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Daniel Hawkins - The Struggles over City-Space

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Daniel Hawkins

The Struggles over City-Space

Series: Studien zu Lateinamerika

Volume 13 2011

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Space: a missing realm in Marxian theory? S. 59-62

„… concerning the work of Frederich Engels who gave a very space-oriented overview of how the market mechanism …” „… ). Yet, capital’s circulation and accumulation takes place in ‘relative’ space-time as exchange requires …” „… this process, the globalizing space of the capital world market was linked intricately to the …”

Incorporating geography and space into Marxian theory S. 62-66

„… ). Yet, capital’s circulation and accumulation takes place in ‘relative’ space-time as exchange requires …” „… profitable rate in the space/territory where they presently find themselves. This leads to a threat of …” „… ). Capital has evidenced numerous strategies to overcome this inherent constraint, and their space-time …”

The normative definition and protection of public space S. 223-226

„… informal street trade on inner-city public space, it remains necessary to look into the normativity …” „… recuperation of public space when this affects the economic activity of the informal street vendors working on …” „… this space. The Colombian Constitution of 1886 made no mention of public space, either in its …”

Public space and the rule of exchange value S. 76-80

„… investigate the different spaces in existence within a capitalist-regulated city. The core ‘formal …” „… ’ distinction between space in a capitalist city is that of ‘public’ and ‘private’, once more showing the …” „… distinction between these two spaces goes deeper than merely their ‘ownership regimes’, i.e. collective …”

Space and geography as secondary spheres in social theory S. 55-59

„… leave their ‘prints’ on the physical landscape (the absolute space) as a testament to the reign of …” „… undergirding class-content of public space renewal policies and their differential impact on the informal …” „… street vendors that ‘occupy’ this space as a means of economic subsistence. The thesis posits, as such, a …”

Accumulation via Dispossession: the violence of reshaping space and society S. 70-73

„… via Dispossession: the violence of reshaping space and society The need to rethink the role played by …” „… and representations of space and social relations and then analyse how they mould and are moulded by …” „… disrupt these two meta-logics. Space, as concept and practice, illustrates the multifarious tussles …”

Medellín: urban growth and transformation and class impacts in space S. 37-39

„… class impacts in space Proposing a doctoral thesis that looks to examine, in general, the historical …” „… governance debate between public space recuperation projects and informal street vending, entails the need …” „… American culture, society and politics as well as being the concrete sociogeographic space within which his …”

Luís Pérez and the resurgence of citizenship vis-à-vis public space S. 194-198

„… ”.144 9. Luís Pérez and the resurgence of citizenship vis-à-vis public space Luís Pérez Gutiérrez …” „… (mayor between 2001-2003), looked to convert public space into the principal element of the city’s …” „… ’ (Renacer el Centro) that prioritized the recuperation of plazas, parks and public space. This project was …”

The Constitutional Court’s political interpretation of the informal street vending-public space recuperation conflict S. 232-240

„… interpretation of the informal street vending-public space recuperation conflict 1992 marked the first tutela …” „… State’s (specifically, local administrations) constitutional obligation to protect public space for the …” „… to conciliate the interests in dispute, i.e. the occupation of public space by informal street …”

Governing urban public space and informal street vending in the period of decentralization (1988-2008) S. 216-222

„… evidenced in this overview of local government policies regarding public space recuperation and informal …” „… arguments have been most preponderant in the Medellín example and why? 12. Governing urban public space and …” „… local urban governance has given rise to growing political concern to the problematic of public space …”

The reconfiguration of the State: decentralization and the new sphere of Public Space (1990-2008) S. 126-128

„… the new sphere of Public Space (1990-2008) Prior to the process of organizing and electing a …” „… and space use in Colombian urbes (Donovan, 2008). The next grand step in the political decentralizing …”

„… 183 the urban governance of street trade and public space use. Councilor lobbying by formal …” „… ‘space and activity protection’ was upheld by their local political chief. Yet such a system, convenient …” „… poverty, collectively privatized the public space of the city (Buendía, 1994). Systematic political …”

Introduction S. 15-26

„… of informal street vendor working conditions and ‘space’-occupying situations. Street politics, a …” „… are bypassed. Yet, the uses and conceptions of spaces in the city go far beyond the concrete …” „… not to open spaces within the State but rather to create spaces of autonomy, outside the State. And …”

