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Hendrik Schulze - Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

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Hendrik Schulze

Exploring the Uncharted Waters of European Competition Law 4.0

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 81 2021

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H. The immanence of data processing by online platforms – an extension of the so-called “Immanenztheorie” to Art. 102 TFEU S. 129-133

„… “Immanenztheorie” to Art. 102 TFEU The previous chapter has shown that the competition authorities have both the …” „… platforms like Facebook might escape the application of Art. 102 TFEU, nonetheless. More precisely, it shall …” „… could be realized is an extension of the so-called immanence theory (“Immanenztheorie”) to Art. 102 TFEU …”

F. The interplay between big data and data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the Bundeskartellamt`s Facebook case in the context of European competiti... S. 86-121

„… The interplay between big data and data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to …” „… normative yardstick, especially for Art. 102 TFEU. In the following section, this possibility as seen in the …” „… internalized by or incorporated within Art. 102 TFEU and is such an approach – by which data protection and …”

D. The relation between data protection and competition law S. 56-69

„… Art. 102 TFEU. Nevertheless, in some areas privacy concerns do play a role when it comes to …” „… parallels in particular between the GDPR and Art. 102 TFEU will be elaborated (more under II. 2.). Lastly …” „… TFEU is one of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market.193 Thus …”

C. Overview of the core legal framework S. 41-55

„… consists of data protection and competition law. More precisely, the European GDPR and Art. 102 of the TFEU …” „… constitute the core legal framework for this work. The following part will first elaborate Art. 102 TFEU …” „… the Functioning of the European Union Generally speaking, Art. 102 TFEU deals with the unilateral …”

A. Introduction S. 13-19

„… Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), on which this dissertation will be focused, came …” „… . 102 TFEU was the former Art. 86 of Treaty establishing the European Economic Community signed March 25 …” „… of Lisbon from 2007. The wording of Art. 86 (nowadays Art. 102 TFEU) remained essentially the same …”

J. Final conclusion and future prospects S. 153-158

„… more precisely Art. 102 TFEU faces new challenges due to the data-driven business models in the digital …” „… aimed to answer the question as to whether Art. 102 TFEU should receive normative guidance from rules …” „… . 102 TFEU. With regard to the assessment of dominance, access to big data can constitute a barrier to …”

G. Competence and expertise of competition authorities to enforce compliance with data protection law through competition law sanctions S. 122-128

„… (EC) No. 1/2003,446 based on its abusive character in the sense of Art. 102 TFEU, could in principle …” „… sense of Art. 102 TFEU cannot in itself be sufficient to sanction the behaviour under the competition …” „… have the power to bring infringements of Art. 101 and 102 TFEU to an end. Hence, once a certain 446 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… data protection considerations and Art. 102 TFEU in order to regulate “platform power” – the …” „… Protection Regulation as a normative yardstick for Art. 102 TFEU I. 87 Big data and data protection …” „… considerations as criteria for the establishment of dominance under Art. 102 TFEU 1. 88 The extent of data …”

E. The Facebook case of the Bundeskartellamt S. 70-85

„… required under Sec. 19 ARC – the German equivalent to Art. 102 TFEU.307 Especially fundamental rights such …” „… German Federal Court of Justice 83 of Art. 267 TFEU.309 The ECJ shall now clarify whether a violation of …” „… “core provision” of European competition law – meaning Art. 102 TFEU – will be discussed next. 316 See …”

Bibliography S. 159-178

„… , “Testing Art. 102 TFEU in the Digital Marketplace“, Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 2018 …” „… Article 102 TFEU”, available on the internet under https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id …”

B. Big data and the digital economy S. 20-40

„… contractual performance, this behavior might be classified as abusive under Art. 102 (2) (a) TFEU. Behind this …” „… as abusive under Art. 102 (2) (a) TFEU. On this basis it must then be seen as equally abusive, if the …”

I. The classification of online platforms like Facebook as a natural monopoly sui generis and the problems arising from it S. 134-152

„… theory to Art. 102 TFEU. However, besides regulating dominant internet platforms through an …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748921370

