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Leon Tsvasman, Florian Schild - AI-Thinking

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Leon Tsvasman, Florian Schild

AI-Thinking

2019

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… begreifen gilt. „AI-Thinking“ beinhaltet weder Werbung noch Ablehnung, sondern bietet eine Antwort auf die …” „… Frage nach dem Know-why. ISBN 978-3-95650-533-1 Leon Tsvasman – Florian Schild AI-Thinking Dialog …” „… Leon Tsvasman – Florian Schild AI-Thinking Dialog eines Vordenkers und eines Praktikers über die …”

Diskurs VIII. Impuls für die Praxis S. 159-162

„… 159 Diskurs VIII Impuls für die Praxis The Principles of AI-Thinking Überlegung von Leon …” „… AI). Gemeint ist aber nicht der defizitäre Mensch mit KI im Kopf, sondern der emanzipierte, sich …” „… Online-Austausch: aithinking.world …”

Diskurs I. Wer versteht KI? S. 11-37

„… dieser Fragen daher Mindsets wie AI-Thinking und Design-Thinking bemühen. Im besten Fall werden die …” „… zurechtzukommen – auch im Umgang mit der Zeit. Das fasst gut zusammen, was sich viele AI-Enthusiasten von der …” „… Technologie gesprochen, hantieren gefragte Spezialisten mit fundiertem Faktenwissen. Das Know-how of AI prahlt …”

Diskurs III. KI und die Welt S. 53-132

„… spezialistenübergreifenden Ansatzes, was wir hier mit AI-Thinking anregen möchten. Im Grunde ist jede Finanzierung ein …” „… Unternehmen den Sauerstoff zum Wachstum zu stehlen. Gleiches gilt im AI-Bereich für Talente. Im Bericht „2017 …” „… AI-Forscher und -Ingenieure international gäbe, jedoch eine Million benötigt würden. Durch die Knappheit an …”

Diskurs VI. Visionen für die Zukunft, jetzt schon aktuell S. 146-151

„… . Das zeigt sich bei der Entwicklung von genereller AI, dem Aufbau von Forschungszentren sowie der …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783956505348

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Manfred Velden

Human-like Computers

2021

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AI peculiarities S. 27-34

„… AI peculiarities The field may at first sight look like one scientific field among others, actually …” „… despite appearing to be part of STEM from the outside. AI – a misnomer The first and the most …” „… constructed in order to assess the mental capacity of pupils. AI peculiarities28 Take the example of playing …”

The brain is not a computer S. 55-64

„… been stubbornly upheld till today (it dates from the time of the first electronic computers) by AI …” „… ” made by AI greats like Ray Kurzweil (2005) who found that “By the mid 2020s it is conservative to …” „… neural connections in the frog’s eye (Heaven, 2018). 24 Harry Collins (2018) cites an AI researcher …”

The Turing Test – what can it tell us? S. 65-70

„… across a phrase where a horse gallops on a tomato. In my view, equivalents of AI speak to Dalí’s …” „… answer. An AI researcher might say, quite Dalí style, “He who is unable to imagine culture being poured …” „… ) horses do not gallop on tomatoes, while AI people working on human-like computers are convinced that …”

Introduction S. 9-12

„… computer is not seen as mad in the AI community. This is so not because obvious similarities could be …” „… Introduction10 common among AI researchers. Take a typical phrase like “culture is poured into artificial …” „… in order to allow the thoughts to change direction”. At a closer look much of AI speak appears to be …”

Index S. 125-130

„… Index agnosias – definition, etiology of 46, 47, 82 – group- and person-specificity of 47 AI winter …” „… – first 31 – next 32, 58 analogies – definition of 29 – misleading use of in AI research 29, 30 – as …” „… 20, 21 behaviorism – as abandoned approach in psychology 16–18 – renaissance of in AI research 53 …”

Literature S. 121-124

„… Literature Adee, S. (2016). Will AI’s bubble pop? New Scientist, 231(3082),16–17. Alexander, F …” „… People and Hard for Computers. AI Magazine, 31(1), 13–22. Dennet, D. C. (2017). From Bacteria to Bach …” „… Quest for Real AI. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the …”

Human-like computers – a scientistic delusion S. 107-118

„… everything and give man the capacity to achieve anything, even to create humans. With AI’s de la …” „… rational-scientifc one. It is one affected by powerful pressure groups like the AI industry with its incredible …” „… capacity of rational thought in enlightenment or about the capacity of computers in AI today) always …”

