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Eva Lena Richter - The Legal Framework for Skilled Labour Migration to China

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Eva Lena Richter

The Legal Framework for Skilled Labour Migration to China

Series: Studien zu Recht und Rechtskultur Chinas

Volume 11 2023

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Employment law S. 335-434

„… , International Migration Law, p. 215.337Chapter 8: Employment lawmigration laws,10 respective ILO and UN …” „… Chapter 8: Employment lawThe past chapters have established and analysed the different tiers under …” „… . 16, no. 4 (2014), pp. 131–136, 143.335Chapter 8: Employment lawThe chapter finds that unlike the …”

Temporary stay and temporary residency S. 197-230

„… sta-tuses as a base to analyse skilled foreign nationals’ rights in specific areasof employment law.As Ahl …” „… Employment-streamMigration LawRegime.”25 See Yang, “China’s Big Cities Beckon as Talent from Overseas Floods in.”203Chapter 5 …” „… Chinese Employment-streamMigration LawRegime,” p. 12.211Chapter 5: Temporary stay and temporary …”

Conclusion S. 469-484

„… administrative law like visa, work per-mit, and permanent residency. In the areas of employment law …” „… allocation ofmigration statuses, an effect on labour law’s provisions and can lead to itsfragmentation. I …” „… migrationis not codified in one law but scattered across multiple national laws suchas the Exit-Entry Law …”

Immigration and emigration of skilled foreign nationals S. 99-140

„… ; Administrative Litigation Law of the PRC (中华人民共和国行政诉讼法), Art. 56.222 See Provisions on the Employment of …” „… usefulness of published data.3.2 Admission of migrants under international lawAs a member of numerous …” „… Chetail, International Migration Law, p. 96.1123.2 Admission of migrants under international lawals of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… Number of issued employment permits 1053.2 Admission of migrants under international law 1103.3 Labour …” „… : talents orthreats? 3267.5 Summary 33111ContentsChapter 8: Employment law 3358.1 Rights of migrant workers …” „… The employment relationship of foreign workers inirregular situations 3848.5.2 Application of laws …”

Monographs, Reports, Articles in Journals, Newspapers, and Edited Volumes S. 515-560

„… andResulting Problems in the Context of Employment).” In: GermanJournal of Chinese Law (ZChinR), vol. 27, no. 1 …” „… Employment Law Blog (November 22, 2011). URL:https://web.archive.org/web/20201029184039 …” „… ChineseEmployment-stream Migration Law Regime.” In: China and WTOReview, vol. 4 (2018), pp. 215–243.Guofu Liu刘国福 …”

Migration, skill, and the law S. 19-66

„… Employment-streamMigration Law Regime.” In: China and WTO Review, vol. 4 (2018), pp. 215–243,p. 12.118 See Notice on …” „… employment certificates. “Highly skilled” migrantsunder PRC law are those that qualify for category A and …” „… , andworkers’ dependency on employers”.178 This equally is confirmed throughthe analysis of PRC employment law …”

Integration of foreign nationals S. 435-468

„… . 26–38.2 See Susan Silbey. “Legal Consciousness.” In: The New Oxford Companion to Law.Ed. by Peter Cane and …” „… Chapter 9: Integration of foreign nationalsChapters 3-6 have established that administrative law …” „… oflabour rights. Labour law is fragmented based on the regularity of foreignnationals’ work activities and …”

Laws, Regulations, Directives, Treaties and Court Cases S. 485-514

„… .Regulation on the Implementation of the Employment Contract Law of thePRC (中华人民共和国劳动合同法实施条例). State Council …” „… ). March 1, 1953.494Laws, Regulations, Directives, Treaties and Court CasesExit-Entry Administration Law of …” „… /http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/lawsdata/chineselaw/200211/20021100050297.shtml.Interpretation of the Exit-Entry Administration Law of the …”

Permanent residency and citizenship S. 231-302

„… ). State Council of the PRC.April 25, 2012. URL: http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law …” „… Exit-Entry Law of 20133 and itsregulations4. The “Measures for the Administration of Examination and …” „… Approval of Foreigners’ Per-manent Residence in China7”.3 See Exit-Entry Administration Law of the PRC …”

Admission under overseas talent introduction plans S. 141-196

„… labour migration laws and policies, and case law related to the intro-duction of overseas talents in the …” „… social insurance, labour and labourcontract law provisions. Since the MPS’ decision is also motivated by …” „… come to the PRC for employ-ment.17 This improvement should incorporate diverse and flexible elementsto …”

The “illiberal paradox” and migration policy making S. 303-334

„… looks at employment law and whether the privileges proclaimed andgranted under skilled labour migration …” „… theygraduate PRC employment law. The second aspect – whether or not for-eign nationals’ legal integration is …” „… the system as found in thePRC: employment laws and integration measures. The next chapter there-fore …”

Historical perspectives: Attracting skilled migrants for the long (PRC) S. 67-98

„… multiple national laws such as the Exit-Entry Law, Labourand Labour Contract Law, Nationality Law …” „… implementation of the first mi-24 See Liu, Chinese Immigration Law, p. 4.25 See ibid., p. 4.26 See Regulations …” „… for the Implementation of the Management of Aliens in China.27 See Liu, Chinese Immigration Law, p …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937777

Kathrin Monen - Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

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Kathrin Monen

Das Verbot der Diskriminierung

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 554 2008

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Wichtige Termini des Employment Discrimination Law S. 249-251

