- Okoye, Ada Obianuju, ‘The Role of Law in the Development of Nonprofit Sector in Nigeria and South Africa’ (University of Cape Town 2006)
- Oloka-Onyango Joe, ‘Ngo Struggles for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Utake: A Ugandan Perspective’ in Mutua, Makau (ed), Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions (University of Pennsylvania Press 2009) 75-111
- Olukoshi, Adebayo O., The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa (Stylus Pub Llc 1998)
- Pacific United Nations Economic Social Commission for Asia, Sustainable Social Development in a Period of Rapid Globalization: Challenges, Opportunities and Policy Options (United Nations Publications 2002)
- Passi, Fabius, O., ‘The Rise of Peoples' Organizations in Primary Education in Uganda’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda (Centre for Development Research 1995) 209
- Peter, Chris M., ‘Coming of Age: NGOs and State Accountability’ in Mutua, Makau (ed), Human Rights NGOs in East Africa: Political and Normative Tensions
- (University of Pennsylvania Press 2009) 305-318
- Peters, Anne, Jenseits Der Menschenrechte: Die Rechtsstellung Des Individuums Im Völkerrecht (Mohr Siebeck Tübingen 2014)
- Peters, Anne, Beyond Human Rights: The Legal Status of the Individual in International Law, vol 126 (Cambridge University Press 2016)
- Quashigah, Edward K., ‘Legitimate Governance: The Pre-Colonial African Perspective’ in Quashigah, Edward K.and Okafor, Obiora C. (eds), Legitimate Governance in Africa: International and Domestic Legal Perspectives (Springer Netherlands 1999) 43-66
- Ramcharan, Bertrand G., ‘The Concept and Dimensions of the Right to Life’ in Ramcharan, Bertrand G. (ed), The Right to Life in International Law, vol 3 (Martinus Nijhoff 1985) 1-32
- Reinikka, Ritva and Smith, Nathanael, Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys in Education (International Institute for Educational Planning 2004)
- Robinson, Mark and White, Gordon, ‘The Role of Civic Organizations in the Provision of Social Services: Towards Synergy’ in Mwabu, Germano and others (eds), Social Provision in Low-Income Countries (Oxford University Press 2001) 79 - 100
- Rodley, Nigel S., ‘The Role and Impact of Treaty Bodies’ in Shelton, Dinah (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013) 621-648
- Rosas, Allan, ‘Internal Self-Determination’ in Tomuschat, Christian (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination (Martinus Nijhoff 1993) 225-252
- Rosas, Allan, ‘The Right of Self-Determination’ in Eide, Asbjørn and others (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (2nd rev. edn, Martinus Nijhoff 2001) 79-86
- Saul, Ben and others, The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Commentary, Cases and Materials (1 edn, Oxford University Press 2014)
- Scheinin, Martin, ‘Economic and Social Rights as Legal Rights’ in Eide, Asbjørn and others (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (2nd rev. edn, Martinus Nijhoff 2001) 41-62
- Scheinin, Martin, ‘Core Rights and Obligations’ in Shelton, Dinah (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013) 527-540
- Scheinin, Martin, ‘Indirect Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law’ in Chirwa, Danwood M. and Chenwi, Lilian (eds), The Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa: International, Regional and National Perspectives (Cambridge University Press 2016) 72-87
- Scott, James C., Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (Yale University Press 1998)
- Scott, T. Jeffrey, ‘Evaluating Development-Oriented NGOs’ in Welch, Jr., Claude E. (ed), NGOs and Human Rights: Promise and Performance(University of Pennsylvania Press 2001) 204-221
- Scruggs, Lyle and others, ‘Implementation of the Human Right to Social Security around the World: A Preliminary Analysis of National Social Protection Laws’ in Minkler, Lanse (ed), The State of Economic and Social Human Rights: A Global Review (Cambridge University Press 2013) 117-134
- Seibel, Wolfgang, ‘The Function of Mellow Weakness: Nonprofit Organizations as Problem Nonsolvers in Germany’ in James, Estelle (ed), The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture & Policy (Oxford University Press 1989) 177-192
- Seibel, Wolfgang, Funktionaler Dilettantismus: Erfolgreich Scheiternde Organisationen Im "Dritten Sektor" Zwischen Markt Und Staat (Nomos-Verlag-Ges. 1992)
- Sepúlveda, M. Magdalena, The Nature of the Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Intersentia 2003)
- Sewanyana, Livingstone, Comparative Experiences of NGO Regulatory Frameworks: Eastern and Southern Africa (Verlag Dr. Kovac 2017)
- Sewanyana, Livingstone ‘Towards an Enabling NGO Regulatory Framework in Uganda: Comparative Experiences from Eastern and Southern Africa’ (Doctoral Thesis Unversity of Capetown 2014)
- Shivji, Issa G., The Concept of Human Rights in Africa (Codesria Book Series 1989)
- Spicker, Paul, Principles of Social Welfare: An Introduction to Thinking About the Welfare State (Routledge 1988)
- Ssenyonjo, Manisuli, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law (2d edn, Hart Publishing 2016)
- Ssenyonjo, Manisuli, ‘Influence of the ICESCR in Africa’ in Moeckli, Daniel and others (eds), The Human Rights Covenants at 50: Their Past, Present, and Future (Oxford University Press 2018) 99-123
- Steiner, Henry J. and others, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals (3d edn, Oxford University Press 2008)