Shira Becker-Alon - The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

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Shira Becker-Alon

The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 83 2011

Results in this title

The conclusion of Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. S. 275-276

„… Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP. Article 295 of the …” „… TFEU provides for the first time a legal treaty basis for IIAs by explicitly authorizing the EP, the …” „… , the IIAs are not listed in Article 288 of the TFEU as one of the “legal acts of the Union”, the same …”

The Court of Justice of the European Union and the justiciability of the CFSP S. 265-268

„… of the TFEU,1138 when it comes to restrictive measures adopted on the basis of Article 215 of the …” „… TFEU, whch are implementing CFSP decisions and are, thus, more “foreign policy-motivated” measures, the …” „… persons and entities associated with Osama bin Laden on the basis of Article 215(2) of the TFEU, the EP …”

Adoption of restrictive measures by the EU against third countries S. 276-279

„… third countries According to Article 215(1) of the TFEU – whereby a Decision adopted in accordance with …” „… TEC the Council acts on a proposal from the Commission, Article 215(1) of the TFEU provides for new …” „… , necessary “European regulations or decisions” – the TFEU refers to the adoption of “necessary measures …”

The Treaty of Lisbon: the integration of the pillar structure? S. 246-251

„… the TEU on police and judicial cooperation in legal order – is integrated into the TFEU (Chapter 4 …” „… clear that the Union shall be founded on both the (amended) TEU and the TFEU, which shall have the same …” „… Article 1(2) TFEU). Although the reference in the TCT to the Union exercising the competences conferred on …”

The conclusion of international agreements by the Union within the CFSP framework. S. 274-275

„… . Instead, the procedure relevant for CFSP is anchored amongst the provisions of the TFEU’s title dedicated …” „… competence of the Union provided by Article 216(1) of the TFEU, which also gives a treaty basis for the idea …” „… to international agreements (Articles 218(2) and (3) TFEU). Accordingly, where the agreement …”

The European Parliament (EP) S. 263-265

„… Commission in accordance with Article 234 TFEU (Article 17(8), amended TEU). 1132 The explicit reference to …” „… situation under the CFSP, within the framework of the Union’s external action under the TFEU, the role and …” „… of measures defining the framework for implementing the CCP (Article 207(2) TFEU); it will be …”

Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP S. 272-274

„… procedure relevant for CFSP is anchored amongst the provisions of the TFEU’s title dedicated to …” „… are found in Article 314 of the TFEU, which abolishes the distinction between compulsory and …” „… (Articles 314(2)(3) TFEU). The Parliament may then approve the position of the Council or adopt amendments …”

The European Commission S. 260-263

„… the provisions of the Union’s external action within the TFEU.1125 At the same time, within the …” „… the provisions of the CCP (Article 207(3) TFEU); making a proposal for a decision by the Council when …” „… the situation in a third country requires urgent financial assistance (Article 213 TFEU); taking any …”

The Treaty of Lisbon S. 46-47

„… delimitation of Union competences, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union(TFEU) establishes a …” „… areas of exclusive (Article 3 TFEU), shared (Article 4 TFEU) and supporting and coordinating (Article 6 …” „… TFEU) competences. Article 2 of the TFEU defines how these categories of competences are to be deployed …”

Legal instruments and voting procedures under the CFSP S. 268-270

„… are all located under Title V of Part Three of the TFEU.1151IV. Legal instruments and voting …” „… “shall be binding only on them” (Article 288, paragraph 4, TFEU). 1150 Crowe 2008, p. 185. 1151 At the …” „… same time, according to Article 276 TFEU, the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction in this field is …”

Assessment: uniform foreign policy and “one voice” for Europe? S. 279-282

„… on the basis of Article 215(2) of the TFEU1189 has already arisen. In an action brought by the EP …” „… content, the correct legal basis for the Regulation is Article 75 of the TFEU,1190 while in the Regulation …” „… application of Article 75 of the TFEU in relation to the adoption of restrictive measures against non-State …”