„… Prozessrechts einen gefestigteren Rechtsschutz bieten können. 1139 Player, Federal Law of Employment …” „… Unterscheidungen, die gegen den Gleichheitssatz verstoßen.1143 Im Sinne des employment discrimination law liegt …” „… Bundesgesetzgebung (federal law) liegt, sind diese Bestimmungen nicht ausschließlich. Den Bundesstaaten (state law …”

Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful Discharge S. 251-252

„… 251 4. EEOC Der Ausdruck EEOC bezeichnet die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, die durch …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts zuständig ist. C. Die Bedeutung des Common Law Das Common Law basiert – im Gegensatz zur …” „… Da das Common Law Arbeitnehmern oft keinen ausreichenden Schutz garantierte, förderte es letztlich …”

Employer Discrimination S. 259-263

„… . Coverage and Scope of the Antidiscrimination Law Einleitend sollen der Geltungsbereich der …” „… U.S.-amerikanischen Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften (coverage and scope of antidiscrimination law) betrachtet und die …” „… , conditions and privileges of employment). Darüber hinaus darf ein Arbeitgeber weder Bewerber noch …”

Federal und State Law S. 248-249

„… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …” „… Prozessrechts einen gefestigteren Rechtsschutz bieten können. 1139 Player, Federal Law of Employment …” „… (federal, state or local law) erfasst. Dabei werden die diesbezüglichen arbeitsrechtlichen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-22

„… . Employment Discrimination Law 248 I. Federal und State Law 248 II. Wichtige Termini des Employment …” „… Common Law 251 I. Der Employment at Will Grundsatz 251 II. Public Policy Ausnahme bei einer Wrongful …” „… Discrimination Law 249 1. Discrimination 249 2. Harassment 250 3. Title VII 250 4. EEOC 251 C. Die Bedeutung des …”

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 S. 253-255

„… keine Rechte herleiten. 1159 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title …” „… einschränkten. 1168 vgl. ausführlich Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 17. 255 II. Weitere …” „… . Employment Manuals Schließlich verfügen zahlreiche Arbeitgeber über eigene detaillierte Arbeitsrichtlinien …”

The Protected Classes S. 263-268

„… neutralen Anordnungen, die eine nachteilige Auswirkung 1200 Player, Federal Law of Employment …” „… ). 1206 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 214. 1207 DeSantis v. Pacific Tel. & Tel …” „… illegal acts). 4. Employment Agencies Arbeitsagenturen (employment agencies)1198 dürfen überdies zu …”

Der Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 251

„… 251 4. EEOC Der Ausdruck EEOC bezeichnet die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, die durch …” „… Antidiskriminierungsrechts zuständig ist. C. Die Bedeutung des Common Law Das Common Law basiert – im Gegensatz zur …” „… Da das Common Law Arbeitnehmern oft keinen ausreichenden Schutz garantierte, förderte es letztlich …”

Die Kommission S. 256-257

„… Voraussetzungen geltend gemacht werden können. 1175 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f …” „… Sozialgesetzgebung einen Anspruch auf unbezahlten Urlaub gewährt.1175 E. Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission …” „… Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – im Folgenden EEOC – hatte zunächst nach Erlass des Title …”

Weitere bundesgesetzliche Antidiskriminierungsvorschriften S. 255-256

„… , Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 22 f. 1176 Clark, Introduction to the Law of the United …” „… Jahre berufen. 1178 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 25. …” „… gewährt.1175 E. Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Die Equal Employment Opportunity Commission …”

Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz S. 252-253

„… Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 42 …” „… employment at will Prinzip ausschließen.1151 Zudem setzt eine Klage auf wrongful discharge einen …” „… . III. Vertraglich geregelte Ausnahmen vom Employment at Will Grundsatz Konnten Arbeitnehmer zunächst …”

Employment Manuals S. 253

„… keine Rechte herleiten. 1159 Player, Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, S. 13 ff. 1160 Title …” „… . Employment Manuals Schließlich verfügen zahlreiche Arbeitgeber über eigene detaillierte Arbeitsrichtlinien …” „… (employment manuals), die die Arbeitsverhältnisse der Beschäftigten näher bestimmen. Beinhalten solche …”

Retaliation S. 336-340

„… eine nachteilige arbeitsrechtliche Entscheidung (adverse employment action) nachweisen. Drittens muss …” „… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …” „… Law, S. 172. 337 absolut geschützt. Der Arbeitgeber darf selbst bei einer falschen oder böswilligen …”

Privatrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch Bundes- oder einzelstaatliches Recht S. 248

„… , unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter welchen Voraussetzungen eine …” „… (federal, state or local law) erfasst. Dabei werden die diesbezüglichen arbeitsrechtlichen …” „… Diskriminierungsverbote und ihre Begrifflichkeiten Gegenstand der weiteren Ausführungen der Arbeit sein. B. Employment …”

Kritische Betrachtung der Zielsetzungen der U.S.-amerikanischen Diskriminierungsverbote S. 369-372

„… McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 9. 1706 Flagg, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 953 (1993). 371 Die Idee, dass …” „… , Employment Discrimination Law, S. 17. 372 für sie mit extremen Kosten oder Strafen verbunden ist. Damit sind …” „… nehmen, wird colorblindness als einfache Lösung für eine 1701 vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 23-24

„… Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 BFOQ Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Cir. Circuit …” „… EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EPA Equal Pay Act of 1986 F. Federal Reporter F.Supp …” „… sowie weiterer eingesetzter Bezeichnungen findet sich im Black’s Law Dictionary.2 1 Kirchner …”

Geschichtlicher Überblick über die Entstehung der U.S.-amerikanischen Antidiskriminierungsgesetzgebung S. 368-369

„… . McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 278, 289. 1702 Brest, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1976). …” „… Arbeitgeber ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, insbesondere 1700 vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 2 ff. 369 keine arabisch-muslimischen Arbeitnehmer vom Arbeitsmarkt auszuschließen, …”

Verfassungsrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz durch die Equal Protection Clause S. 245-248

„… sein. B. Employment Discrimination Law Da insbesondere im Bereich des Arbeitsrechts Entscheidungen, die …” „… eine Person diskriminieren, unvermeidbar sind, legt das Employment Discrimination Law fest, unter …” „… . § 1981 (Equal Rights under the Law); The Civil Rights Act of 1866, 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (Civil Action for …”

Facial Classifications S. 268-275

„… Diskriminierungsschutz um das Merkmal der sexuellen Ausrichtung zu erweitern; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment …” „… Discrimination Law, S. 94. 1222 vgl. beispielsweise die von Präsident Clinton erlassene Executive Order 13087 …” „… notwendig ist ( it shall not be an unlawful employment practice … to hire and employ … on the basis of …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 383-418

„… , Employment Discrimination Law, Problems, Cases and Critical Perspectives, 1. Auflage, Upper Saddle River, NJ …” „… , 2005 (McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law) Medicus, Dieter, Allgemeiner Teil des …” „… (Heft 11), S. 540 Player, Mack A., Federal Law of Employment Discrimination, St. Paul, MN, 2004 (Player …”

Disparate Treatment S. 275-287

„… 858 (5th Cir. 1993). 1281 McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination Law, S. 31. 1282 …” „… Bezug auf die Konditionen und Bedingungen eines Arbeitsverhältnisses (terms and conditions of employment …” „… ); Manning v. Chevron Chemical Co., LLC, 332 F.3d 874 (5th Cir. 2003); Hill v. Mississippi State Employment …”

Working Environment und Harassment S. 326-336

„… . Zweitens muss er eine nachteilige arbeitsrechtliche Entscheidung (adverse employment action) nachweisen …” „… während des Ermittlungsverfahrens gegeben sein; vgl. McDonald/Ravitch/Sumners, Employment Discrimination …” „… Law, S. 172. …”

Compensation S. 310-320

„… , Schadensersatz und Erstattung der Anwaltskosten.1421 C. Terms and Conditions of Employment Die Bedingungen und …” „… Konditionen eines Arbeitsverhältnisses (terms and conditions of employment) werden ebenfalls durch …” „… . beispielhaft Berry v. Board of Supervisors of L.S.U. , 715 F.2d 971 (5th Cir. 1983). 1444 Lawrence v. CNF …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206530

Olaf Deinert - International Labour Law under the Rome Conventions

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Olaf Deinert

International Labour Law under the Rome Conventions

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

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9 Law governing employment contracts S. 94-176

„… individual parts of the employment relationship to different laws or agree on a choice of law only for parts …” „… 9 Law governing employment contracts I. Overview …” „… example, German law were cho- 1 Lagarde, Rev.crit.DIP 1991, 287, 300. 9 Law governing employment contracts …”

2 Sources of law for determining the applicable employment law S. 15-27

„… determining the applicable employment law 25 20 21 22 23 24 flict-of laws-rule, to come into play. Nor yet is …” „… International law drafted a proposal for a uniform law for conflict-of-laws rules in employment law. This …” „… , with the result that there may be further employment law directives containing conflict-of-laws rules …”

1 Subject-matter, Objectives and methods S. 1-14

„… international employment law. In that connection an introductory approach to the conflict-of-laws question will …” „… overarching the conflict-of-laws rules applicable to employment law will be discussed (paragraphs 21 et seq …” „… .). II. Conflict-of-laws issues and rules for determining the applicable law The German employment …”

4 Classification S. 38-59

„… conflict-of-laws point of view which will scarcely be the case in international employment law (see Section 6 …” „… laws do not provide for application of the employment-law provisions. In Spain Ley 20/2007 on …” „… Chapter 2: General doctrines of private international law of relevance to employment law The …”

11 Creation of the contract S. 251-260

„… Chapter 4: Scope of the law applicable to the employment contract In this Chapter the scope of the …” „… law applicable to the employment contract will be discussed. Matters which relate to questions of the …” „… law. The chapter begins with the coming into existence of the employment contract (Section 11), moving …”

13 Legal succession and termination of the employment relationship S. 319-361

„… . Chapter 4: Scope of the law applicable to the employment contract 320 2 3 4 dertaking by the seller or …” „… accordance with the law applicable to the employment contract.31 For the question in that connection is as to …” „… inferred therefrom. Since in the case of a European law applicable to the employment contract the …”

8 Law governing formal validity S. 85-93

„… governed by the law applicable to the employment contract.1 Referral in respect of formal validity covers …” „… (paragraph 12). I. Substantive law The conclusion of employment contracts is, to a very large extent, free …” „… agreements as to written form are frequently only of a declaratory nature.2 In Norwegian employment law as …”