- Teamey, Kelly, Whose Public Action? Analysing Inter-Sectoral Collaboration for Service Delivery (2007)
- Teshome, Amdissa and others, ‘Governance Characteristics and Policy Relevance of Informal Social Protection Services in Ethiopia: When the State Is Willing but Not Able’ in Awortwi, Nicholas and Walter-Drop, Gregor (eds), Non-State Social Protection Actors and Services in Africa: Governance Below the State (Routledge 2018) 25-43
- Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph ‘A New Look at Service Provision in East Africa’ in Therklindsen, Ole and Semboja, Joseph (eds), Service Provision under Stress in East Africa: The State, NGOs & People's Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda (Centre for Development Research 1995)
- Tomaševski, Katarina, ‘International Development Finance Agencies’ in Eide, Asbjørn and others (eds), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (2nd rev. edn, Martinus Nijhoff 2001) 403-413
- Tomuschat, Christian, Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism (2d edn, Oxford University Press 2008)
- Tvedt Terje, Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats?: NGOs & Foreign Aid (Africa World Press 1998)
- Weisbrod, Burton Allen (ed), The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis (Lexington Books 1977)
- Williams, David, ‘The Study of Development’ in Currie-Adler, Bruce and others (eds), International Development: Ideas, Experience & Prospects (Oxford University Press 2014) 21-34
- Williams, Lucy A., ‘Resource Questions in Social and Economic Rights Enforcement: A Preliminary View’ in García Helena A. and others (eds), Social and Economic Rights in Theory and Practice: Critical Inquiries (Routledge 2015) 43-64
- Wood, Geof, ‘States without Citizens: The Problem of the Franchise State’ in Hulme, David and Edwards, Michael (eds), NGOs, States and Donors: Too Close for Comfort? (Macmillan 1997) 79-92
- Wood, Geof, ‘Informal Security Regimes: The Strength of Relations’ in Gough, Ian and others (eds), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America (Cambridge University Press 2004) 49-87
- Journal Articles
- A-Rahman, A., Jacquet, Gabrielle A. and Hassan, Nada, ‘The State of Emergency Care in the Republic of the Sudan’ 4 African Journal of Emergency Medicine 55 (2014)
- Abbey, Edward Mac, ‘Constructive Regulation of Non-Governmental Organizations’ 48 The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 370 (2008)
- Abom, Bill, ‘Social Capital, NGOs, and Development: A Guatemalan Case Study’ 14 Development in Practice 342 (2004)
- Abrams, Philip, ‘Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977)’ 1 Journal of Historical Sociology 58 (1988)
- Acharya, Amitav, ‘Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule‐Making in the Third World’ 55 International Studies Quarterly 95 (2011)
- Ackson, Tulia, ‘Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Tanzania’ 23 African Journal of International and Comparative Law 359 (2015)
- Adeniran, Akingbolahan, ‘Non-Profit Privatization of the Management of Nigerian Public Schools: A Legal and Policy Analysis’ 53 Journal of African Law 249 (2009)
- Alston, Philip and Quinn, Gerard, ‘The Nature and Scope of States Parties' Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ 9 Human Rights Quarterly 156 (1987)
- Anderson, Robert T., ‘Voluntary Associations in History’ 73 American Anthropologist 209 (1971)
- Banks, Nicola and others ‘NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?’ 66 World Development 707 (2015)
- Bartel, Ann P. and Thomas, Lacy Glenn, ‘Direct and Indirect Effects of Regulation: A New Look at Osha's Impact’ 28 The Journal of Law and Economics 1 (1985)
- Batley, Richard, ‘Engaged or Divorced? Cross-Service Findings on Government Relations with Non-State Service-Providers’ 26 Public Administration and Development 241 (2006)
- Batley, Richard, ‘Structures and Strategies in Relationships between Non-Government Service Providers and Governments’ 31 Public Administration and Development 306 (2011)
- Becker, Ulrich and others, ‘Strukturen Und Prinzipien Der Leistungserbringung Im Sozialrecht’ 5 Vierteljahresschrift für Sozialrecht (VSSR) 323 (2011)
- Becker, Ulrich and others, ‘Strukturen Und Prinzipien Der Leistungserbringung Im Sozialrecht’ 1 Vierteljahresschrift für Sozialrecht (VSSR) 1 (2012)
- Bell Jr., Derrick A., ‘Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation’ 85 Yale Law Journal 470 (1976)
- Bereketeab, Redie, ‘Conceptualizing Civil Society in Africa: The Case of Eritrea’ 5 Journal of Civil Society 35 (2009)
- Brass, Jennifer N., ‘Blurring Boundaries: The Integration of NGOs into Governance in Kenya’ 25 Governance 209 (2012)
- Brass, Jennifer N., ‘Why Do NGOs Go Where They Go? Evidence from Kenya’ 40 World Development 387 (2012)
- Bratton, Michael, ‘The Politics of Government-NGO Relations in Africa’ 17 World Development 569 (1989)
- Bräutigam, Deborah A. and Knack, Stephen, ‘Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa’ 52 Economic Development and Cultural Change 255 (2004)
- Brodhead, Tim, ‘NGOs: In One Year, out the Other?’ 15 World Development 1 (1987)
- Burger, Ronelle, ‘Reconsidering the Case for Enhancing Accountability Via Regulation’ 23 Voluntas 85 (2012)
- Carozza, Paolo G., ‘Subsidiarity as a Structural Principle of International Human Rights Law’ 97 American Journal of International Law 38 (2003)