Final Reflections S. 295-299

„… of territory (political sphere). This is in line with the arguments of space-sensitive critical …” „… space-shaping convolutions. 10. Moving the theoretical debate along These historical transformations, examined …” „… space officials and police, resulting, as already noted, in the death of one vendor and the injury of a …”

Methodology S. 27-30

„… struggle and analysing specific spaces/places in cities enables one to visualize the manner in which these …” „… problematic of public space recovery projects in city-settings of mass informal street vending and their …” „… contradictions of the capitalist mode of production are expressed in the geographical and social spaces of the …”

Medellín: the interrelated spheres of industrialization, urbanization, informality and violence S. 44-48

„… public space-informal street vendor issue in the post-1991 period, even though, at a practical level …” „… governance with respect to public space and informal street vending, infinitely more dynamic and multifaceted …” „… been a host of studies that focus on the debate between public space recuperation policies and informal …”

Opening the door to Marxian theory S. 49-55

„… space-sensitive political economists (Brenner, 1998; Brenner & Theodore, 2002; Harvey, 2000a, 2005; Lefebvre, 1996 …” „… 49 Chapter 2 I. Theoretical Framework The surge in public space recuperation projects as part of …” „… discourses and policy programs, public space, both in terms of its construction and use, becomes a key part …”

Moving the theoretical debate along S. 299-301

„… space-shaping convolutions. 10. Moving the theoretical debate along These historical transformations, examined …” „… 299 Informal street vending had to confront this insatiable rise in mafia-controlled space …” „… of shaping city space. Likewise, local government, faced a renewed but this time more brutal attack …”

Empirical method S. 32-36

„… inner-city spatial use representation and conceptualization (focusing primarily on the public space—informal …” „… similar processes and of course divergences across both space and time which could then be noted for the …” „… space improvement, or in many cases, their relocation to massive, generally government-built vendor …”

Spatio-temporal fixes: imperialisms of capital and imperialisms of territory S. 66-70

„… when both capital and labour cannot be reinvested at a profitable rate in the space/territory where …” „… to overcome this inherent constraint, and their space-time dimensions are of particular importance …” „… process of externalizing certain costs on various spaces and social groups in the capitalist world market …”

The spatio-temporalities of capitalism in the city: dilemmas and prospects S. 73-76

„… or practices that disrupt these two meta-logics. Space, as concept and practice, illustrates the …” „… alternative visions and practices within and of space, and such struggles are not only imprinted on the …” „… , focusing on the manner in which space, in its conceptions, perceptions and uses became a key arena of …”

Aesthetic beauty or community vivacity? S. 133-137

„… 133 9. Aesthetic beauty or community vivacity? The ability that public space has to mould together …” „… animation and collective expression (Arteaga, 2007). Herein, public space can be regarded as the principle …” „… government intervention; public space, in short, takes on the responsibility of expressing newfound …”

Independent politics and the emergence of Sergio Fajardo S. 198-212

„… July 2004).149 In terms of his policies vis-à-vis public space, Fajardo proposed an ad- 147 Fajardo …” „… adopting a ‘Special Plan for Public Space’. The new Mayor was highly conscious of the general deficit in …” „… access to public space that befell Medellín and especially its notorious class-based segregation. For …”

Concretely examining local political regulation of ISV S. 301-304

„… of Hernando de Soto); formal business persons would seek State eviction of vendors from public space …” „… the restoration of public space for the collective use of the community (as proclaimed by numerous …” „… perception about public space, whilst publically propagated as “homogeneous” should not be decontextualized …”

Urbanization and industrialization in capitalist-city development S. 80-84

„… uses of space (the street in this case and public space in general). Firstly, the State and local …” „… governments cultivate and project a logic in which abstract space reigns supreme and “appropriate space” is …” „… other hand, informal street vendors use space differently, as a “lived” arena in which daily needs …”

The Birth of a Rights discourse and the emergence of a Colombian citizenry S. 128-133

„… land and space use in Colombian urbes (Donovan, 2008). The next grand step in the political …” „… themselves to ‘make’ their city spaces (residential, working, and social) by themselves, even while these new …” „… spaces they opened up were either ignored or shut down by the State, eager to project a false impression …”

Re-sketching the urban transformations and their association with the formal, informal and illegal economies (a historical backtracking) S. 156-159

„… ), bringing about dynamic processes and patterns of the “creation, destruction, and re-creation” of the spaces …” „… the control of urban space were over-determined by the gradual reconfigurations in accumulation …” „… project to impose the capitalist industrial model “on” space. Commerce and industrial activity dictated …”