12 Contents of the employment relationship S. 261-318

„… indirectly in employment law in terms of the conflict of laws by way of the internationally binding …” „… , in particular employment protection law (paragraphs 59 et seq.), equal treatment and …” „… (paragraphs 136 et seq). I. Performance of work Substantive law Under all legal systems the employment …”

10 Special connecting rules S. 177-250

„… laws of the place where the plant is established, irrespective of the law applicable to the employment …” „… III. Implications as to the treatment of public-law employment law . . . . . . . . 110 1. Stating the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 b) Private employment law …”

7 Capacity and contractual capability S. 79-84

„… questions relating to the employment relationship, whether those issues are governed by the law applicable …” „… to the employment contract or by another applicable law; they also inquire to what extent special …” „… specific employment-law interpretation (paragraph 15). I. Substantive law German law is based on the …”

DIRECTIVE 96/71/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Posting Directive) S. 445-454

„… Terms and conditions of employment 1. Member States shall ensure that, whatever the law applicable to …” „… also without prejudice to national laws relating to the entry, residence and access to employment of …” „… of the employment relationship raises problems with regard to the legislation applicable to the …”

16 International jurisdiction and application of law problems S. 409-416

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Typical problem cases in employment law …” „… employment-law point of view, it is noteworthy that a claim against the employer may be brought to the courts of …” „… bis Regulation. Relevant in that connection to employment law is, in particular the jurisdiction of …”

5 Public policy S. 60-69

„… ). That comes up in all areas of PIL, including in employment law. The number of examples from employment …” „… presupposes a certain connection with the forum (see Section 10 paragraph 36); in terms of employment law …” „… international employment law with it, elaborated a self-standing unilateral referring rule calling upon …”

14 Post-termination effects of the employment contract S. 362-367

„… inferred from general principles of contract law (for instance, the employment law principle of equal …” „… See Däubler, RIW 1987, 249, 255. Chapter 4: Scope of the law applicable to the employment contract …” „… obligation under the employment contract which would render it subject to the law applicable to the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXVI

„… Franz Gamillscheg asked me whether I would like to write a new book about international employment law …” „… Gamillscheg systematically analysed international employment law for the German legal system on a …” „… employment-law practitioners an overview and guidance in order to understand international employment law …”

Register S. 501-504

„… agreement 255 ancillary duties 265, 266, 284, 285 antidiscrimination law 294, 297–299 applicable employment …” „… inter-regional employment law 7 internal market situation 37 international conventions 21, 25 international …” „… employment law 4 international jurisdiction 2, 51, 409–415 – Brussels I bis Regulation 409–412, 414, 415 …”

15 Industrial action S. 368-408

„… the law applicable to industrial action of the law applicable to the tortious liability of employment …” „… : Scope of the law applicable to the employment contract 370 3 rules.15 This in turn is conducive to the …” „… paragraph 2. Chapter 4: Scope of the law applicable to the employment contract 372 5 der systems that from …”

COM(2016) 128 final S. 485-500

„… employees to choose the law applicable to the employment contract. However, the employee must not be …” „… Regulation, the law of the host Member Sates therefore applies to the employment contract of such posted …” „… . Member States shall ensure that, whatever the law applicable to the employment relationship, the …”

6 Further questions under the General Part S. 70-78

„… employment law. The first issue to be dealt with concerns the legal sequence. The conflict rule refers either …” „… employment contract law, there was an assumption that a choice of law entailed a substantive-law referral …” „… individual employment law were total referrals. Under Paragraph 5 of the PIL law a renvoi was also …”

DIRECTIVE 2014/67/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Enforcement Directive) S. 455-484

„… terms and conditions of employment and/or which parts of their national and/or regional law are to be …” „… those under national law regarding the protection or employment of workers provided that the latter are …” „… accordance with national law and/or practice, the setting of the terms and conditions of employment of posted …”

3 Influences of European Union law S. 28-37

„… European level such as company law or collective employment law. I. Conflict-of-laws rules under Union law …” „… applicable employment law which must now be examined. Apart from the hierarchy of European norms, of which …” „… law which for the most part are of no significance to employment law. Only the directive on the …”

REGULATION (EU) No 1215/2012 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Brussels I bis) S. 441-444

„… of a relationship deemed by the law applicable to such relationship to have comparable effects to …” „… determined by the law of that Member State. 2. As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Member …” „… Jurisdiction over individual contracts of employment Article 20 1. In matters relating to individual contracts …”

REGULATION (EC) No 593/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL (Rome I) S. 417-438

„… paragraph 2, only the following laws may be chosen by the parties in accordance with Article 3: (a) the law …” „… may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred …” „… on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845278605

Alexander Bruns, Yuanshi Bu, Hanno Merkt, Sonja Meier, Michael Pawlik, Eiji Takahashi, Silja Vöneky, Jan von Hein - Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society

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Alexander Bruns (ed.), Yuanshi Bu (ed.), Hanno Merkt (ed.), Sonja Meier (ed.), Michael Pawlik (ed.), Eiji Takahashi (ed.), Silja Vöneky (ed.), Jan von Hein (ed.)

Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society

Series: Recht in Ostasien

Volume 19 2021

Results in this title

Sebastian Krebber Dynamic Work Processes and Competitive Pressure in Labor and Employment Law S. 389-414

„… analyze the ma- A. 1 Krebber, Characteristic Patterns of Labour and Employment Law’s Reaction to Conflicts …” „… Dynamic Work Processes and Competitive Pressure in Labor and Employment Law Sebastian Krebber …” „… Introduction Labor and employment law have been developed to protect the employee who is considered to being …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Competitive Pressure in Labor and Employment Law 389 Sebastian Krebber The Relation of Supranational and …” „… : Methodology of Statutory Interpretation 77 Joon-Kyu Choi Enterprise LawSection II The Duty of Loyalty 87 Jan …” „… Private Law and Civil Procedure LawSection III Cultural Identity and Private International Law 151 Jan von …”

Jan Felix Hoffmann Digital Data in Insolvency Proceedings S. 255-278

„… accompanied by an intensive legal debate on how to treat data in Private Law.1 The European Commission has …” „… States’ Jan Felix Hoffmann 256 External Insolvency Protection Overview On a regular basis insolvency law …” „… basis or the law could state a compulsory insurance. The protected creditor’s access to a separate …”

Jan Lieder The Duty of Loyalty S. 85-114

„… good faith idea from a more specific duty of loyalty in corporate and employment law and framed a …” „… Section II Enterprise Law The Duty of Loyalty - Fiduciary Duty, General Legal Concept, Corporate …” „… company law requires managers and directors as well as shareholders to act in the best interest of the …”

Sonja Meier Policing Contracts in the Course of Time S. 377-388

„… European Contract Laws, 2018, Art 15:103, [2]-[3]. For French law, see Art 1184 (2) Code civil …” „… Private Law/McKendrick (fn 26), [8.253]-[8.254]; see also Art 15:103 PECL. 47 See Zweigert/Kötz (fn 15 …” „… considered to be illegal or immoral because they infringe, in one way or another, the law, public policy, or …”

Ok-Rial Song Inquiry on Unexpected Development of Bestellung v. Anstellung in Korea S. 115-130

„… corporate law doctrines. The organizational Bestellung v. contractual Anstellung is one of such examples …” „… Anstellung in German corporate law and furthermore, between organizational act and contractual relationship …” „… corporate law doctrines. The Bestellung v. Anstellung is one of such examples in German and Korean corporate …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748925842

Victoria Asaba Chege - Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

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Victoria Asaba Chege

Multidimensional Discrimination in EU Law: Sex, Race and Ethnicity

Series: Arbeits- und Sozialrecht

Volume 118 2011

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Beyond equality law – structural intersectionality at the interface of anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European Employment Strategy (EES) S. 338-347

„… Employment, p. 2. 246 On (new) governance see C. Scott, ‘Governing without law or governing without …” „… domestic implications of European soft law’, p. 485. 264 Council, Joint Employment Report 2008/2009, Ref …” „… only one strand in a holistic approach to addressing inequality.’245 III. Beyond equality law …”

Legislative framework S. 231-250

„… .; N.M. Selwyn, Selwyn’s Law of Employment, 14 ed., Oxford: OUP, 2006, p. 112 ff and 175 ff.; M. Malik …” „… Bull 717, July 2003, 2-16; Selwyn, Selwyn’s Law of Employment, p. 140 ff, where he discusses the …” „… law’, in A Morris and T O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law, London: Cavendish …”

Material scope S. 164-166

„… life.229 Thus in employment, the material scope of EU equality law now covers access to employment …” „… context.236 The Employment Framework Directive is only a labour law instrument. The Commission has …” „… 164So far, this duty is employment related, although the Commission proposes to extend it to the …”

Addressing inconsistencies S. 317-326

„… for anti-discrimination law’, in A Morris and T O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment …” „… grounds which prevail within the framework of the enumerated list contained in EU equality law. It thus …” „… equality law. In relation to that, this study interprets Degeler and Winkler’s approach to be suggesting …”

The inconsistent levels of protection S. 189-205

„… is employment law, then any multidimensional claims beyond employment will be militated against. The …” „… Framework Directive on equal treatment in employment,’ p. 127. 113 Hepple, ‘Race and law in fortress Europe …” „… the extent that they are protected by law. Where grounds are accorded different levels of protection …”

Sex S. 136-142

„… Regulation 1612/68/EEC which relates to employment and equal treatment.8 The prohibition on nationality …” „… case law, starting with Martinez Sala10 saga, where ECJ linked the possession of Union Citizenship to …” „… market unifier to fundamental right?’, in P. Craig and G. De Búrca, The Evolution of EU Law, Oxford: OUP …”

Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law S. 335-338

„… between gender and “race”’, in Morris and O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law, at …” „… Employment, p. 2. 246 On (new) governance see C. Scott, ‘Governing without law or governing without …” „… 335II. Redressing the social context through anti-discrimination law Structural intersectionality …”

Literature S. 377-412

„… Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 SCR 497 Olarte v. DeFilippis and …” „… anti-discrimination law’ in A Morris and T O´Donell (eds) Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law, London: Cavendish …” „… ., ‘Substantive equality’, CLJ, 2000, vol. 59, 562-585. Barnard, C., EC Employment Law, 3 ed., Oxford: OUP, 2006 …”

Enforcement S. 166-170

„… 76/207/EEC, not only during an employment relationship, but also afterwards. This case-law was later …” „… within the private and family sphere, and transactions executed in that context.236 The Employment …” „… Framework Directive is only a labour law instrument. The Commission has proposed a directive to extend the …”