- Chenwi, Lilian, ‘Unpacking “Progressive Realisation”, Its Relation to Resources, Minimum Core and Reasonableness, and Some Methodological Considerations for Assessing Compliance’ 46 De Jure 742 (2013)
- Chinzara, Zivanemoyo and others, ‘Growth and Development Finance Required for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs) in Africa’ 29 African Development Review 15 (2017)
- Chirwa, Danwood Mzikenge, ‘The Doctrine of State Responsibility as a Potential Means of Holding Private Actors Accountable for Human Rights’ 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 1 (2004)
- Cornwall, Andrea and Nyamu-Musembi, Celestine, ‘Putting the ‘‘Rights-Based Approach” to Development in Perspective’ 25 Third World Quarterly 1415 (2004)
- Craig, Scott and Macklem, Patrick, ‘Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution’ 141 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1 (1992)
- Dennis, Michael J. and Stewart, David P., ‘Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Should There Be an International Complaints Mechanism to Adjudicate the Rights to Food, Water, Housing, and Health?’ 98 American Journal of International Law 462 (2004)
- Dicklitch, Susan and Lwanga, Doreen, ‘The Politics of Being Non-Political: Human Rights Organizations and the Creation of a Positive Human Rights Culture in Uganda’ 25 Human Rights Quarterly 482 (2003)
- Dinokopila, Bonolo Ramadi, ‘The Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Botswana’ 57 Journal of African Law 108 (2013)
- Dupuy, Kendra and others, ‘Hands Off My Regime! Governments' Restrictions on Foreign Aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in Poor and Middle-Income Countries’ 84 World Development 299 (2016)
- Edmonds, Kevin, ‘Beyond Good Intentions: The Structural Limitations of NGOs in Haiti’ 39 Critical Sociology 439 (2012)
- Edwards, Michael and Hulme, David, ‘Too Close for Comfort? The Impact of Official Aid on Nongovernmental Organizations’ 24 World Development 961 (1996)
- Eisenberg, Pablo, ‘Forum - Looking Ahead: What Is the Future for the Nonprofit World’ 8 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 81 (2005)
- Elone, Jeanne, ‘Backlash against Democracy: The Regulation of Civil Society in Africa’ 7 Democracy and Society (2010)
- Erbe, Nancy and others, ‘Negotiating and Mediating Peace in Africa’ 9 Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal 457 (2008)
- Ferreira, Nick, ‘Feasibility Constraints and the South African Bill of Rights: Fulfilling the Constitution's Promise in Conditions of Scarce Resources’ 129 South African Law Journal 274 (2012)
- Flikke, Geir, ‘Resurgent Authoritarianism: The Case of Russia's New NGO Legislation’ 32 Post-Soviet Affairs 103 (2016)
- Forman, Lisa and others, ‘Conceptualising Minimum Core Obligations under the Right to Health: How Should We Define and Implement the 'Morality of the Depths'’ 20 The International Journal of Human Rights 531 (2016)
- Garton, Jonathan, ‘The Judical Review of the Decision of Charity Trustees’ 20 Trust Law International 160 (2006)
- George, Tayo O. and others, ‘Effective Service Delivery of Nigeria's Public Primary Education: The Role of Non-State Actors’ 15 Journal of African Development 221 (2013)
- Gill, Timothy M, ‘Unpacking the World Cultural Toolkit in Socialist Venezuela: National Sovereignty, Human Rights and Anti-NGO Legislation’ 38 Third World Quarterly 621 (2017)
- Gough, Ian and Abu Sharkh, Miriam, ‘Global Welfare Regimes: A Cluster Analysis’ 10 Global Social Policy 27 (2010)
- Gough, Ian and Abu Sharkh, Miriam, ‘Financing Welfare Regimes: Mapping Heterogeneous Revenue Structures’ 20 International Journal of Social Welfare 280 (2011)
- Grabosky, Peter N., ‘Using Non-Governmental Resources to Foster Regulatory Compliance’ 8 Governance 527 (1995)
- Griffin, Elizabeth, ‘The Ethical Responsibilities of Human Rights NGOs’ 15 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 5 (2013)
- Gugerty, Mary Kay, ‘The Effectiveness of NGO Self-Regulation: Theory and Evidence from Africa’ 28 Public Administration and Development 105 (2008)
- Gutto, Shadrack B. O., ‘Beyond Justiciability: Challenges of Implementing/Enforcing Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa’ 4 Buffolo Human Rights Law Review 79 (1998)
- Hailu, Daniel and Northcut, Terry, ‘Ethiopia's Social Protection Landscape: Its Surface and Underlying Structures’ 56 International Social Work 828 (2012)
- Hearn, Julie, ‘African NGOs: The New Compradors?’ 38 Development and Change 1095 (2007)
- Hern, Erin, ‘In the Gap the State Left: Policy Feedback, Collective Behavior, and Political Participation in Zambia’ 52 Studies in Comparative International Development 510 (2017)
- Holcombe, Randall G., ‘A Theory of the Theory of Public Goods’ 10 Review of Austrian Economics 1 (1997)
- Ibrahim, Barbara Lethem, ‘States, Public Space, and Cross-Border Philanthropy: Observations from the Arab Transitions’ 17 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 72 (2015)
- Inglis, Tom, ‘Empowerment and Emancipation’ 48 Adult Education Quarterly 3 (1997)
- International Center of Not-for-Profit Law, ‘Introductory Overview’ 12:2 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 5 (2010)
- Jenkins, Garry W., ‘Nongovernmental Orgainzations and the Forces against Them: Lessons of the Anti-NGO Movement’ 37 Brook Journal of International Law 459 (2012)
- Jheelan, Navish, ‘The Enforceability of Socio-Economic Rights’ 2 European Human Rights Law Review 146 (2007)
