Abstract
A behind-the-scenes account of American foreign policymaking in the late twentieth century
Tom Hughes, assistant secretary of state for intelligence and research, made an ominous prediction in 1965. In a seminal but less well-known document of the Vietnam War, Hughes predicted that the Democratic Party and the national consensus underlying the nation's foreign policy would break apart if the war escalated.
Hughes drafted the memo for his friend and fellow Minnesotan for whom he had previously worked as legislative counsel, Senator Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey had just been elected Vice President. The memo called on President Johnson to seek negotiations to end the war, but clearly failed to persuade him.
Tom Hughes saw his prediction come true.
Hughes served in the State Department through 1970 and then for 20 years as president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He worked to reestablish a professional, bipartisan foreign policy for the United States and to make the foreign service more open and democratic. He also built the Carnegie Endowment into the nation's leading foreign policy think tank, and he remained influential in foreign policy circles.
In this impressive biography, Bruce L. R. Smith tells the story of this remarkable life, which also reflects much of the story of America in the last half of the twentieth century.
Through the eyes, diary, and notes of a key participant, the book provides a contemporaneous perspective on such major events as the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the CIA's Operation Mongoose against the Castro regime, the Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam, and the elections of the 1960s. This book is a firsthand, behind-the-scenes account of the people who dealt with the great issues and made critical life-and-death decisions for America during the cold war.
Schlagworte
american foreign policy vietnam vietnam war opera state department think tank thomas huges president johnson foreign policy foreign service bay of pigs hubert humphrey hughes memo carnegie endowment carnegie endowment for international peace- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- 1–6 Prologue 1–6
- 7–13 Beginner Boy 7–13
- 14–21 Teacher's Pet 14–21
- 22–33 Student Federalist 22–33
- 45–58 Bowles in Congress 45–58
- 78–97 The New Frontier 78–97
- 116–131 The Cuban Missile Crisis 116–131
- 132–150 Diplomacy 132–150
- 151–174 The Overthrow of Diem 151–174
- 196–206 The 1964 Vice Presidency 196–206
- 207–227 The Humphrey-Hughes Memo 207–227
- 228–246 Point of No Return 228–246
- 247–261 Speaking Out 247–261
- 262–285 The Most Turbulent Year 262–285
- 286–300 London 286–300
- 326–334 Epilogue 326–334
- 335–356 Notes 335–356
24 Treffer gefunden
- „... 20714The Humphrey- Hughes MemoHumphrey’s selection as the Democratic vice presidential nominee ...” „... PMThe Humphrey- Hughes Memo 223Bundy took the unusual step in a February 20 memorandum of spec-ifying ...” „... _9780815738909_i-xii_1-370.indd 208 9/13/21 3:57 PMThe Humphrey- Hughes Memo 209TRANSITION PLANNINGHumphrey ...”
- „... . Humphrey could not have been more mistaken in his assessment of the situation. The Humphrey- Hughes memo ...” „... . Dean Acheson grandiosely entitled his memoir of the postwar era Present at the Creation.3 Tom Hughes ...” „... 1 PrologueOn Friday, February 12, 1965, Thomas Hughes, assistant secretary of state and director of ...”
- „... . Thomas L. Hughes, “Negotiating under Pressure—Hanoi’s Position,” memo-randum for Chester Bowles, April 23 ...” „... memo is reprinted in full, pp. 320–24. 20. Humphrey made only minor edits on Hughes’s draft on the ...” „... . TLH, memo to Bruce L. R. Smith, summer 2016, in author’s possession.7. Thomas L. Hughes, Perilous ...”
- „... 988Intelligence and Covert OperationsTom Hughes faced new challenges when he took up his duties as ...” „... Hughes’s friend and colleague when he ran the Congressional Research Service. In that position, he ...” „... , getting out the first paper often shaped the future policy on an issue.HUGHES AND THE INR Roger Hilsman ...”
- „... urgently needed to get the president’s ear. Hughes, meanwhile, had written a memorandum to NSC staffer ...” „... 22815Point of No ReturnGeorge Ball and Tom Hughes had been acquainted since Tom began working for ...” „... Chet Bowles in 1954. Both Ball and Hughes had attended meetings of the Thomas Finletter Group, the ...”
- „... , 263–64, 270, 273Humphrey-Hughes memo (1965): draft-ing of, 1–2, 219; events leading up to, 210, 216–19 ...” „... memoHumphrey, Hubert: and 1960 presidential election, 55–60, 64–67, 70; and 1968 presidential election, 264–68 ...” „... 357IndexIn this index Thomas Lowe Hughes is indicated by “TLH.”Acheson, Dean, 4, 80, 235–38Adenauer ...”
- „... Kennedy by sending him long memos, but he had Hughes draft a new memo for JFK, pointing out which of ...” „... STATE?For Tom Hughes, the Bowles performance in the campaign had been ex-cellent and, as far as he could ...” „... , as evidenced in his remark to Kennedy at their golf encounter in Florida. Hughes was assigned the ...”
- „... matter- of- factly, on No-vember 8, 1963, Hughes sent Rusk a memo that carefully reviewed the military’s ...” „... the war to the South. Hughes wrote a memo to Rusk in mid- December 1963 analyzing the reports of ...” „... 15111The Overthrow of DiemThe American presence in Vietnam when Tom Hughes became INR di-rector ...”