Exceptions S. 170-176

„… family laws The Employment Framework Directive is furthermore without prejudice to national marriage and …” „… family laws of the Member States of the EU,310 a development which was already inherent in case law on …” „… not a mere option.267 The Race and Employment Framework Directives are still subject to judicial …”

Growth of grounds and multidimensionality S. 26-28

„… 26B. Practical implications and relevance for EU Equality Law I. Growth of grounds and …” „… other grounds other than sex and nationality, EU equality law was consequently enriched by the adoption …” „… of the Race16 and Employment Framework17 directives in the year 2000. With these two instruments, the …”

Legislative framework S. 256-270

„… Employment Law. 197 S. Fredman, ‘Positive rights and positive duties: Addressing intersectionality’, in …” „… concerned). 265However, unlike EU equality law at the moment, beyond employment, all grounds apart from …” „… the Labour Market’, in Morris and O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law, p, 156 …”

The concepts and conceptions in equality law S. 326-333

„… ) (c). 207 C. Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 336; Schiek, ‘Indirect discrimination’, in Schiek et al …” „… also be responsible for employment-related discrimination cases. To overcome remaining weaknesses, it …” „… , is to be recommended.185 III. The concepts and conceptions in equality law The weaknesses and …”

Research question S. 23-26

„… Employment Law, Oxford: OUP, 2006, p. 335 f. 15 Eg McCrudden, ‘The new concepts of Equality’, p. 22 …” „… equality law was consequently enriched by the adoption of the Race16 and Employment Framework17 directives …” „… critique of anti-discrimination law doctrine, feminist theory, and anti-racist politics’, University of …”

Religion or belief, disability, age, sexual orientation S. 150-155

„… 1. Binding measures The Framework Employment Directive which was adopted in 2000106 prohibits …” „… grounds it addresses. The Framework Directive is employment related. The Commission has passed a draft …” „… The proposal reciprocates the above-mentioned reference to multiple discrimination.108 2. Soft law …”

Concept of discrimination S. 156-164

„… . 40. 176 For a brief look at possible approaches see C. Barnard, EC Employment Law, 3 ed., Oxford: OUP …” „… final {SEC (2008) 2180}. 225 Directive 2006/54/EC. 226 Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 344 f.; Ellis, EU …” „… equality law. These include harassment and sexual harassment, instructions to discriminate, and the duty to …”

The United Kingdom S. 113-121

„… Employment Law, London: Cavendish, 1999, 139-160; F. Anthias and N. Yuval-Davis, Racialised Boundaries. Race …” „… Employment Law. 225 Phizacklea, ‘Gender, racism and occupational segregation’, in Walby (ed.), Gender …” „… , employment and segregation.163 2. Education Statistics on the General Certificate of Secondary Education …”

Provisions on multidimensionality S. 179-182

„… Fredman (ed.), Discrimination and Human Rights, 251-307; C. Barnard, EC Employment Law, 3 ed., Oxford: OUP …” „… 179Chapter 5 Addressing the intersections of sex and racial discrimination in EU equality law A …” „… Directive) and Council Directive 2000/78/EC (Employment Framework Directive),3 to a certain extent therefore …”

Enforcement S. 205-217

„… Perspectives on Employment Law, London: Cavendish, 1999, 139-160, at 156; also Hannett, Equality at the …” „… and “race”in the labour market’, in Morris and O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law …” „… Combat Discrimination outside Employment, p. 12; Bell, Extending EU Anti-Discrimination Law, p. 15; FRA …”

USA S. 61-76

„… employment law into a many-headed hydra impossible to contain within Title VII.194 It further worried that if …” „… Roseberry, The Limits of Employment Discrimination Law, p. 335; Areheart, Intersectionality revisted, p. 22 …” „… ; Roseberry, The Limits of Employment Discrimination Law, p. 337. 198 Compare with Shoben, ‘Compound …”

Conclusion and final theses S. 349-376

„… , 615 F 2d 1025 (5th Cir 1980). 3 Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 SCR …” „… the fact that it is rooted in law,34 which implies that it reflects the weaknesses that inhibit law’s …” „… market in a number of areas like pay, income rates, employment and labour participation rates, positions …”

Approach of UK Courts S. 250-256

„… labour market’, in Morris and O´Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law. 197 S. Fredman …” „… decided against by the need to keep ‘the essentially comparative nature of British discrimination law …” „… , which reflects the fact that discrimination law is by its nature generally about equal treatment rather …”

Conceptual structure S. 182-189

„… Fredman (ed.), Discrimination and Human Rights, 251-307; C. Barnard, EC Employment Law, 3 ed., Oxford: OUP …” „… see Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 337. 24 Case C-294/04 Sarkatzio v. Herrero Instituto Madrileño de …” „… factor is employment law, then any multidimensional claims beyond employment will be militated against …”

Personal scope S. 164

„… 164So far, this duty is employment related, although the Commission proposes to extend it to the …” „… already discussed. Thus the personal scope of the Race and Employment Framework Directives does not extend …” „… the recent broadening of the scope of EU equality law, there has been an extension of the material …”

Canada S. 76-85

„… , at 645-646. 289 Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 SCR 497. 82In this …” „… , vol. 13, 37-73. 297 Grabham, ‘Law v Canada.’ 298 Law v. Canada (minister of Employment and Immigration …” „… 76cases, the single-ground approach is still evident in case law.247 As seen above, traces of the …”