- Kahssay, Jihan A, (Note) ‘Lessons Learned from Somalia: Retuning to a Humanitarian-Based Humanitarian Intervention’ 19 UC Davis Journal of International Law & Policy 113 (2012)
- Kamat, Sangeeta, ‘The Privatization of Public Interest: Theorizing NGO Discourse in a Neoliberal Era’ 11 Review of International Political Economy 155 (2004)
- Khoza, Sibonile, ‘Promoting Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Africa: The African Commission Holds a Seminar in Pretoria: Recent Developments’ 4 African Human Rights Law Journal 334 (2004)
- Kok, Maryse C. and others, ‘Optimising the Benefits of Community Health Workers’ Unique Position between Communities and the Health Sector: A Comparative Analysis of Factors Shaping Relationships in Four Countries’ 12 Global Public Health 1404 (2017)
- Korpi, Walter, ‘An Augmented Rational-Action Analysis of the Origins and Path Dependency of Welfare State Institutions in Western Countries’ 13 Rationality and Society 235 (2001)
- Lehmann, Karin, ‘In Defense of the Constitutional Court: Litigating Socio-Economic Rights and the Myth of the Minimum Core’ 22 American University International Law Review 163 (2006)
- Little, Kenneth L., ‘The Role of the Secret Society in Cultural Specialization’ 51 American Anthropologist 199 (1949)
- Little, Kenneth L., ‘The Organisation of Voluntary Associations in West Africa / Les Associations Volontaires En Afrique Occidentale’ 9 Civilisations 283 (1959)
- MacLean, Lauren M., ‘Neoliberal Democratisation, Colonial Legacies and the Rise of the Non-State Provision of Social Welfare in West Africa’ 44 Review of African Political Economy 358 (2017)
- Manji, Firoze and O'Coill, Carl, ‘The Missionary Position: NGOs and Development in Africa’ 78 International Affairs 567 (2002)
- Mapuva, Jephias and Muyengwa-Mapuva, Loveness, ‘A Critique of the Key Legislative Framework Guiding Civil Liberties in Zimbabwe’ 15 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 125 (2012)
- Marcinkutė, Lina, ‘The Role of Human Rights NGOs: Human Rights Defenders or State Soverignty Destroyers?’ 4 Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 52 (2011)
- Mathews, Jessica T., ‘Power Shift’ 76 Foreign Affairs 50 (1997)
- Mayhew, Susannah H., ‘Hegemony, Politics and Ideology: The Role of Legislation in NGO-Governmental Relations in Asia’ 41 Journal of Development Studies 727 (2005)
- McBeth, Adam, ‘Privatising Human Rights: What Happens to the State’s Human Rights Duties When Services Are Privatised?’ 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 133 (2004)
- Mechlem, Kerstin, ‘Treaty Bodies and the Interpretation of Human Rights’ 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 905 (2009)
- Milward, H. Brinton and Provan, Keith G., ‘Governing the Hollow State’ 10 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 359 (2000)
- Moellendorf, Darrel, ‘Reasoning About Resources: Soobramoney and the Future of Socio-Economic Rights Claims’ 14 South African Journal on Human Rights 327 (1998)
- Morss, Elliot R., ‘Institutional Destruction Resulting from Donor and Project Proliferation in Sub-Saharan African Countries’ 12 World Development 465 (1984)
- Mubangizi, John Cantius, ‘The Constitutional Protection of Socio-Economic Rights in Selected African Countries: A Comparative Evaluation’ 2 African Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2006)
- Müller, Amrei, ‘Limitations to and Derogations from Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ 9 Human Rights Quarterly 557 (2009)
- Mutua, Makau, ‘Human Rights in Africa: The Limited Promise of Liberalism’ 51 African Studies Review (2008)
- Najam, Adil, ‘The Four-C's of Third Sector-Government Relations: Cooperation, Confrontation, Complementarity, and Co-Optation’ 10 Nonprofit Management & Leadership 375 (2000)
- Nolan, Aoife, ‘Addressing Economic and Social Rights Violations by Non-State Actors through the Role of the State: A Comparison of Regional Approaches to the 'Obligation to Protect'’ 9 Human Rights Law Review 225 (2009)
- Nxumalo, Nonhlanhla and others, ‘Community Health Workers, Recipients’ Experiences and Constraints to Care in South Africa – a Pathway to Trust’ 28 AIDS Care 61 (2016)
- O'Leary, Susan, ‘Grassroots Accountability Promises in Rights-Based Approaches to Development: The Role of Transformative Monitoring and Evaluation in NGOs’ 36 Accounting, Organizations and Society 21 (2017)
- Oloka-Onyango, Joe, ‘Reinforcing Marginalized Rigths in an Age of Globalization: International Mechanisms, Non-State Actors, and the Struggle for Peoples' Rights in Africa’ 18 American University International Law Review 851 (2002-2003)
- Olsen, William C., ‘The Empire Strikes Back: Colonial “Discipline” and the Creation of Civil Society in Asante’ 30 History in Africa 223 (2003)
- Ordor, Ada Okoye, ‘The Non-Profit Sector in the Context of Law in Development in Africa’ 58 Journal of African Law 45 (2014)
- Pattar, Andreas Kurt, ‘Sozialhilferechtliches Dreiecksverhältnis - Rechtsbeziehungen Zwischen Hilfebedürftigen, Sozialhilfeträgern Und Einrichtungsträgern’ 3 Sozialrecht Aktuell 85 (2012)
- Paul, Joel R., ‘Do International Trade Institutions Contribute to Economic Growth and Development?’ 44 Virginia Journal of International Law 285 (2003)
- Petras, James, ‘NGOs: In the Service of Imperialism’ 29 Journal of Contemporary Asia 429 (1999)
- Pieterse, Marius, ‘Health Care Rights, Resources and Rationing’ 124 South African Law Journal 514 (2007)