From the Constitution for Europe to the Treaty of Lisbon S. 244-246

„… , which will be renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the Treaty on the …” „… European Union(“amended TEU”) (together “the Treaties”). The agreement on the final text of the TFEU and …” „… the TEU on police and judicial cooperation in legal order – is integrated into the TFEU (Chapter 4 …”

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… under the TFEU. This is not the case, however, with regard to the CFSP and CSDP frameworks, in which the …” „… measures against natural or legal persons. It provides an explicit Treaty basis (Article 215(2) TFEU) to …” „… of those provisions. The scope of application of restrictive measures under Article 215 of the TFEU …”

The Council S. 254-256

„… – following the rejection of the Constitution – of not granting the amended TEU and the TFEU any …”

Bibliography S. 299-312

„… ). Verlag C.H. Beck. Article 216 AEUV (TFEU) Kiemel W (2003). In: Von der Groeben H & Schwarze J (eds …” „… Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union(EUV/AEUV). Carl Heymanns Verlag. Article 295 AEUV (TFEU). Koutrakos P (1998 …”

The European Council and its President S. 251-254

„… unanimity requirement, such as CFSP (see Article 333 of the TFEU); and the possibility to make use of …”

The position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy S. 256-260

„… granting the amended TEU and the TFEU any constitutional character.1110 Nevertheless, the double function …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… Interinstitutional Agreements (IIAs) in the TFEU and their influence on the role of the EP within the CFSP …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

Thomas Giegerich, Oskar Josef Gstrein, Sebastian Zeitzmann - The EU Between 'an Ever Closer Union' and Inalienable Policy Domains of Member States

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Thomas Giegerich (ed.), Oskar Josef Gstrein (ed.), Sebastian Zeitzmann (ed.)

The EU Between 'an Ever Closer Union' and Inalienable Policy Domains of Member States

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 80 2014

Results in this title

Sacha Garben The Failure to Protect Education as an Inalienable Policy Domain of EU Member States – A Critical Assessment of Article 165 TFEU on Education and Suggestions for Reform S. 513-534

„… Critical Assessment of Article 165 TFEU on Education and Suggestions for Reform* Sacha Garben1 A. The …” „… Janus-Faced Nature of Art. 165 TFEU: Serving the Two Masters of Authorisation and Restraint It has always …” „… in the educational field also shows in the first paragraph of Art. 165 TFEU: “The Union shall …”

Torsten Stein National Constitutional Reservations with Respect to Internal Security Policy S. 201-209

„… finds Art. 72 TFEU, which says: “This Title (and that is Title V on the Area of Freedom, Security and …” „… subsequent Art. 73 TFEU, which says that “[i]t shall be open to Member States to organise between themselves …” „… “internal” (Art. 72 TFEU) and “national” (Art. 73 TFEU) security. The leading commentaries are not overly …”

Helle Krunke, Felix Schulyok National Citizenship and EU Citizenship: What Actual Competence is Left for the Member States in the Field of Citizenship? S. 107-152

„… . According to Art. 20 TFEU,7 Union Citizenship is additional to national citizenship and holding the …” „… that such a situation, in which an EU Citizen could lose his or her rights attached to Art. 20 TFEU …” „… underlying question, i.e. the scope of application of Art. 20 TFEU even in situations traditionally seen as …”

Lyane Sautner The Europeanisation of Criminal Law and Procedure S. 291-296

„… Law and Victimology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. 2 Art. 4 TEU; Art. 67 TFEU. 292 …” „… nature or impact of such offences or from a special need to combat these offences. Art. 83(1) TFEU …” „… . This regulation, which is laid down in Art. 83(2) TFEU, draws on implied powers. It is not a parent …”

Maria Kaiafa-Gbandi EU and National Constitutional Constraints with Respect to Criminal Policy and Criminal Law S. 247-291

„… See Art. 83 TFEU on minimum rules concerning criminal offences and sanctions. Also note the …” „… so-called “emergency brake clause” established under Arts. 82(3) and 83(3) TFEU; recognising fundamental …” „… implement a given European policy (Art. 83(2) TFEU); and also the question of supremacy of EU law. 252 …”