List of acronyms and abbreviations S. 17-22

„… ERCL European Review of Contract Law ESF European Social Fund ET Employment Tribunal EUMAP European …” „… Tribunal BCLR British Columbia Law Reports (Canada)/ Butterworths Constitutional Law Reports (S Africa …” „… CHRR Canadian Human Rights Reporter CJWL Canadian Journal Women and Law CLJ Cambridge Law Journal CLR …”

Racial or ethnic origin S. 142-150

„… to case-law from the UK courts, the essential features of an ethnic group are a long shared history …” „… and Employment: Exclusion, Discrimination and Anti-Discrimination of the 15 Member States of the …” „… .), Discrimination Law Handbook, 2 ed., London: LAG, 2007, nos. 3.36-3.40; J. Gerards, ‘Discrimination grounds’, in D …”

Post 2000 S. 222-226

„… 222example have been developed in the case law of the ECJ on sex equality. Cases like Defrenne,294 …” „… compatibility with the age provisions of Council Directive 2000/78/EC of national law provisions on part-time …” „… , an asymmetric approach which is characteristic of the case law of the ECJ could have been adopted to …”

Nationality provisions S. 135-136

„… domestic implications of European soft law: Framing and transmitting change in employment policy’, ELJ …” „… to interpret directives in line with EU law after the expiry of the implementation period.4 …” „… Recommendations and other soft law measures have no binding force, but they might entail a certain level of …”

Methods S. 34-36

„… employment law, equality law has ramifications for different legal fields including among others contract law …” „… 34The incorporation of the relevant case-law from both countries is part and parcel of this …” „… non-discrimination and most notably, EU equality law, cannot be limited to a particular field.81 Apart from …”

Methodology S. 32-34

„… employment law, equality law has ramifications for different legal fields including among others contract law …” „… intersectionality, has received almost equal attention from legal and sociological scholars forcing law to take …” „… non-essentialist approach to grounds in law and policy. The objective of the third, fourth and fifth sections will …”

Possible reasons for the lack of attention S. 226-228

„… Gender. Women, Law and Politics, London, New York: Verso, 1996, p. 50; J. Kenner, EU Employment Law: From …” „… into force of the Employment Framework Directive.332 In the Grant case of 1998, a same-sex partner who …” „… successfully claim protection from discrimination under Community law, since sexual orientation was not a …”

Evaluation and conclusion S. 85-88

„… statutes intended;324 the Court in Judge was reluctant to turn employment law into a many headed hydra …” „… addressed at a higher level than in the US per se, the subsequent case law of the Supreme Court under …” „… Canadian legal system are concerned that the approach of the Court in later cases will deny the law of a …”

Peculiarities of EU equality law S. 217-220

„… outside Employment, p. 12; Bell, Extending EU Anti-Discrimination Law, p. 15; FRA, Annual Report 2008, p …” „… . 19 f. 264 See FRA, Annual Report 2008, p. 19 f. 265 See discussion in Barnard, EC Employment Law, p …” „… ; Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 344 f.; Ellis, EU Anti-Discrimination Law, p. 217 f. 268 See also Burrows …”

Reasons for disadvantage: Beyond discrimination S. 131-133

„… equally relevant when addressing intersectional discrimination in EU equality law. This observation might …” „… equality law might want to analyse the effectiveness of the EU nationality provisions as entailed in …” „… persons of substantive protection. In EU law, this observation is reflected in the prohibition of …”

Conceptual structure: Additive and intersectional discrimination S. 45-51

„… her comparative study of employment discrimination law in the USA and the European Community (EC …” „… Germany by the General Equal Treatment 25 L.M. Roseberry, The Limits of Employment Discrimination Law in …” „… 45binding and are often randomly applied by courts. Thus the case law of the ECJ on positive action …”

Interim findings S. 176-177

„… primary law provisions as contained in Article 3 (3) TEU and Article 8 TFEU envisage a hierarchy in favour …” „… of sex equality. The secondary law instruments on equal treatment of persons however prioritise the …” „… and sexual harassment in EU equality law does not require a comparator test. Some cases like pregnancy …”

Preliminary remarks S. 129-130

„… ; Jandl et al, Migrants, Minorities and Employment, p. 53. 299 EOC, Report of EOC’s Investigation, 2007, p …” „… the labour market. The labour market participation and employment rates, rates of participation in …” „… vocational training, pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In …”

Reasons for restricted approach S. 279-291

„… orientation was prohibited. This was also noted in EU equality law where cases involving age and sex were …” „… the existing law is more fit for the first generation racial and sexual discrimination, which was more …” „… intersections of race, ethnicity, gender.’ 326 Bahl v. The Law Society [2004] EWCA Civ 1070 (Court of Appeal …”

Need for a religious dimension? S. 130-131

„… . The labour market participation and employment rates, rates of participation in vocational training …” „… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… position can therefore only be remedied when equality law refrains from adopting a single-issue approach to …”

Introducing a provision on multidimensionality S. 293-317

„… been subjected to the same sorts of discrimination 12 Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and …” „… . Barnard, EC Employment Law, 3 ed., Oxford: OUP, 2006, p. 333. 60 Pothier, ‘Connecting grounds of …” „… , CETS 177 (effective 1 April 2005). 121 See for example Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 315, with further …”

German courts S. 270-276

„… . German courts With the coming into force of the AGG, German law has embarked on a substantive approach to …” „… . It is at the moment however too early to assess case law under the § 4 of the AGG. In 2007, a year …” „… Protection Against Discrimination in Civil Law. Compare with ibid. 267 See note 265 above. 268 See press …”