- „... criticize Ike’s inaction. Hughes prepared a memo for Bowles to send to Kennedy. Kennedy would sometimes ...” „... and Hughes for their part were not certain whether JFK had even seen the Bowles memo. Ever since ...” „... known to Tom Hughes. Hughes was used to dealing with various members of Kennedy’s staff. He worked ...”
- „... administration has re-jected a graceful withdrawal [from Vietnam].”4 Yet the memo’s details did not support the ...” „... did not produce the hoped- for sense of stability or finality in U.S. policy. The memo’s main call was ...” „... 17512The Gulf of Tonkin CrisisOn Sunday morning, August 2, 1964, Tom Hughes was awakened by a call ...”
- „... . Although he did not prevail on Vietnam, Hughes’s efforts put him in good company. The February 1965 memo ...” „... escalated the war in the spring of 1965 instead of heeding the memo’s warnings, he splintered the political ...” „... 326 EpilogueThe connection between knowledge and politics was always important to Tom Hughes. He ...”
- „... have the same right?”7INTELLIGENCE AND POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES Tom Hughes’s involvement in the ...” „... nuclear missiles in Cuba, and he sent a separate memo to the president with that message. McCone had thus ...” „... Cuban Missile Crisis 121to Tom Hughes. Hughes conducted the first of a number of reviews of possible ...”
- „... Vietnam force of between 67,000 and 84,000 troops.2 For Tom Hughes, Tet seemed to justify the argument he ...” „... and Humphrey had made in their ill- fated memo to Lyndon Johnson: that the bitterest opposition to the ...” „... memo to Johnson were slow in coming but had finally arrived with a vengeance. Previously, there had ...”
- „... Gulf of Tonkin Crisis 175 13 The 1964 Vice Presidency 196 14 The Humphrey- Hughes Memo 207Smith ...” „... The Last GentlemanThomas Hughes and the End of the American CenturyA BIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN ...” „... behind-the-scenes account of American foreign policymaking in the late twentieth century“Tom Hughes epitomized the ...”
- „... T L E M A N136The president already knew from Chester Bowles’s October 14 memo that the Russians, if ...” „... stalemate.HUGHES AS PUBLIC BRIEFERThe midterm elections were now less than two weeks away. Kennedy’s own political ...” „... attending a Rhodes scholar dinner where Tom Hughes had impressed the audience with his polished performance ...”
- „... 344With Bowles and HumphreyTom Hughes, as a U.S. Air Force Judge Advocate General officer, was ...” „... Washington law firm of Covington and Burling. Tom was interested, and Bowles was happy to certify to Hughes ...” „... ’s commanding offi-cer that Hughes would be working in a public- service capacity. LORD OF THE MANOR Working ...”
- „... . For Tom Hughes, several broad implications followed. The disputes within the civilian intelligence ...” „... intelligence estimates. This was a wel-come development from Tom Hughes’s point of view. Hughes had feared that ...” „... work, which promptly led to a staff revolt. Hughes noted that under Raborn’s ineffective leadership ...”
- „... Nixon could brood over such matters. Politicians have long memories, of course. Hughes was well aware of ...” „... 30119Carnegie: The House That Hughes BuiltTom Hughes, as president of the Carnegie Endowment for ...” „... it more open and democratic. Like many from the older generation, Hughes was deeply involved with the ...”
- „... 28618LondonExpecting to resign at the end of LBJ’s term in January 1969, Hughes was pleasantly ...” „... willing to do that— for a while at least until we find a successor?”Well, said Hughes, he was pleased to ...” „... the start, Hughes briefed both men together, but it became evident that Rogers wanted a brief overview ...”
- „... caught the attention of Henry Hughes, one of Cambria’s respected settlers. His son Thomas sensed ...” „... story.As the elderly Thomas Hughes (1854–1934) retold the story to his grandson, Tam, as the family called ...” „... time. Every Sunday Grandfather Hughes would tell stories of Indians, settlers, and the frontier ...”
- „... , labor leaders, and intellectuals. The unusual stop in Yugoslavia stuck in Tom Hughes’s memory. Bowles ...” „... erstwhile detractors.Tom Hughes flew to Hartford to attend the convention, staying with Chet and Steb. He ...” „... important role. BOWLES- HUGHES TIES Hughes had never fully left Bowles. Chet frequently telephoned Tom at ...”
- „... population of about 10,000 at the time of Thomas Lowe Hughes’s birth. The Twin Cities were a cultural magnet ...” „... for the Hughes family. Tam and his younger sister, Marianne, traveled frequently with their parents to ...” „... concerts, plays, and festivals in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The Hughes children enjoyed more social capital ...”
- „... toward international-ism was a group of youths. The leader of the group was Tom Hughes. Tom had dropped ...” „... Federalists seemed headed toward becoming an arm of Harold Stassen’s presidential campaign of 1944. The Hughes ...” „... family was close to the Stassen family, and Raymond Hughes was a longtime political ally of Stassen’s. In ...”
- „... 19613The 1964 Vice PresidencyTom Hughes was convinced that there had not been a second Tonkin ...” „... not receptive to the JCS’s proposals to extend the bombing. Hughes naturally also thought about the ...” „... Senate comrade. Hughes was in touch regularly with Humphrey and the staff. He had met with Max Kampelman ...”