Suzanne Kingston All is Changed, Changed Utterly? – The Euro Crisis, the ECJ, and the Changing Nature of National Tax Sovereignty in the EU S. 153-187

„… political actor. 6 See (in relation to indirect taxation) Art. 113 TFEU; Art. 114(2) TFEU (exempting …” „… Art. 115 TFEU (specifying that a special legislative procedure is applicable to measures not covered …” „… can be found for the idea that the EU has no tax policy of its own in Title I of Part One of the TFEU …”

Waltraud Hakenberg How to Square the Circle between Political Necessities and Constitutional Constraints? – An ECJ Perspective S. 535-555

„… , in Arts. 2 et seq. TFEU; to the adoption of horizontal clauses such as Arts. 11 and 12 TFEU and to …” „… through the court. Procedures dealing with the interpretation of Arts. 2 et seq. TFEU are extremely rare …” „… of the TFEU? Here, the problem is rather the delimitation of responsibilities between institutions8 …”

Leonard F.M. Besselink Does EU Law Recognise Legal Limits to Integration? Accommodating Diversity and its Limits S. 59-78

„… Treaties do not apply to them, however, except for Part IV of the TFEU (on Association of the Overseas …” „… explicitly, as described in Art. 2(5) TFEU; this applies for instance in the field of education and culture …” „… ), 166(4), and 167(5) TFEU; see also Arts. 19(2), 79(4), 84, 149, 152(2a), 168(5), 173(3), 189(2), 195(2 …”

Christine Kaddous The European Union’s Common Values and National Identities: Convergence or Contradiction? S. 79-107

„… . 275 TFEU). See the famous case, ECJ, Joined Cases C- 402/05 P and C-415/05 P – Kadi, ECR 2008, I-6351 …” „… European Commission or another Member State (Arts. 258 to 260 TFEU). As far as respect for the EU’s …” „… taken in accordance to Art. 354 TFEU. The Treaty of Nice added to this Art. 7 TEU the possibility to …”

Monica Lugato National Policy towards Religious Associations within the Framework of European Law S. 441-466

„… the Preamble of the TEU and in Art. 17 TFEU It is now necessary to identify the legal framework …” „… . Recital 2 in the Preamble to the TEU and Art. 17 TFEU have to be considered in the first place: they …” „… reference is Art. 17 TFEU, engaging the EU to respect and not prejudice the status under national law of …”

Kerstin Odendahl National Constitutional Reservations with Respect to Cultural Policy S. 349-377

„… para 6 TEU. 67 See Art. 13 TFEU as well as Art. 36 TFEU (regarding the free trade of goods). 68 See …” „… Art. 107(3d) TFEU. 69 For more details see de Witte, in: Schneider/van den Bossche (eds …” „… See Art. 165(1) (1) TFEU. 366 aspects into account, in particular in order to respect and to promote …”

Thomas Giegerich Introduction: Trying to Fathom the Shallows of European Unification S. 15-43

„… States could nominate two commissioners each. 31 Art. 17(5) TEU. 32 Arts. 17(5) TEU, 244 TFEU. 33 …” „… rational solution. Rather, a compromise had to be struck because Art. 341 TFEU provides that the seat of …” „… ” compromise.38 There is a new initiative in the European Parliament in favour of amending Art. 341 TFEU in …”

Stefanie Schmahl National Constitutional Reservations with Respect to Social Policy S. 297-327

„… market organisation and of equal pay for men and women (cf. Art. 141 ECT; Art. 157 TFEU). Since that …” „… crosssectional clause of Art. 9 TFEU, the Union shall guarantee in all policies and activities an adequate …” „… social protection. Several special provisions enshrined in Arts. 151-161 TFEU render more precisely the …”

Xabier Arzoz National Language Policy within the Framework of European Law S. 377-421

„… 49 TFEU, covers, inter alia, 60 Truchot, Languages and supranationality in Europe: The linguistic …” „… Art. 149 EC, Art. 165 TFEU excludes any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States …” „… have a sound and unequivocal legal basis in EU law: Art. 82(2) TFEU allows the European Union to …”