Effects of gender and ethnicity S. 130

„… . The labour market participation and employment rates, rates of participation in vocational training …” „… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… position can therefore only be remedied when equality law refrains from adopting a single-issue approach to …”

Intra-group differences S. 130

„… . The labour market participation and employment rates, rates of participation in vocational training …” „… , pay gap, positions held at jobs and sector of employment vary by ethnicity and sex. In most instances …” „… position can therefore only be remedied when equality law refrains from adopting a single-issue approach to …”

Legislative framework S. 276-279

„… and O’Donell (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Employment Law; Monaghan, Equality Law, p. 192 para. 5.03 …” „… employment policy and her less favourable treatment.302 The Labour Court of Wiesbaden could as a consequence …” „… UK anti-discrimination law at the moment contains no explicit prohibition on multidimensionality and …”

Multidimensionality and the principle of equality and non discrimination S. 28-31

„… Forum, 2003, vol. 4, 9-29, p. 9 f.; Barnard, EC Employment Law, p. 319. 57 Case C-442/00 Caballero, para …” „… EU law? II. Multidimensionality and the principle of equality and non discrimination The above …” „… Community law’.39 In addition to the above, the principle of equality and non-discrimination underpins the …”

Position of ethnic minority women beyond education and the labour market S. 133-134

„… 133Thus as far as possible, EU equality law must take into account the specific nature of the …” „… areas identified above: discrimination in employment has an impact on housing conditions; poor housing …” „… disadvantage in the areas identified and beyond. In the words of Fredman, ‘to confine equality to employment …”

Assessment and challenges S. 177-178

„… 177EU Equality law demands that sanctions are effective, dissuasive and proportionate to damages …” „… multidimensional discrimination. C. Assessment and challenges EU law has not yet addressed multidimensional …” „… discrimination at a binding level. The pre-2000 approach was basically fragmented, although a number of soft law …”

Table of cases S. 377

„… Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1999] 1 SCR 497 Olarte v. DeFilippis and …” „… Branch) (1989), 19 CHRR D/5871 Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia (1989) 1 SCR 143 Birchall v …”

Concluding remarks S. 347-348

„… OMC measures in alienation of or in antagonism with hard law, and most notably with the EU directives …” „… has attempted to throw light on how structural intersectionality can be addressed in EU equality law …” „… policies beyond equality law into which equality concerns can be mainstreamed and an intersectional …”

Final remarks S. 229-230

„… Employment Law, 143-147; Rommelspacher, ‘Gender, Race, Class’ 26-29; A. McColgan, Just Wages for Women …” „… inherent in the exceptions contained in the directives, which have served as the basis for case law of the …” „… ECJ on the matter.352 Of particular relevance to multidimensional equality law is the observation that …”

Issues not addressed S. 228-229

„… Employment Law, 143-147; Rommelspacher, ‘Gender, Race, Class’ 26-29; A. McColgan, Just Wages for Women …” „… on National, Supranational and International Non-Discrimination Law, Chapter 2 (185-322), pp. 257 ff …” „… Non-Discrimination Law, 137-161. 349 ECRI general policy recommendation no. 3 on combating racism and intolerance …”

Research objective S. 31-32

„… primary EU law62 and envisages the accession of the EU63 to the European Convention for the Protection of …” „… non-discrimination of EU equality law. C. Research objective The objective of this study is to contribute …” „… theoretically and practically to the development and growth of EU equality law, by specifically focusing on the …”

Table of Contents S. 9-16

„… anti-discrimination law and other policies – The European Employment Strategy (EES) 338 1. Any impact? 340 2 …” „… EU Equality Law 26 I. Growth of grounds and multidimensionality 26 II. Multidimensionality and the …” „… framework 65 3. The approach of courts 66 4. Legal theory and critique of USA equality law 71 5. Interim …”

Identifying the socio-context S. 333-335

„… 333B. Addressing structural intersectional discrimination in EU equality law Structural …” „… socio-economic situation of a particular intersectional group; (ii) using existing equality law instruments to …” „… address this context; (iii) identifying relevant policies beyond anti-discrimination law and integrating …”

Background S. 43-45

„… critique of the single-ground or single-issue approach, that anti-discrimination law and other human rights …” „… Black women’s employment experiences2 as well as violence experienced by women of colour3 as the …” „… mostly based on sex and race, urges equality law to capture the complex interplay between the grounds of …”

Pre 2000 S. 220-222

„… contrary to Community law. Neither the claimants nor the ECJ considered the sex dimensions involved in the …” „… self-employment under the relevant Europe Agreements.289 Like in the above-mentioned case, sex equality matters …” „… to exist, as long as they meet the requirements imposed by Community law. See in particular Articles …”

Shortcomings and limitations S. 37-39

„… 37Chapter 7 examines how EU equality law can be construed to address the specific position of …” „… undertaking. Indeed, scholars on comparative law like Zweigert et al sometimes warn against attempts to cover …” „… many different legal systems as this may instead lead to what they term as the law of diminishing …”

Assessment of conceptual structure S. 51-53

„… Chege (eds), European Union Discrimination Law, p. 32. 65 Case C-320/00 Lawrence and Others v. Regent …” „… . This work thus maintains the view that as far as EU equality law is concerned, the conceptual …” „… intersectional discrimination prevail more in EU secondary and soft law equality instruments, though they remain …”

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