- Pieterse, Marius, ‘The Legitimizing/Insulating Effect of Socio-Economic Rights’ 22 Canadian Journal of Law & Society/La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 1 (2007)
- Pieterse, Marius, ‘Relational Socio-Economic Rights’ 25 South African Journal on Human Rights 198 (2009)
- Piotrowicz, Maria and Cianciara, Dorota, ‘The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Social and the Health System’ 67 Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 69 (2013)
- Pritchett, Lant and Woolcock, Michael, ‘Solutions When the Solution Is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development’ 32 World Development 191 (2004)
- Reading, Joshua P., (Note) ‘Who's Responsible for This? Globalization of Healthcare in Developing Countries’ 17 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 367 (2010)
- Riddell, J. Barry, ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa’ 30 The Journal of Modern African Studies 53 (1992)
- Robertson, Robert E., ‘Measuring State Compliance with the Obligation to Devote the “Maximum Available Resources” to Realizing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ 16 Human Rights Quarterly 693 (1994)
- Rutzen, Douglas, ‘Aid Barriers and the Rise of Philanthropic Protectionism’ 17:1 International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 5 (2015)
- Salamon, Lester M., ‘Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State’ 16 Journal of Voluntary Action Research 29 (1987)
- Salamon, Lester M., ‘The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector’ 73 Foreign Affairs 109 (1994)
- Salamon, Lester M., ‘Introduction: The Nonprofitization of the Welfare State’ 26 Voluntas 2147 (2015)
- Salamon, Lester M. and Anheier, Helmut K., ‘Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally’ 9 Voluntas 213 (1998)
- Samuelson, Paul A., ‘The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure’ 36 The Review of Economics and Statistics 387 (1954)
- Scheinin, Martin, ‘Terrorism and the Pull of 'Balancing' in the Name of Security’ EUI Working Papers Law 55 (2009)
- Schmitz, Hans Peter, ‘A Human Rights Based Aproach (HRBA) in Practice: Evaluating NGO Development Efforts’ 44 Polity 523 (2012)
- Scott, Craig, ‘Interdependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights’ 27 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 769 (1989)
- Scott, Craig and Alston, Philip, ‘Adjudicating Constitutional Priorities in a Transnational Context: A Comment on Soobramoney's Legacy and Grootboom's Promise’ 16 South African Journal on Human Rights 206 (2000)
- Seckinelgin, Hakan, ‘Who Can Help People with HIV/AIDS in Africa? Governance of HIV/AIDS and Civil Society’ 15 Voluntas 287 (2004)
- Seibel, Wolfgang, ‘Successful Failure’ 39 American Behavioral Scientist 1011 (1996)
- Shelton, Dinah, ‘Hierarchy of Norms and Human Rights: Of Trumps and Winners’ 65 Saskatchewan Law Review 301 (2002)
- Shelton, Dinah, ‘Subsidiarity and Human Rights Law’ 27 Human Rights Law Journal 4 (2006)
- Shivji, Issa G., ‘The Silences in the NGO Discourse’ 31 African Development 22 (2006)
- Silberberg, Mina, ‘Balancing Autonomy and Dependence for Community and Nongovernmental Organizations’ 72 Social Service Review 47 (1998)
- Simmons, P. J. , ‘Learning to Live with NGOs’ 112 Foreign Policy 82 (1998)
- Skogly, Sigrun, ‘The Requirement of Using the ‘Maximum of Available Resources’ for Human Rights Realisation: A Question of Quality as Well as Quantity?’ 12 Human Rights Law Review 393 (2012)
- Sundstrom, Lisa McIntosh, ‘Foreign Assistance, International Norms, and NGO Development: Lessons from the Russia Campaign’ 59 International Organization 419 (2005)
- Tinta, Mónica Feria, ‘Justiciability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights: Beyond Traditional Paradigms and Notions’ 29 Human Rights Quarterly 431 (2007)
- Trilsch, Mirja, ‘What’s the Use of Socio-Economic Rights in a Constitution? – Taking a Look at the South African Experience’ 42 Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 552 (2009)
- Tvedt, Terje, ‘Development NGOs: Actors in a Global Civil Society or in a New International Social System?’ 13 Voluntas 363 (2002)
- Udombana, Nsongurua J., ‘Between Promise and Performance: Revisiting States' Obligations under the African Human Rights Charter’ 40 Stanford Journal of International Law 105 (2004)
- Udombana, Nsongurua J., ‘Social Rights Are Human Rights: Actualizing the Rights to Work and Social Security in Africa’ 93 Cornell International Law Journal 181 (2006)
- Waldron, Jeremy, ‘A Rights-Based Critique of Constitutional Rights’ 13 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 18 (1993)
- Wamboye, Evelyn and others, ‘Foreign Aid, Legal Origin, Economic Growth and Africa's Least Developed Countries’ 14 Progress in Development Studies 335 (2014)
- Whitfield, Lindsay and Fraser, Alastair, ‘Negotiating Aid: The Structural Conditions Shaping the Negotiating Strategies of African Governments’ 15 International Negotiation 341 (2010)
- Wietzke, Frank-Borge, ‘Historical Origins of Uneven Service Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Non-State Providers’ 50 The Journal of Development Studies 1614 (2014)
- Woods, Dwayne, ‘Elites, Ethnicity, and 'Home Town' Associations in the Côte D'ivoire: An Historical Analysisof State-Society Links’ 64 Africa: Journal of International African Institute 465 (1994)