Sergio Naranjo and the reordering of the city centre S. 190-193

„… government, via the Department of Public Space administration, proposed to transform street vending so that …” „… it would become a complementary activity to public space, thereby allowing the wider citizenry to …” „… specific area of public space would only be granted temporarily as a mechanism to ensure that the …”

Table of Contents S. 7-10

„… growth and transformation and class impacts in space 37 2. The urbe in Latin America 39 3. Medellín …” „… 49 I. Theoretical Framework 49 1. Opening the door to Marxian theory 50 2. Space and geography …” „… as secondary spheres in social theory 55 3. Space: a missing realm in Marxian theory? 59 4 …”

Survey of Medellín’s vendors: working conditions and vendor perception of local administrations S. 244-247

„… right to public space of the wider community. What this analysis has discovered is that both legally and …” „… politically the realm of public space has been energized in its role as a public good. This has resulted in …” „… , firstly, an increase in State projects to create, recover, and ‘improve’ public space, many of which have …”

Analytical perspective S. 30-32

„… 30 cause-and-effect actions and reactions. Space in this sense, is shaped and structured by …” „… , ‘popular’ perceptions of space and geography. II. Analytical perspective This is the theoretical …” „… public space recovery projects and informal street vending regulation. The process of dialectical …”

The further division of street vendors: time and stability S. 170-171

„… stationary- who occupy a particular area of public space by way of kiosk, cart, stall, etc., even during …” „… on public space in a transitory fashion, i.e. with a moving cart or juice trolley but they do move …” „… , 2005: 41); ? The wandering- those hawkers who only occupy public space in their person, i.e. the only …”

Local administration policies to recuperate the city centre. Juan Gómez Martínez and the construction of large-scale vendor markets S. 185-188

„… politics opened out and public space was infused with political and electoral meaning. Prior to 1988 …” „… city’s street vendors undertaken by the Administrative Department of Public Space. The design and …” „… Department of Public Space, the ‘forced’ relocation of artisan vendors to the second and third-floor stores …”

The 1991 Constitution: the guarantor of citizen rights S. 226-232

„… 226 public space: “It is the duty of the State to vigil for the protection and intregrity of public …” „… space and for its destination to common use, which prevails above particular interests”. Such normative …” „… destination of public space be guaranteed for common use, ensuring that all citizens have the same …”

Omar Flórez Vélez: the pseudo-passive approach to informal street vending regulation S. 188-189

„… specified that public space could not be permanently occupied. Furthermore, the relocation of street vendors …” „… vendors, vendor associations and the Department of Public Space. Rather, it took on the form of a …” „… key areas of the city-centre’s public space. The prevalence of public space recuperation policies, for …”

The present administration: Alonso Salazar and political continuance S. 212-216

„… associated with contemporary public space reinvigoration programs than was the case during the era of urban …” „… the concrete policies implemented by the Salazar Government with respect to public space recuperation …” „… Empresas Públicas de Medellín has also been intimately involved in numerous gran public space renovation …”

The fundamental right to the vital minimum S. 240-241

„… public space comes before the particular interests of informal street vendors whom occupy that space in …” „… suffering they must endure in the face of acts to reclaim public space (or other actions). As such, it is …” „… Constitutional tutela rulings concerning the informal street vendor occupation of public space. 5. The …”

The Constitutional demarcation of how far State policies can stretch S. 241-243

„… space in a manner that does not recognize the due process of legitimate confidence is an act that …” „… eviction) from the public space which they occupy in the exercise of their subsistence activity. Whilst the …” „… to public space recovery – in the first stage of Constitutional jurisprudence, was defined according …”

Informal street vending: ignore it, endorse it, or eliminate it? S. 171-177

„… .123 These important differentiations in the economic strategies of selling and occupying public space …” „… government regulation of public space, distinguishes between four State policies: The first can be seen as a …” „… public space as a means of eradicating, at least temporarily, what administrations and formal business …”

The spheres and avenues of class power and subaltern power struggles S. 84-90

„… 84 one’s material relationship to absolute space attains political and symbolic significance and …” „… “juxtaposed individuals” who utilize public space,37 have an innate ‘collective identity’ that while being …” „… untapped remains rife for a contingent moment after which, grounded in their shared usage of public space …”

Bibliography S. 307-328

„… Stability. World Development, 12(7), 661-691. Blatter, Joachim (2004), "From 'spaces of place' to 'spaces of …” „… . Society and Space 16 (4): 459-481. Brenner, Neil (2004), New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the …” „… . and Peter K. Mackie (2009), "Displacement and the New Spaces for Informal Trade in the Latin American …”

