The Annotated Works of Henry George

doi:10.5771/9781683931980

The Annotated Works of Henry George

Protection or Free Trade

1. Edition 2021

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doi.org/10.5771/9781683931980
ISBN print: 978-1-68393-197-3
ISBN online: 978-1-68393-198-0
Lexington, Lanham Lexington, Lanham

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Abstract

Henry George (1839–1897) rose to fame as a social reformer and economist amid the industrial and intellectual turbulence of the late nineteenth century. His best-selling Progress and Poverty (1879) captures the ravages of privileged monopolies and the woes of industrialization in a language of eloquent indignation. His reform agenda resonates as powerfully today as it did in the Gilded Age, and his impassioned prose and compelling thought inspired such diverse figures as Leo Tolstoy, John Dewey, Sun Yat-Sen, Winston Churchill, and Albert Einstein. This six-volume edition of The Annotated Works of Henry George assembles all his major works for the first time with new introductions, critical annotations, extensive bibliographical material, and comprehensive indexing to provide a wealth of resources for scholars and reformers.

Volume IV of this series presents the unabridged text of Protection or Free Trade (1886). Read into the U.S. Congressional Record in its entirety in 1892, Protection or Free Trade is one of the most well articulated defenses in the nineteenth century for the free exchange of goods, services, and labor. By exposing the monopolistic practices and the privileging of special interests in the trade policies of his time, George constructed a monumental theoretical bulwark against the apologists for protective tariffs and diverse trade preferences. Free trade today is often associated with a neo-liberal agenda that oppresses working people. In Protection or Free Trade George argues that free trade, when linked with land value taxation or the systematic collection of economic rent, reduces wealth and income inequality. True free trade elevates the condition of labor to a degree far greater than any form of trade protectionism.

The full and original text of Protection or Free Trade presented in Volume IV of The Annotated Works of Henry George is supplemented by annotations which explain George’s many references to the trade policies and disputes of his day. A new index augments accessibility to the text, the annotations, and their key terms. The introductory essay by Professor William S. Peirce, “Henry George and the Theory and Politics of Trade,” provides the historical, political, and conceptual context for George’s debates with the prominent political economists and trade experts of his time. Trade barriers typically serve the interests of a few and impede the overall economic progress of society. Protectionism fosters poverty and animates global conflict. The development of trade policy cannot be pursued in isolation from the broader principles of sound economics and a radical tax reform that benefits labor.

Schlagworte

Political Science American Studies American author American economics American history International Relations Economic theory Economics history Tariffs True free trade Practical politics Protection and producers Protection and wages Wealth inequality

Chapter Expand | CollapsePage
Preface
- Contents
- Preface
- Henry George and the Theory and Politics of Trade
- Protection or Free Trade
- Dedication
- Preface
1–8 Chapter One: Introductory 1–8
9–16 Chapter Two: Clearing Ground 9–16
17–20 Chapter Three: Of Method 17–20
21–26 Chapter Four: Protection as a Universal Need 21–26
27–32 Chapter Five: The Protective Unit 27–32
33–42 Chapter Six: Trade 33–42
43–48 Chapter Seven: Production and Producers 43–48
49–56 Chapter Eight: Tariffs for Revenue 49–56
57–66 Chapter Nine: Tariffs for Protection 57–66
67–72 Chapter Ten: The Encouragement of Industry 67–72
73–78 Chapter Eleven: The Home Market and Home Trade 73–78
79–86 Chapter Twelve: Exports and Imports 79–86
87–94 Chapter Thirteen: Confusions Arising from the Use of Money 87–94
95–100 Chapter Fourteen: Do High Wages Necessitate Protection? 95–100
101–106 Chapter Fifteen: Of Advantages and Disadvantages as Reasons for Protection 101–106
107–116 Chapter Sixteen: The Development of Manufactures 107–116
117–126 Chapter Seventeen: Protection and Producers 117–126
127–136 Chapter Eighteen: Effects of Protection on American Industry 127–136
137–150 Chapter Nineteen: Protection and Wages 137–150
151–156 Chapter Twenty: The Abolition of Protection 151–156
157–160 Chapter Twenty-one: Inadequacy of the Free-Trade Argument 157–160
161–170 Chapter Twenty-two: The Real Weakness of Free Trade 161–170
171–178 Chapter Twenty-three: The Real Strength of Protection 171–178
179–188 Chapter Twenty-four: The Paradox 179–188
189–196 Chapter Twenty-five: The Robber That Takes All That Is Left 189–196
197–206 Chapter Twenty-six: True Free Trade 197–206
207–212 Chapter Twenty-seven: The Lion in the Way 207–212
213–222 Chapter Twenty-eight: Free Trade and Socialism 213–222
223–232 Chapter Twenty-nine: Practical Politics 223–232
233–238 Chapter Thirty: Conclusion 233–238
239–248 Index 239–248
249–250 About the Contributors 249–250

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