Roger Blanpain Thoughts on the Social Purpose of EU Law S. 343-348

„… right to impose lock-outs (Art. 153(5) TFEU). For other important matters, unanimity in the Council …” „… ; • Representation and collective defence of interests, including codetermination (Art. 153(2) TFEU). Unanimity …”

List of Abbreviations S. 11-14

„… ) TEU Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UN United Nations …”

Thomas Giegerich, Oskar Josef Gstrein, Sebastian Zeitzmann Preface S. 5-10

„… 165 TFEU on Education and Suggestions for Reform 513 Sacha Garben Concluding …”

Hans Pechar The European Student Mobility Game. Winners and Losers S. 485-513

„… Commission’s legally specified jurisdiction in the education sphere is based on Art. 149 TFEU which entitles …” „… Education as an Inalienable Policy Domain of EU Member States – A Critical Assessment of Article 165 TFEU …” „… on Education and Suggestions for Reform* Sacha Garben1 A. The Janus-Faced Nature of Art. 165 TFEU …”

Stein Evju Limits to National Social Policy or Further Integration: A Norwegian Perspective S. 327-343

„… strike and the right to impose lock-outs (Art. 153(5) TFEU). For other important matters, unanimity …” „… ) TFEU). Unanimity between 28 Member States on these issues is, however, almost impossible …”

Pál Sonnevend National Media Policy within the Framework of European Union Law – The Case of Hungary S. 421-441

„… based on Arts. 53(1) and 62 TFEU, is certainly not capable of shaping national media policy as such. It …” „… establishment and the free provision of services guaranteed by Arts. 49 and 56 TFEU.40 This letter made no …”

Ozan Turhan Turkey: Constitutional Obstacles to Conferral of Powers to the EU in the Policy Areas of Internal and External Security S. 223-246

„… TEU and the TFEU.59 According to Art. 51(1) of the Charter, the provisions of the Charter are …” „… law. Therefore, whenever the TEU, TFEU or secondary EU law is applied by EU institutions or Member …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251325

Anca Daniela Chirita - The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

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Anca Daniela Chirita

The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 82 2011

Results in this title

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… , economic efficiency, by favouring an «efficient allocation of resources» in Article 120 TFEU.Under German …” „… ».53 Similarly, Article 120 TFEU requires Member States and the Union to act in accordance with the …” „… consumers are included solely in the particular situation of Article 102 (b) TFEU of «limiting the …”

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

„… Regulation in the absence of the Lisbon Treaty’s shift of perspective. Because it is Article 3(3) TFEU’s …” „… Union-wide authorisation, coordination and supervision arrangements (newly introduced Article 118 TFEU).This …” „… by the Commission. In particular, Article 119 TFEU’s free competition and open markets is also …”

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

„… TFEU’s Preamble. 811 See Article 352 TFEU. Accordingly, the Union must act within the limits of power …” „… competition, namely, Article 169(1) TFEU’s high protection for the narrowly defined consumers or the welfare …” „… trade, the answer to this question must also shed light on the provision of Article 116 TFEU that states …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… within the internal market with effective, free, and fair competition and Article 169(1) TFEU’s «high …” „… TFEU’s Preamble. 811 See Article 352 TFEU. Accordingly, the Union must act within the limits of power …” „… . Article 3(1) (t) EC, however, is «replaced» by Article 12 TFEU. However, consumer protection disappears as …”

Introduction S. 201-202

„… competition policy, the legal balancing needs be performed between Article 119 TFEU’s free competition and …” „… implications of «consumer protection requirements» must shed special light on Article 12 TFEU. After the …” „… removal from Protocol 27 does not affect the free competition enshrined in Article 119 TFEU. Thus …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… Treaty’s Article 102 TFEU and in the light of the modernisation of its former Article 82 EC.1In general, it …” „… Union (TFEU), OJ C83, 30 March 2010; Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the …” „… , is replaced by a consumer protection function in the light of the Lisbon Treaty’s Article 12 TFEU …”

The Competition Policy after Lisbon and the Interpretation of Article 102 S. 208-209