Informal street vendors: a distinct category of informal agents and activity S. 165-170

„… confront the broader citizenry who have been coaxed into reclaiming ‘previously existing public space that …” „… had gradually been ‘usurped’ by a growing vendor population as well as ‘new’ public spaces. But the …” „… , looking at how the different modalities and their relationship to public space bring about divergences in …”

Informal street trade and local government regulation pre-1988 S. 178-183

„… vendors that had occupied space both inside and outside the market now had no choice but to restructure …” „… recreational space, as was the case with the Pedrero (López, 1983). The failure of this policy of market …” „… widespread web of resource transfer, which closed any spaces available to authentic forms of participation …”

The return of Juan Gómez Martínez and mass-scale vendor relocation in CCPs S. 193-194

„… activity was not available) and the citizenry’s right to accede and enjoy the city’s public spaces, was not …” „… the collective interest concerning access to and use of public space. Herein, his administration …” „… adopted an understanding of public space as the fundamental element in the founding and cultivation of …”

Findings S. 250-267

„… Department for the Defence of Public Space concerning matters pertaining to informal street commerce and …” „… public space protection and recuperation.228 Nevertheless, despite the preference for membership in an …” „… one year) to work on a designated area of public space, selling a good or providing a service as …”

Informal vendor action and relationship to the present municipal government of Medellín S. 294-295

„… improving the vending opportunities of vendors. Nonetheless, more efforts need to be made to open up space …” „… furthering of dialogue as to public space recovery projects. Nonetheless, based on the previously discussed …” „… as a major confrontation with public space officials and police, resulting, as already noted, in the …”

Group three (CCP vendors) S. 272-283

„… (CCPs) for informal street vendors as a means of recovering public space while also “formalizing” the …” „… relatively conflicting rights: the right to work and the right to public space (Donovan, 2008: 38). Both the …” „… , Coordinator of CCPs in the Department for the Defence of Public Space, in Medellin, on 13 and 20 June …”

Macro-economic solutions to sectoral and productive heterogeneities S. 153-156

„… . (2008), "Informal Cities and the Contestation of Public Space: The Case of Bogotá's Street Vendors …” „… the economic versus the political logics), and the differential time-space tension within these logics …” „… “creation, destruction, and re-creation” of the spaces within and between these ‘three’ economies, offers …”

Group 2 (vendors in government-built kiosks) S. 267-272

„… 267 ing mostly in the evening when Public Space officials were not around; he relocated vendors …” „… informal street commerce and public space. The problem with focusing solely on the qualitative differences …” „… representation in all aspects related to the Department for the Defence of Publice Space; they have helped the …”

Colombian trade union confederations and the informal street vending sector: gradual improvement in organizational drive? S. 289-294

„… harmonizing the need to recover public space with the right to work of the vendors. This includes …” „… . ? The development of a paradigm of concerted democratic use of public space, looking for practical and …” „… informal economy, something which is definitely related to its unique position vis-à-vis public space.274 …”

Street vending in the age of modernity and post-modernity S. 160-165

„… , and the local narrative (Graham, 1988; Harvey, 2008a). The “death” of planned space has brought about …” „… the reinvigoration of “local space” (Graham, 1988: 60) and undoubtedly, ISVs capture much of the …” „… uniformity of identity. See: Jones, Gareth A. (1994), "The Latin American City as Contested Space." Bulletin …”

Luis Alfredo Ramos: an integral approach to informal street vending regulation S. 189-190

„… space and informal street trade was rather quickly swept away. Indeed, Ramos initiated an alternative …” „… vision of the informal street commerce-public space recuperation debate, focusing not solely on vendor …” „… relocate and organize informal vendors due to the collapse of the city-centre’s public space in terms of …”

Modernizing the city: the science of urbanism S. 97-106

„… city, and looking at how the social realities are embedded in space, should be articulated in a way …” „… associated especially built space. One should not separate the aspects of each of these dimensions but, on …” „… spaces would hence be governed by exchange-value (and as such bought and sold), inducing, in this way …”

Three-tiered informal vendor survey S. 247-250

„… protect its ‘collective’ interest vis-à-vis State plans to reorder the city and beautify public space. But …” „… relationship between public space management and its impact on informal street vendors, the author designed …” „… was carried out on weekdays, in the hours during which most vendors are occupying “their” public-space …”