The biological basis of mental functions S. 43-52

„… the same for different people and at different points in time. Paradoxically an AI researcher looking …” „… self-set goal of AI research, I doubt that it will lead anywhere. Note that with the term “deep-learning …” „… psychological textbooks as if they were part of the neural basis of psychological functions. AI scientists may …”

Does “behave like” mean “be like”? S. 53-54

„… play chess in the first place? AI researchers try to make us believe that it did, celebrating the …” „… it the one of a computer or that of a human” sounds reasonable to AI researchers as did “all …” „… modern science. The main cause for AI research pushing toward an unattainable goal, the creation of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… – phrenology’s long goodbye . . . . . . . . 21 AI peculiarities …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 AI – a misnomer …”

Human-like computers – a belief system S. 35-36

„… outlandish AI claims, a problem which makes you rather helpless as a scientist, is that we are not dealing …” „… science, it all starts with defining what we are talking about. In the computers-like-humans AI field …”

A short phenomenology of mental functions S. 73-106

„… .” (Wertheimer, 1922). AI research again and again pointing to the analogy of both humans and computers “storing …” „… but ignored in AI research. AI researchers, when contemplating the creation of human-like machines …” „… propagated by AI research. The status of the flawed idea of human-like computers has even shifted from shaky …”

The phenomenology of mental functions – a neglected issue in psychology S. 37-42

„… fundamental problems plaguing the definition and characterization of those functions. AI people, and most …” „… psychology? Where could an AI researcher, intent on emulating them and thus creatig a machine with human …”

Whole fields of science gone away S. 13-26

„… ubiquitous proclamation of new breakthroughs in AI research, hardly anyone dares to say that there will …” „… , that machines cannot be human-like on a-priori grounds. Counter to the consensus among AI researchers …” „… computers-as-humans AI field. They may make us doubt that we are here dealing with science in the first place. …”

Preface S. 7-8

„… machines would become blurred, as many in the AI community want to make us believe, a development which …”

Taking the brain for the human – a deprived view S. 71-72

„… Taking the brain for the human – a deprived view In AI speak (and think), when dealing with the …”

doi.org/10.24894/978-3-7965-4526-9

Darrell M. West, John R. Allen - Turning Point

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Darrell M. West, John R. Allen

Turning Point

2020

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Building Responsible AI S. 187-220

„… Point_ab_i-xx_1-277.indd 187 6/2/20 10:30 AMTURNING POINT188■ Address AI’s challenges in a time of pandemics …” „… training. ■ Improve mechanisms for human control of technology.ADDRESS AI’S CHALLENGES IN A TIME OF …” „… benefits to all people. Third, they must also improve AI’s explain-ability so that people have a sense of …”

What is AI? S. 1-26

„… 1ONE | WHAT IS AI?Artificial intelligence (AI) is a difficult concept to grasp. As an illustra-tion …” „… array of opportunities and risks.DEFINING AIEngineers Shukla Shubhendu and Jaiswal Vijay define AI as …” „… to figure out how to gain digital benefits while minimizing AI’s detrimental, dis-criminatory, or …”

Ethical Safeguards S. 173-186

„… (CEO) of facial rec-ognition firm Kairos, argues that AI’s usage “opens the door for gross misconduct …” „… organi-zations function. Yet at the same time, there are concerns regarding the principles em-bedded within AI …” „… algorithms reach decisions.In this chapter, we look at ways to build trustworthy AI and incor-porate ethical …”

Defense S. 107-158

„… , there are significant opportunities to deploy AI-based tools, as well as major rising threats that need …” „… and application. It is only reasonable to conclude that AI-enabled capabilities could be used to …” „… threaten our critical in-frastructure, amplify disinformation, and wage war.5AI’s role in the military and …”

Preface

„… in-volve AI.”nathaniel borenstein, chief scientist at Mimecast: “I foresee a world in which IT and so …” „… countries around the world weren’t designed for our transition to AI.”thad hall, coauthor of Politics for a …” „… deployed. We believe regulations and poli-cies will be crucial in determining AI’s future, as will …”