„… , Article 169(1) TFEU’s high protection for the narrowly defined consumers or the welfare of the final …” „… of an «open market economy with free competition» enshrined in Article 119 TFEU for the purposes set …” „… », supra n 1; also, Piris, supra n 811, 307. 827 See Article 4(2) (b) TFEU for social policy, respectively …”

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

„… TFEU is that it maintains its formal requirement. Since environmental protection still falls under the …” „… Article 119, namely, Articles 120, 127 or Article 348 TFEU. Consumer protection has none such references …” „… protection, see Article 4(2) (e) TFEU. 213 8. A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… Position Article 102 TFEU does not condemn the mere possession of dominance, but is directed at «strategic …” „… harmonise the German abuse of dominance with that of ex Article 86 EC (now Article 102 TFEU). 270 Ibid …” „… TFEU, 33(2010)3 World Comp., 417-36. 298 Supra n 71, para 35, 115. 299 Ibid, para 36, 116. 300 Ibid …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… Article 169(1) TFEU’s «high level of consumer protection». Accordingly, in order to ensure a high level of …” „… in Article 119 TFEU. Thus, consumer welfare would require support in the Treaty if it were to follow …”

The Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts S. 24-25

„… adopting block exemptions, as under Article 101(3) TFEU on types of conduct that may be admissible under …” „… CC is bound to apply Article 102 TFEU, which has primacy and must follow the case law of the Court of …”

Stricter National Abuse of Market Dominance Rules S. 22-24

„… enforcement outcome than is possible under Article 102 TFEU. This, however, is without prejudice to the …” „… , as under Article 101(3) TFEU on types of conduct that may be admissible under Article 102, does not …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… to Article 102 TFEU, but extends its scope of application to some other distinctive features.17 …” „… TFEU. This, however, is without prejudice to the application of national rules that may predominantly …”

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

„… Recently, Kokkoris recognised a gap in the enforcement of Article 102 TFEU based on the past enforcement of …” „… non-dominant undertakings, especially based on Article 173 TFEU, as smaller businesses, may distinguish the …”

The Market-Structure-Conduct Paradigm, Effective Competition, and the Objective Justification S. 61-65

„… » surrounding Article 102 TFEU, namely, the situation of a non-dominant undertaking holding relative or superior …” „… specific types of conduct.196Furthermore, an efficiencies balancing, as under Article 101(3) TFEU, may be …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… competition policy, the legal balancing needs be performed between Article 119 TFEU’s free competition and …” „… implications of «consumer protection requirements» must shed special light on Article 12 TFEU. After the …”

Establishing Market Dominance S. 74-79

„… economic activity. The wording of Article 102 TFEU requires the following conditions to be satisfied before …” „… inconsistently Article 5, which is identical to Article 101 TFEU, with regard to its object and effect. Thus …”

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

„… principle, identical to Article 102 TFEU as Article 6 (a)-(d) are copied directly from Article 102 (a)-(d …” „… and re-published, OJ 736, 30 October 2008. 514 For the direct application of Article 102 (b) TFEU …”

Exploitative Abuse S. 142-143

„… substance the discrimination of Article 102(2) (c) TFEU. Broad discrimination, therefore, consists of …”

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

„… the enforcement of Article 102 TFEU based on the past enforcement of Section 20 ARC, which applies to …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… competition, Consumer Welfare and the Interpretation of Article 102 TFEU, 33(2010)3 World Competition Law and …” „… Article 102 TFEU?, 3(2010)1 Journal of European Competition Law Practice Streit, Manfred E. and Wohlgemuth …”

National Competition Authorities S. 25-27

„… functions. Whilst enforcing Article 6 on the abuse of dominance, the CC is bound to apply Article 102 TFEU …”

Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition S. 156-158

„… Article 102 TFEU The present chapter aims to introduce the Guidance Paper’s key features in applying …”

Discrimination as a Structural Abuse S. 143-145

„… unjustified treatment cover in substance the discrimination of Article 102(2) (c) TFEU. Broad discrimination …”

(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

„… the provisions of Article 5 (Article 101 TFEU) in conjunction with Article 998 on damage claims of the …”