Class bias in the urban development of Medellín S. 106-108

„… they have impelled a reinvigoration of public space through an official representation of how that …” „… space should be, we need to explore the ‘other-side’ of the story of the city’s making, this time …” „… space and converting it into plush houses and weekend getaways. Such was the case of the fashionable …”

Conclusions S. 283-289

„… with a general policy for the recovery and reordering of public space (see: Ramírez, undated).257 …” „… spaces that are formally beyond the circuits of commodity movement (public space and specifically …” „… investment. However, as already noted in previous chapters, the public space recovery and inner-city …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-4

„… | 13BUT_Hawkins_6700-0.indd 2 03.08.11 09:49Informal Street Vending and Public Space Governance in …” „… Medelln, ColombiaThe Struggles over City-SpaceNomosDaniel HawkinsBUT_Hawkins_6700-0.indd 3 03.08.11 …”

Clientelism: the citizenship of concrete interests S. 92-96

„… key focus of urban governance policies, as public space and its regulation was given explicit …” „… will be explored in chapter 5 which examines the evolution of the informal street hawker-public space …” „… process that mapped the absolute spaces of the city, its official trajectory and representations, and also …”

Formal Interviews S. 305-306

„… Space) 20 June 2008, Medellín. ? Carlo Ballesteros (Councillor for Medellín, 2008-2011 and …” „… . ? (anonymous) two Public Space Defendors in charge of monitoring ISV in the city-centre, 18 November 2009 …”

The limits of the capital industrial model (1950-1980) S. 111-120

„… of atomization and the need to expand the public space accorded to transportation and industry …” „… projects. Rationality and space efficiency took precedence over the need to carefully arrange the …” „… completely subverted the realm of public space to the needs of an expanding population (Botero, 1996a: 528 …”

The urbe in Latin America S. 39-44

„… public space and informal street vending, infinitely more dynamic and multifaceted than what could be …” „… host of studies that focus on the debate between public space recuperation policies and informal street …”

Urban insecurity, economic fracturing and the disabled State: 1980-1990 S. 120-126

„… recreational and public space (Castrillón & Villa 2008: 99), and in a terribly sad yet ironic fashion such …” „… the new sphere of Public Space (1990-2008) Prior to the process of organizing and electing a …”

Informal conversations (apart from the vendor surveys of Chapter 7) S. 306

„… of Colombia), 2 August 2008, Medellín. ? (anonymous) two Public Space Defendors in charge of …”

The official capitalist city and the pervasive ‘popular’ city S. 108-111

„… . The hegemony of atomization and the need to expand the public space accorded to transportation and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845232683

Mahulena Hofmann, P.J. Blount - Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspective

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.), P.J. Blount (ed.)

Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspective

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 15 2018

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Olga Stelmakh-Drescher Global Space Governance for Space Sustainability S. 65-90

„… ” has been heard often at numerous space-related fora. It is used in different contexts and for …” „… together over 120 experts from 20 countries, representing space-faring and emerging space-faring countries …” „… include international action to or the manner (process) of governing space-related activities. It covers 1 …”

Mahulena Hofmann Space Resources: Regulatory Aspects S. 199-214

„… commercialise space resources in the solar system. It envisages to leverage matured spacecraft technology …” „… ? http://iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Space_Mining_Study.pdf. The Hague Spaceresources Governance Working Group: The Hague Working Group Draft Building Blocks …” „… Space Resources: Regulatory Aspects1 Mahulena Hofmann* Abstract Without any doubt, space resources …”

Riffi Temsamani Space Activities and Space Law Situation in Africa: Case of Morocco S. 303-312

„… Space Activities and Space Law Situation in Africa: Case of Morocco Riffi Temsamani* Abstract To …” „… ensure sustainable development in Africa, space activities can play an important role in promoting the …” „… of space. Space law is an important component in international cooperation, providing space …”

Paschal Agbim The Nigerian Space Legislation S. 313-326

„… The Nigerian Space Legislation Paschal Agbim* Abstract The consensus of State Parties expressed in …” „… international legal documents has eventually set out the procedure for the conduct of space activities in the 21 …” „… national space legislation which is obviously informed by the need to procure an ideal legal regime for …”

Timiebi Aganaba-Jeanty Realizing a Regional African Space Program S. 257-272

„… ranging from those of established space-faring nations, such as the U.S., to new entrants, such as Ghana …” „… explained by several historical factors. First, the majority of space-related projects at the regional level …” „… ensure optimal access to space-derived data, information services, and products; 3. Developing the …”