Notes S. 229-262

„… Re-search Institute, February 12, 2016.2. Marcus Comiter, “Attacking Artificial Intelligence: AI’s Security …” „… Polyakova, Weapons of the Weak: Russia and AI-Driven Asymmetric Warfare (report), Brookings, November 15 …” „… Konaev and Samuel Bendett, “Russian AI-Enabled Combat: Coming to a City Near You?” War on the Rocks, July …”

Index S. 263-0

„… adultsAHA (American Heart Association), 34AI. See Artificial intelligenceAirbnb, 14, 21, 171Air pollution …” „… BiasesDisinformation campaigns: AI-pow-ered, 109, 115, 136; deepfake materials in, 19–20, 142–43, 153; in hybrid …” „… AI, 145, 176; facial recognition software from, 179; headquarter site compe-tition, 204–05; labor …”

Healthcare S. 27-42

„… 27TWO | HEALTHCAREA German company called Merantix applies AI learning techniques in diagnosing …” „… determine which ones are unhealthy nodes. Researchers have applied AI to skin cancer and breast cancer …” „… looking at healthcare, AI algorithms are helping medical provid-ers diagnose illnesses, treat diseases …”

Education S. 43-62

„… manage their enrollments and maintain financial viability.8Personalized LearningOne of AI’s virtues is …” „… power, AI has the ability to analyze large amounts of information and make decisions based on human …” „… - generated criteria. In this chapter, we discuss the opportunities and risks of AI in edu-cation and avenues …”

Techlash S. 159-172

„… likely than other regions to say they were very worried about AI.West-Allen_Turning Point_ab_i-xx_1-277 …” „… examine the attitudes of Americans toward four emerging technologies: AI, robots, autonomous vehicles, and …” „… confidential data. AI CONCERNSAI developments have raised a number of worries regarding the detrimen-tal …”

E-Commerce S. 85-106

„… States and China, and the role that AI, targeted advertising, and data analytics play. We look at the use …” „… 10:30 AMTURNING POINT86AMERICA’S USE OF AI, MACHINE LEARNING, AND DATA ANALYTICS Figure 5- 1 shows the …” „… convenience store that uses machine vision to eliminate checkout lines; and Alexa, our cloud- based AI …”

Glossary of Key Terms S. 221-228

„… de-fense, and many other areas. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Indian engineers Shukla Shubhendu and Jaiswal …” „… Vijay define AI as “machines that respond to stimulation consis-tent with traditional responses from …” „… several qualities that separate AI from mechanical devices or traditional computer software, specifically …”

Transportation S. 63-84

„… use of AI and machine learning in auton-omous vehicles and the policy and regulatory issues raised by …” „… AMTURNING POINT64AI AND MACHINE LEARNING OPPORTUNITIESAutonomous vehicles involve the application of …” „… instantly to avoid the vehicle in the next lane. This means AI software, not the physical car or truck …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815738602

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Liability for AI

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Sebastian Lohsse (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Liability for AI

2023

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Herbert Zech Liability for AI: Complexity problems S. 193-200

„… be made explicit (explainable AI).The AILD proposal’s recitals do not mention the next …” „… providerof a high-risk AI system to the enumerated obligations from the AIA.Likelihood means that “it can be …” „… aimed at AIas a product, it may be of special relevance in cases where AI is involved.Therefore, it must …”

Frederico Oliveira da Silva EU AI liability proposal: An obstacle course for consumers S. 285-289

„… claims under the AILD.EU AI liability proposal: An obstacle course for consumers289 …” „… , forexample, personalised services, augmented reality applications, AI-poweredhealthcare tools that can help …” „… posed by AI3 (hereafter ‘AILD proposal’).1 Senior Legal Officer at BEUC – The European Consumer …”

Georg Borges Liability of the Operator of AI Systems De Lege Ferenda S. 165-190

„… (AIL-D)For the current discussion, the Commission's proposal for an AI LiabilityDirective (AIL-D) is of …” „… the presumption ofArt. 4 AIL-D with the concept of the AI-Act. At least on an evidentiarylevel, this …” „… burden of proof in Art. 4 AIL-D to the level ofthe – quite limited – obligations under the AI-Act.This …”

Helmut Heiss Liability for Artificial Intelligence (AI): Solutions Provided by Insurance Law S. 245-272

„… its Proposal for an AI Regulation (hereinafterreferred to as the “AIR Proposal”) on 21 April 2021.1 …” „… intended to govern the providers4 andusers5 of AI systems.6 According to the AIR Proposal, “notified bodies …” „… . 33(8).9In addition to the AIR Proposal, there are two proposals for directivesto govern AI liability …”