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

„… Regulation in the absence of the Lisbon Treaty’s shift of perspective. Because it is Article 3(3) TFEU’s …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Article 102 TFEU 1581. Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper 1582 …” „… ??? TFEUNomos1. Auflage 2011© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2011. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch …”

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

„… Article 102.835According to Article 169(1) TFEU, «in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection …”

Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift S. 165-168

„… with Article 101 TFEU,643 together with the need to establish a theory of consumer harm.644642 …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… constitutes an «unfair» price or other trading conditions. A historical interpretation of Article 102 TFEU …”

Introduction S. 346-349

„… conditions. A historical interpretation of Article 102 TFEU challenges the idea that recognition of …”

The Present Relevance of the Historical Interpretation of Article 102 S. 356-359

„… the same. In order to completely understand unfair competition rules of Article 102 TFEU, another …”

Brief Historical Overview of National Competition Laws S. 15-19

„… abuse of a dominant position, therefore, is similar to Article 102 TFEU, but extends its scope of …”

The Scope of Application of the Market Dominance Laws S. 79-82

„… Dominant Position Article 102 TFEU does not condemn the mere possession of dominance, but is directed at …”

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

„… Article 102 TFEU The present chapter aims to introduce the Guidance Paper’s key features in applying …”

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

„… safety concerns in public health matters», see Article 4(2) (k) TFEU. 861 Cseres, supra n 834, 318, 328 …”

Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals S. 68-74

„… Article 102 TFEU requires the following conditions to be satisfied before an infringement can be …”

Joint Dominance and Oligopolies S. 127-133

„… , identical to Article 102 TFEU as Article 6 (a)-(d) are copied directly from Article 102 (a)-(d).508 Thus …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… such other areas of competition law as non-horizontal mergers or with Article 101 TFEU,643 together …”

Refusal to Grant Access to Essential Facilities S. 302-307

„… regarding the application of Article 102 TFEU. 1258 Ibid, 33. 1259 Ibid, 33-8. In practice, there are cases …”

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

„… also apply the provisions of Article 102 TFEU. » However, the RCL maintains the same policy objective …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… Article 102 (d) TFEU limits the offering of rebates or discounts without detailing any specific …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… Communication to acknowledge the support of Article 12 TFEU and distinguish clearly which consumers’ economic …”

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

„… led to a stricter standard as compared to the standards of both Articles 6 RCL and 102 TFEU. Inside …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230306

Ingolf Pernice, Mattias Wendel, Kristin Bettge, Martin Mlynarski, Lars S. Otto, Michael Schwarz - Die Krise demokratisch überwinden. A Democratic Solution to the Crisis

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Ingolf Pernice, Mattias Wendel, Kristin Bettge, Martin Mlynarski, Lars S. Otto, Michael Schwarz

Die Krise demokratisch überwinden. A Democratic Solution to the Crisis

Series: Schriftenreihe Europäisches Verfassungsrecht

Volume 37 2012

Results in this title

Kristin Bettge, Martin Mlynarski, Lars S. Otto, Ingolf Pernice, Michael Schwarz, Mattias Wendel Ingolf Pernice, Mattias Wendel, Lars S. Otto, Kristin Bettge, Martin Mlynarski, Michael Schwarz: A Democratic Solution to the Crisis – Reform Steps towards a Democratically Based Economic and Financial Constitution for Europe Executive Summary and Main Arguments S. 91-150

„… Deficit Procedure in Primary Law. Article 126 TFEU should be amended so that the Commission’s monitoring …” „… cooperation 118 96 b) Deficit process according to Article 126 TFEU (de lege ferenda) 119 aa) Parliamentary …” „… 145 ff. TFEU) 127 cc) Social policy 127 dd) Banking regulation 128 b) Intensity of an increase in …”

Kristin Bettge, Martin Mlynarski, Lars S. Otto, Ingolf Pernice, Michael Schwarz, Mattias Wendel Ingolf Pernice: Introduction S. 81-85

„… multi-billion European Stability Mechanism (in combination with a small amendment to the TFEU) and the Fiscal …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243733

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