Tare Brisibe Africa and Common Interests in Outer Space S. 215-230

„… could be designed to regulate terrestrial communications vis-à-vis space-based communications within an …” „… space-segment operators are able to compete with their foreign counterparts even within local African markets …” „… IV. Innovation for All Humankind: The Case of Africa in Outer Space Africa and Common Interests in …”

P.J. Blount Innovating the Law: Fifty Years of the Outer Space Treaty S. 31-52

„… , 2015, http:// spacenews.com/op-ed-international-perspectives-on-space-resource-rights/; International …” „… online.com/news/space-data-association-and-usstratcom-reach-data-sharing-agree ment; Smitham, The Need for a Global Space-Traffic-Control Service at 158; Rendleman, “Space …” „… Masson-Zwaan and Bob Richards, “International Perspectives on Space Resource Rights,” SpaceNews.com, December 8 …”

Ganiy Ishola Agbaje Space and Telecommunications Activities in Africa: Organisational, Legal and Regulatory Aspects S. 231-256

„… SpaceWatch Middle East, “Angola Enacts Its First Space Strategy for 2016-2025,” https://spacewatchme …” „… . Eguaroje, “International Cooperation among Space-Faring Countries of Africa,” Recent Advances in Space …” „… regarding its space-related activities in compliance with international conventions, treaties, and …”

Marco Ferrazzani The Development of a New Space Economy and of Mega-Constellations S. 91-112

„… . Space-based assets are critical infrastructures that service a world population of estimated to reach 9 …” „… spacefaring nation to a nation of space farers.”1 I. * ESA Legal Counsel, Head of the Legal Services …” „… Department. 1 Emerging Space: The evolving landscape of 21st Century American spaceflight, NASA 2014. 93 This …”

Mahulena Hofmann, P.J. Blount Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspectives – Lessons Learned S. 9-18

„… technologies are crucial for the development of new space-based services that bring improvements in many areas …” „… reflected in an updated version of Guidelines.12 The next innovative space-based technology dealt with in …” „… I. General Issues Innovation in Outer Space: International and African Legal Perspectives …”

Frans von der Dunk Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Their Use of Satellite Services and (Space) Law S. 153-170

„… III. Legal Aspects of Innovative Space-Based Solutions Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Their Use of …” „… physical space, whether UAVs, other aircraft, or spacecraft. As of yet, however, there is no traffic …” „… Satellite Services and (Space) Law Frans von der Dunk* Abstract This chapter represents an effort to …”

Fabio Tronchetti Environmental Law Aspects S. 137-152

„… struck ESA’s Sentinel-1A Earth observation spacecraft.7 The legal framework applicable to space debris …” „… of small satellites in low Earth orbit. Several companies, including Airbus/One Web, SpaceX, and …” „… https://www.spaceintelreport.com/spacex-satellite-mega-constellation-attractscompetitors-fire/; http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2017/05/04/spacex-outli …”

Elina Morozova Registration of Non-GSO Constellations S. 121-136

„… Resolution 62/101 expands upon the types and formats of such additional information. V. 28 In 2017, SpaceX …” „… launched by SpaceX. See SpaceX News, Iridium-3 Mission, http://www.spacex.com/news/2017/10/09/iridiu m-3 …” „… ; SpaceX which has also announced plans to build a 4,000-satellite constellation; and one of the most …”

Petr Havlík UNISPACE+50 from the Perspective of Regional Cooperation S. 273-278

„… benefits stemming from space-related activities; 3. Space Accessibility: Strengthening of national space …” „… (capacity building); • to ensure partnership between space-faring nations/actors and other countries; • to …” „… duplication of) other mechanisms. UNISPACE+50 from the Perspective of Regional Cooperation 275 Space-related …”

John Purvis, Gerry Oberst Non-GSO Constellations: Overview S. 113-120

„… -creativity-asu-suncube-femtosat-space-exploration-for-everyone, 16 April 2016. 6 SpaceWorks, Nano/Microsatellite Market Assessment, Jan. 2016 at http://spacewor …” „… See SpaceX, “Financing Round,” press release 20 January 2015; SpaceX’s application with the FCC is …” „… small satellites.7 In January 2015, Google and Fidelity announced a $1 billion investment in SpaceX to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Legal Aspects of Innovative Space-Based SolutionsIII. 153 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Their Use of …” „… H of m an n/ Bl ou nt (e ds .) • In no va ti on in O ut er S pa ce Innovation in Outer Space …” „… Workshops on Space and Satellite Communication Law Nomos Luxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg …”