- Young, Dennis R., ‘Alternative Models of Government-Nonprofit Sector Relations: Theoretical and International Perspectives’ 29 Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 149 (2000)
- Young, Katharine G., ‘The Minimum Core of Economic and Social Rights: A Concept in Search of Content’ 33 Yale Journal of International Law 113 (2008)
- Reports and Working Papers
- ACT Alliance, The World Humanitarian Summit: Putting People at the Centre (2015) <http://actalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/J3734-ACT-Alliance-position-paper-for-World-Humanitarian-Summit_AW.pdf>
- African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 42nd Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2017) <http://www.achpr.org/files/activity-reports/42/42nd_activity_report_eng.pdf>
- Batley, Richard and Mcloughlin Claire, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre, State Capacity and Non-State Service Provision in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (2006) <http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/eirs3.pdf>
- Beegle, Kathleen and others, World Bank Group, Poverty in a Rising Africa (2016) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22575/9781464807237.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y>
- Bratton, Michael, Institute for Development Research, Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa 6 (1994) <https://www.issuelab.org/resources/19673/19673.pdf>
- Corbett, Justin, Local to Global Protection, Learning from the Nuba: Civilan Resilience and Self-Protection During Conflict (2011) <http://www.local2global.info/wp-content/uploads/SK_Nuba_L2GP_report_final.pdf>
- Courtis, Christian, International Commission of Jurists & Inter-American Institute of Human Rights, Commentary on the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2008) <https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Commentary-OP-ICESCR-publication-2009-eng.pdf>
- Dade, Saide, The Dimension of NPI in Mozambique: A Satellite Account Perspective (2009) <http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/Mozambique_SatelliteAccount_2009.pdf>
- Directory of Development Organizations: Resource Guide to Development Organizations and the Internet (vol Africa 2010) <https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1002_1264767399_uganda.PDF & https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1002_1264708453_botswana.PDF>
- Freedom House, Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy (2017) <https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf>
- Institut National de la Statistique Compte Satellite Des Institutions Sans but Lucratif: De L'année 2011 (2014) <http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/01/Cameroon_SatelliteAccount_2014.pdf>
- International Commission of Jurists, Courts and the Legal Enforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Comparative Expereinces of Justiciability (2008) <https://www.humanrights.ch/upload/pdf/080819_justiziabilitt_esc.pdf>
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Focus on Culture and Risk (2014) <http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201410/WDR%202014.pdf>
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Focus on Local Actors, the Key to Humanitarian Effectiveness (2015) <https://ifrc-media.org/interactive/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1293600-World-Disasters-Report-2015_en.pdf>
- Kiai, Maina, U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Annual Report: Comparative Study of Enabling Environments for Businesses and Associations A/70/266 (2015)
- Kiai, Maina, U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association, Analysis on International Law, Standards and Principles Applicable to the Foreign Contributions Regulation Act 2010 and Foreign Contributions Regulation Rules 2011 (2016)
- Kreienkamp, Julia, Global Governance Institute, Responding to the Global Crackdown on Civil Society (2017) <https://www.ucl.ac.uk/global-governance/downloads/policybriefs/policy-brief-civil-society>
- NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, UN Economic Comission for Africa, Mobilizing Domestic Financial Resources for Implementing Nepad National and Regional Programmes & Projects: Africa Looks Within (2014) <http://www.un.org/africarenewal/sites/www.un.org.africarenewal/files/DRM_ENGLISH_REPRO_OP.pdf>
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Aid at a Glance: Flows of Official Development Assistance to and through Civil Society Organizations in 2011 (2013) <http://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Aid%20for%20CSOs%20Final%20for%20WEB.pdf>
- Salamon, Lester M. and Toepler Stefan, Center for Civil Society Studies, The Influence of the Legal Environment on the Development of the Nonprofit Sector, No. 17 (2000)
- Sembene, Daouda, International Monetary Fund, Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Did the Walk Match the Talk under the Prsp Approach? (IMF 2015) <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15122.pdf>
- Stevens, Mike and others, World Bank, Governance: The World Bank's Experience (1994) <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/711471468765285964/pdf/multi0page.pdf>
- Tawfik, Youssef, Northrup Robert and Prysor-Jones Suzanne, Academy for Educational Development, Utilizing the Potential of Formal and Informal Private Practitioners in Child Survival: Situation Analysis and Summary of Promising Interventions (2002) <http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacp202.pdf>