Christiane Wendehorst Product Liability or Operator Liability for AI – What is the Best Way Forward? S. 99-128

„… a referencein the AILD:Article 2a AILDAttribution of the output of an AI system1. Member States …” „… AIA, e.g. from the provisions on prohibited AIpractices. Where a professional operator of AI used the …” „… ’)1and a separate AI Liability Directive (the ‘AILD Proposal’),2 the latter takinga very cautious …”

Bernhard A. Koch The Grey Zone Between Fault and Strict Liability… and Where to Place AI S. 27-40

„… unrelated? In the absence of a13 The AIL-D refers to Art 6 of the AI-Act on this point, which in its most …” „… Directive (AIL-D). In this introductory paper, thefocus is on the more general question what kind of …” „… liability should beforeseen for damage caused by AI, although it will not be answered in ordernot to …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Liability for AI – Opening a new chapter of adapting European private law to the digital transition S. 7-24

„… AI-equipped products.In order to be as coherent as possible with the AI Act,43 the AILDuses for the …” „… private wrongdoers in Art. 4 (6) AILD.Liability for AI15questions of liability law and numerous individual …” „… appropriate with regard to AI).I. Setting the scene: Liability systems and the AILD and PLD proposalsThe …”

Eugenia Dacoronia Burden of proof – How to handle a possible need for facilitating the victim’s burden of proof for AI damage? S. 201-214

„… AI-system (Art. 4(1)). Operators ofhigh-risk AI-systems shall not be able to exonerate themselves from …” „… Act, AI Act) of 21.4.2021 that followed, aims at ensuring that AIsystems placed on the Union market …” „… >AI-report_En.pdf, also found in : Mark A Geistfeld/Ernst Karner/Bernhard A Koch/Christiane Wendehorst (eds), Civil …”

Karl Ortmann Comments of the German Insurance Association GDV on the European Commission’s proposals for a revised Product Liability Directive (PLD-P) and an Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive (AILD-P) S. 279-284

„… Directive on AI Liability (AILD-P)The AILD-P provides for harmonised evidentiary relief to be implementedin …” „… connection with AI.Seeing that economic actors covered by the PLD-P can also fall under thescope of the …” „… revised ProductLiability Directive (PLD-P) and an Artificial Intelligence LiabilityDirective (AILD-P) Karl …”

Gerald Spindler Different approaches for liability of Artificial Intelligence – Pros and Cons S. 41-96

„… or users of AIsystems, Recital 4 AIL-D. This is all the more true as the AI-Act provides …” „… applicationaa) Definition of AIThe AIL-D adopts the definitions of the AI-Act with regard to the defini‐tion of …” „… the operators (Art. 3 (2) AI-Act) and the users(Art. 3 (4) AI-Act).Thus, the AIL-D ultimately exposes …”

Lars Entelmann Concepts and criteria for regulation S. 275-278

„… horizontal regulatory approach. They are notlimited to certain categories of AI systems or products, but aim …” „… vehicles,drones or even AI-controlled cleaning robots or lawnmowers that causedamage to property or bodily injury …” „… , for example, cases are conceivable in which an AI(co-)decides on the allocation of loans or even jobs …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Intelligence Liability Directive(AILD-P) 279Frederico Oliveira da SilvaEU AI liability proposal: An obstacle …” „… StaudenmayerLiability for AI – Opening a new chapter of adapting Europeanprivate law to the digital transition 7Clusters …” „… Fault and Strict Liability… and Where toPlace AI 27Gerald SpindlerDifferent approaches for liability of …”

Miquel Martin-Casals Recourse among several liable persons - allocating the burden of liability. S. 217-244

„… both in the Proposal of the Products Liability Directiveand the Proposal for an AI Liability Directive …” „… situation of asymmetry created by the Pro‐posal Directive would be to consider that, when AI systems are …” „… enshrined in arts. 3 and 4 of the AI Liab‐ility Directive65, which will be then the general rules for …”

Jean-Sebastien Borghetti Adapting Product Liability to Digitalization: Trying Not to Put New Wine Into Old Wineskins S. 129-164

„… to the new economic and social circumstances.The contrast is striking with the draft AIL-D94, which …” „… appears as almost ready to be passed as legislation, the Proposal foran AI Liability Directive is still to …” „… Protection Regulation).11 Wagner, Liability Rules for the Digital Age – Aiming for the Brussels Effect …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748942030