Leopold Mantl Galileo Programme – New Legal Developments S. 187-198

„… , comprising the construction, establishment and protection of all space-based and ground infrastructure; the …” „… well as the regulatory structure that supports its operation. Introduction "Space technologies, data …” „… the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), as a key element of its overall space …”

Mitsuhiro Sakamoto WRC’s Challenge to Meet Technology Development S. 53-64

„… development in radiocommunication and continuous innovation in outer space. The RR whose origin was adopted …” „… of the RR made in the last World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) relating to space services …” „… . * International Telecommunication Union, Space Service Department, Radiocommunication Bureau. 1 ITU CS Art 4 …”

List of Authors S. 327-334

„… List of Authors (in order of contributions) Mahulena Hofmann is holder of the SES Chair in Space …” „… of Space Law, as well as of the International Academy of Astronautics. She defended a PhD in Remote …” „… Sensing of the Earth from Space – Legal Aspects at Charles University, Prague and a ‘habilitation thesis …”

Francis Lyall Reaction of International Law to Technical Developments S. 19-30

„… Evolution of U.S. National Space Law and Three Long-Term Emerging Issues' 2011 37 J. Sp. L. 41-71 at 41. 19 …” „… , Telecommunications, and Space Law. Patterns are there to be discerned. At one stage, I had thought to include the Law …” „… International Law' (2000) 88 Ky. L.J. 809–884; M. Lachs, The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary …”

Ingo Baumann, Erik Pellander New Legal Issues in Earth Observation Data and Services S. 171-186

„… , BHO Legal, a space law firm in Cologne, Germany. * Research Fellow, BHO Legal. 1 Euroconsult, Earth …” „… resolution, it is not possible to directly identify an individual person from space. Due to the high speed of …” „… under IT law much more than under international or national space law. The issues are not necessarily …”

Edith Flore Sijou African Telecommunications Union in the Perspective of the Recent Developments S. 291-302

„… Space, Communication and Media law, University of Luxembourg. 1 Article 2 (2) of the ATU constitution …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845290256

Mahulena Hofmann - Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication

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Mahulena Hofmann (ed.)

Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 2 2015

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Ioanna Thoma Dispute Settlement in Space: The Perspective of the European Space Agency S. 127-144

„… Dispute Settlement in Space:The Perspective of the European Space AgencyIoanna Thoma*1AbstractThe …” „… manufacturing and construction of space infrastructure for spaceapplications, and the development of …” „… space-related software and hardwareas well as licensing agreements. Contracts are also entered into for the …”

Mahulena Hofmann Space Communication in the Jurisprudence of the ECHR S. 145-160

„… Jurisprudence of the ECHR149Substantive Provisions of the Convention Applicable to SpaceCommunicationAccording …” „… Space Communication in the Jurisprudence of the ECHRMahulena Hofmann*AbstractDespite the …” „… theproviders of space based services and their users. The procedure of the Courtis suitable for those who are …”

Mahulena Hofmann Introduction: Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space Communication S. 7-20

„… Introduction: Dispute Settlement in the Area of SpaceCommunicationMahulena Hofmann*Scope of the …” „… and secure use of outer space.Mahulena Hofmann14European Court of Justice of the European UnionThe …” „… Fonds Nationalde la Recherche and resulted in the Second Luxembourg InternationalWorkshop on Space …”

Tanja Masson-Zwaan Orbits and Frequencies: The Legal Context S. 59-68

„… Sustainability of Outer SpaceActivities (LTSSA) as a new agenda item of its Scientific and TechnicalSub-Committee …” „… space-based activities. Therefore regulation of ‘space activities’ will need toencompass both Earth-based and …” „… of space players. Consequently, harmful interference issues aregrowing as well and increasingly give …”

Frans G. von der Dunk About the New PCA Rules and their Application to Satellite Communication Disputes S. 93-126

„… http://www.intersputnik.com.8 ARABSAT was established by the Agreement of the Arab Corporation for SpaceCommunications …” „… Liability Convention53, the space treaty dealing with liability for damage caused by spaceactivities. More …” „… SpaceDisputes have used those two sets of rules as point of departure.90Even those two sets of rules, however …”