- Trémolet, Sophie, Building Partnerships for Development in Water & Sanitation, Adapting Regulation to the Needs of the Poor: Experience in 4 East African Countries (2006) <https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Tremolet-2006-Adapting.pdf>
- United Nations Committee for Development Policy, List of Least Developed Countires (as of June 2017) (2017) <https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf>
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), The Path to Gradution and Beyond: Making the Most of the Process (2016) <http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ldc2016_en.pdf>
- United Nations Development Programme, The Zimbabwean Non-Governmental Orgnizations Bill 2004 and International Human Rights Law/Standards: Issues, Analysis and Policy Recommendations (UNDP 2004)
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), The World Needs Almost 69 Million New Teachers to Reach the 2030 Education Goals (2016) <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002461/246124e.pdf>
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID), The 2013 CSO Sustainability Index: The Middle East and North Africa (2013)
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID), The 2014 CSO Sustainability Index: Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia (2014)
- United Nations Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS, Extreme Poverty Eradication in the Least Developed Countries and the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2014) <http://unohrlls.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/10/State-of-the-Least-Developed-Countries-Report-2014.pdf>
- World Bank, Taking on Inequality <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25078/9781464809583.pdf?sequence=24&isAllowed=y>
- World Bank, Uganda - the Role of Nongovernmental Organizations and Community-Based Groups in Poverty Alleviation (1994) <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/363831468765338754/Uganda-The-role-of-nongovernmental-organizations-and-community-based-groups-in-poverty-alleviation>
- World Bank, Human Development in Uganda: Meeting Challenges and Findinal Solutions (2009) <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/659361468175487874/Uganda-Human-development-in-Uganda-Meeting-challenges-and-finding-solutions>
- World Bank, Managing Risk, Promoting Growth: Developing Systems for Social Protection in Africa (2012) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23744>
- World Bank, Making Services Work for Poor People (vol 2004 2004) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/5986/WDR%202004%20-%20English.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>
- World Health Organization, Partnerships for Safer Health Service Delivery: Evaluation of Who African Partnerships for Patient Safety 2009-2014 WHO/HIS/SDS/2015.13 (2015) <http://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/apps/evaluation-report.pdf>
- World Bank, Poverty Maps of Uganda (2018) <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/456801530034180435/Poverty-Maps-of-Uganda>
- Z., Ali and others, Sudanese Medical Association UK & Ireland, Oncology Services in Sudan: Realities and Ambitions, Conference Report (2013)
- News Articles
- ‘29 NGOs Banned in Crackdown’ New Zimbabwe (14 Feb 2012) <http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-7189-29+NGOs+banned+in+crackdown/news.aspx>
- ‘Anti-Torture NGO El-Nadeem Rejects Health Ministry's Reasons for Shutdown’ Ahram Online (Feb. 25, 2016) <http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/188500/Egypt/Politics-/Antitorture-NGO-ElNadeem-rejects-health-ministrys-.aspx>
- ‘Egypt's Health Ministry Orders Shutdown of Anti-Torture NGO El-Nadeem’ Ahram Online (Feb. 17, 2017) <http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/187869/Egypt/0/Egypts-health-ministry-orders-shutdown-of-antitort.aspx>
- ‘Egypt Dissolves 57 NGOs for Brotherhood Links’ Middle East Monitor (Sept. 7, 2015) <https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20150907-egypt-dissolves-57-ngos-for-brotherhood-links/>
- ‘Egypt Government Seizes More Hospitals, Firms Owned by Muslim Brotherhood’ Ahram Online (June 23, 2016) <http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/226670/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-government-seizes-more-hospitals,-firms-owne.aspx>
- ‘Egyptian Court Approves Asset Freezes in High-Profile NGO Trial’ Thomson Reuters Foundation (Sept. 17, 2017) <http://news.trust.org/item/20160917125847-us9sg>
- ‘Three International Schools Shut Down, 28 Warned’ Egypt Independent (Apr. 20, 2016) <http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/three-international-schools-shut-down-28-warned>
- ‘Health Fears as Sudan Expels NGOs’ Aljazeera (5 Mar. 2009) <http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/03/200935174114968814.html>
- ‘NGO Expulsion to Hit Darfur's Displaced’ IRIN News (Khartoum, 9 Mar. 2009) <http://www.irinnews.org/news/2009/03/09/ngo-expulsion-hit-darfurs-displaced>
- ‘Sudan Expels 10 Aid NGOs and Dissolves 2 Local Groups’ Sudan Tribune (4 Mar. 2009) <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30382>
- ‘UN Lauds New Tool Enabling Individual Complainst on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ UN News Centre (Feb. 6, 2013) <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44081#.WJMqCZUzVaS>