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Smart Products

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Sebastian Lohsse (ed.), Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Smart Products

2022

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Axel Voss Liability for AI S. 219-222

„… absence of a contract or fault.What principles should guide a European regulation on AI liability?Our aims …” „… development of "artificial intelligence" (AI) – leads to both risks and opportunities. Despite the enormous …” „… opportunities that AI offers for all areas of our lives, the question of liability plays a major role in our …”

Georg Borges Liability for self-learning smart products S. 181-200

„… Capabilities and disciplines (2018), p 5, https://www.aepd.es/sites/default/files/2019-12/ai-definition.pdf.25 …” „… /2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/JURI/DV/2020/01-09/AI-report_EN.pdf> (2019), pp 39 et seq.Georg Borges192tems.44 …” „… Liability for self-learning smart productsGeorg Borges1Change in AI systems as a challenge for …”

Susanne Dehmel How should ‘smart products’ be handled in contractual and (product) liability law? S. 229-236

„… of AI systems aiming at mitigating the risks of complexity, autonomy or connectivity of a system …” „… .229What is Artificial Intelligence?Artificial intelligence (AI) systems include rule-based systems …” „… (expert systems) and learning systems. What all currently used types of AI have in common is that they …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer ‘Smart Products’ – A Focal Point for Legal Developments in the Digital Economy S. 11-44

„… Directive not only covers simple applications in the ‘smart home’ but also complex forms of AI.Through the …” „… standards of liability dependent upon the risk being connected with the particular AI-system. For the …” „… operator of a ‘high-risk AI-system’, for instance, there shall be strict liability (Article 4 of the …”

Evelyne Gebhardt Introductory Statement S. 223-228

„… law. Product liability law and AIspecific legislative acts need to constitute a sort of safety net in …” „… rights of our consumers and citizens.While AI endeavors to improve our lives in many sectors it also …” „… relationship between a defect and a damage in an AI system and the legal framework needs to take account of …”

Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell Product Liability for Beyond-Product Ecosystems – Is the Product Liability Directive ready to accommodate smart products? S. 201-216

„… expansion of smart products in modern life means that ‘products’ transformed into data-based AI-driven …” „… or damage against the producer of a defective AI-system. In line with the better regulation …” „… operator of an AI-system.’Product Liability for Beyond-Product Ecosystems209It is also our understanding …”

Jean-Sébastien Borghetti Introductory statement S. 245-246

„… AI.Jean-Sébastien Borghetti246 …” „… intelligence (AI). It will probably be very difficult to prove the defectiveness of an AI. To go past this …” „… incorporating “high risk AI” as is suggested by the recent European Parliament proposal on civil liability for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… products? 201Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras BallellDiscussion PanelLiability for AI 219Axel VossIntroductory …”

Jutta Gurkmann Smart liability for smart products S. 237-238

„… consideration product liability, sales law and AI regulation.The regulation in force determining when …”

Gerhard Wagner Software as a Product S. 157-180

„… machinery stacked in factories, to ships, trains, airplanes and cars, to household appliances of any kind …” „… aim of clarifying that product safety law also applies to software.21 However, the definition of …” „… that do not qualify as sales contracts.The framers of the DCFR aimed to move beyond this bloodless …”

Isabell Conrad, Alin Seegel Modifications of digital content/services and digital elements in smart products – how to design the contracts S. 133-154

„… valid reason for, such a modification;” Recital 75: “In addition to modifications aimed at maintaining …”

Karin Sein Modifications of digital content or services and of digital elements in smart products – Possible application problems S. 111-132

„… delineation becomes complicated also in cases such as AirBnB changing its cancellation policy due to the …” „… COVID-19 pandemic: are these changes also modifications under Article 19 DCD? AirBnB is clearly a …” „… access data in digital form. If a natural person rents out his flat via AirBnB only twice a year, he is …”

André Janssen The Update Obligation for Smart Products – Time Period for the Update Obligation and Failure to Install the Update S. 91-108

„… provided by the seller only at a charge24 is not convincing. It clearly contradicts the aim of both …”

Christiane Wendehorst The Update Obligation – how to make it work in the relationship between seller, producer, digital content or service provider and consumer S. 63-90

„… . In practice, the manufacturer should provide the update over-the-air directly to the consumer’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929772

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