- ‘Kenya 'Deregisters' NGOs in Anti-Terror Clampdown’ BBC (19 Dec. 2014) <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30494259>
- ‘S. Sudan Parliament Passes NGOs Bill, Gives Requirements for Relief Agencies’ Sudan Tribune (12 Mar. 2015) <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article54953>
- ‘Social Solidarity Ministry Shutters at Least 39 More NGOs, over 400 Closed This Year’ Mada Masr (July 8, 2015) <https://www.madamasr.com/en/2015/07/08/news/u/social-solidarity-ministry-shutters-at-least-39-more-ngos-over-400-closed-this-year/>
- ‘South Sudan Oil Revenue at $3.38 Bln, Hit by Conflict and Price Falls’ Reuters (3 Jan. 2015) <http://www.reuters.com/article/southsudan-crude-idUSL6N0UI02D20150103>
- ‘South Sudan Risks ‘Catastrophe’ with New Aid Agency Law, Warn NGOs’ The Guardian (14 May 2015) <http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/may/14/south-sudan-aid-agency-law-risks-catastrophe-warn-ngos>
- ‘South Sudan Tables NGOs Bill for the Second Time’ Sudan Tribune (20 Jan. 2016) <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57749>
- ‘South Sudanese President Signs NGO Bill into Law’ Sudan Tribune (11 Feb. 2016) <http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57988>
- Balch, Oliver, ‘UN Criticises UK for Spending Aid Money on for-Profit Private Schools’ The Guardian <https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jun/14/un-criticises-uk-government-millions-aid-money-private-schools-developing-countries>
- Charbonneau Louis, ‘Sudan Expulsion of NGOs Leave Aid Gap - UN’ Reuters (9 Mar. 2009) <https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN09481219>
- Elbagir, Yousra, ‘Patients over Politics: Sudanese Breast Cancer Clinic That Beat Sanctions’ The Guardian (1 Oct. 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/01/patients-over-politics-sudanese-breast-cancer-clinic-that-beat-sanctions>
- Esslemont, Tom, ‘'Tougher Scrutiny' of Britain's Aid Spending Sees Steep Rise in Fraud Bill’ Thomas Reuters Foundation (Sept. 22, 2016) <http://news.trust.org/item/20160922131353-jxpbs>
- Fortin, Jacey, ‘Power Struggles Stall South Sudan’s Recovery’ New York Times (31 May 2016) <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/31/world/africa/south-sudan-struggles-to-collect-taxes-after-years-of-war.html>
- Hassan, Amro, ‘This Group Stood up to Egypt's Crackdown on Human Rights Organizations’ Los Angeles Times (Apr. 5, 2015) <http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-dissident-crackdown-20160405-story.html>
- Hodal, Kate, ‘UN Warns Universal Education Goal Will Fail without 69 Million New Teachers’ Guardian (5 Oct. 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/05/un-universal-education-goal-fail-69-million-new-teachers-unesco>
- Kavuma, Richard M., ‘Ugandan Financial Fraud Victims: Still Fighting for Compensation Years Later’ The Guardian (Jan. 13, 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/jan/13/ugandan-victims-still-fighting-for-compensation-years-late-cowe>
- Patinkin, Jason ‘It’s Like Florence Nightingale’s Time’: South Sudan’s Public Services Collapse’ The Guardian (27 May 2016) <http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/may/27/south-sudan-public-services-collapse-juba-teaching-hospital-like-florence-nightingale-time>
- Srinath, Ingrid and Tiwana, Mandeep, ‘Civil Society: Only the Clampdown Is Transparent’ The Guardian (Sept. 12, 2010) <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/sep/12/civil-society-millennium-development-goals>
- Srivastava, Prachi, ‘Low-Fee Private Schooling: What Do We Really Know? Prachi Srivastava Responds to the Economist’ (Oxfam Aug. 11, 2015) <http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/its-complicated-or-low-fee-private-schooling-what-do-we-really-know/>
- van der Zee, Bibi, ‘Less Than 2% of Humanitarian Funds 'Go Directly to Local NGOs'’ The Guardian (Oct. 16, 2015) <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/oct/16/less-than-2-of-humanitarian-funds-go-directly-to-local-ngos>
- Wall, Imogen, ‘'We Are Demanding Change': The Somali Woman Taking on International NGOs’ The Guardian (Mar. 21, 2016) <https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/mar/21/degan-ali-somali-woman-taking-on-the-humanitarian-system>
- Press Releases
- Egypt: Unprecedented Crackdown on NGOs, Amnesty International, (Mar. 23, 2016) <https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2016/03/egypt-unprecedented-crackdown-on-ngos/>
- Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Hears from Human Rights Institutions and Civil Society from the United Kingdom, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Angola, UNHCHR, (13 June 2016) <https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20087&LangID=E>
- Maina Kiai Tells Conference That Civil Society Is "under Attack" in Africa, Free Assembly, (Nov. 25, 2013) <http://freeassembly.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Media-statement-Kiai-warns-civil-society-under-attack-in-Africa.pdf>
- Non-Governmental Organizations Suspensions, U.S. Embassy Kenya, (4 Nov. 2015) <https://ke.usembassy.gov/non-governmental-organizations-suspensions/>
- Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the UN Secretary-General United Nations, (5 Mar. 2009) <https://unamid.unmissions.org/statement-attributable-spokesperson-un-secretary-general-0>