List of Authors S. 201-206

„… International Institute of SpaceLaw. The author of numerous articles on a wide range of subjects, he hasauthored …” „… International Law in Heidelberg. MahulenaHofmann defended a PhD in Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space –Legal …” „… membershipson the Board of the International Institute of Space Law and on an ExpertCommittee of the Council of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… 93Frans G. von der DunkDispute Settlement in Space: The Perspective of the European SpaceAgency 127 …” „… Dispute Settlement in the Area of Space CommunicationMahulena Hofmann (ed.)2nd Luxembourg Workshop …” „… on Space and Satellite Communication LawNomosLuxemburger Juristische Studien – Luxembourg Legal …”

Susan Poser, Joel Rische Satellite Telecommunications and American Tort Law S. 161-174

„… Commercial spacelaunch, insurance requirements and access to government launching facilities.3Space launch …” „… , specifically, Articles VI and VII of the Outer Space Treaty,national governments are responsible for the …” „… conduct of their citizens andcorporations involved with activity in outer space, and that …”

Francis Lyall The Role of Consensus in the ITU S. 33-42

„… space-oriented the proceedings of theCommittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS) come tomind.4 …” „… ‚Principles’ of space2 L.B. Sohn, Introduction: United Nations Decision-Making: Confrontation or Consensus …” „… . Lachs, The Treaty on thePrinciples of the Law of Outer Space 1961-1992 (1992) 39 Neth. Int. L. Rev …”

Gerry Oberst Dispute Resolution before the ITU: The Operator’s Experience S. 43-58

„… priority claim on its use.”7 One could likely find analogousstatements by other space-faring …” „… Space Treaty (OST) and related treaties. Nor has there been any experience yet with the new space …” „… space law per se. Thiscategory involves disputes under the rules of the International Telecommunication …”

Peter Malanczuk From Negotiations to Dispute Settlement: The Role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to Satellite Communications S. 69-92

„… of the Uruguay Round of GATT’, Telecommunications and SpaceJournal, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 269-290.20 …” „… Relevance of International Economic Law and the World TradeOrganization (WTO) for Commercial Outer Space …” „… Activities’, Proceedings of the3rd ECSL Colloquium on International Organisations and Space Law, Perugia, 6-7 …”

Andreas Loukakis Product Liability Ramifications for Damage Caused by Erroneous GNSS Signals S. 175-200

„… th International Instituteof Space Law Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (during the proceedings …” „… course of time, space technology has developed into a significantindustry that produces satellites and …” „… Project”, Space and Telecommunications Law Program,Faculty of Law Publications, Nebraska-Linkoln, 1999, p …”

Srinivasan Venkatasubramanian ITU and its Dispute Settlement Mechanism S. 21-32

„… – the ITU Constitution2 and the ITU Convention3 which are1.* Head of the Space Systems Coordination …” „… http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/st_space_11rev 2E.pdf.2 The ITU Constitution (CS).3 The ITU Convention (CV).23complemented by the …” „… and, for space services,of any associated orbital position in the geostationary-satellite orbit or of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258584

Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi, Christine Godt, Peter Rott, Lesley Jane Smith - Haftungsrecht im dritten Millennium - Liability in the Third Millennium

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Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi (ed.), Christine Godt (ed.), Peter Rott (ed.), Lesley Jane Smith (ed.)

Haftungsrecht im dritten Millennium - Liability in the Third Millennium

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 52 2009

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Lesley Jane Smith Grounding Space: Liability for commercial space operations S. 607-626

„… space-faring nations to encompass new markets, operating in countries ranging from the former Soviet Republics …” „… its prohibitive cost.26 Space-linked services have lead to recognition of lifeline dependent …” „… der Dunk, Space for Tourism, Legal Aspects of Private Spaceflight for Tourist Purposes, in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… Incoming Tide? Tort Liability in Public International Law Thomas Giegerich 577 Grounding Space: Liability …” „… for commercial space operations Lesley Jane Smith 607 VII. Prozessrecht Procedural Law Immer noch …” „… European Review of Private Law ERT Europarättslig Tidskrift ESA European Space Agency et al. et alia …”

Zhu Yan The Legislative Background of Chinese Tort Law and Its Key Issues S. 111-128

„… into urban areas, which directly compressed the space between human beings. Gradually compressed space …” „… population mobility, tort law, on one hand, should create free space for every individual, that means, to …”

Vernon Valentine Palmer Immaterial Damages, the Protection of Personality Interests and the Relevance of Contract Law S. 215-224

„… personality in time and space, even after all physical existence has ended. The point is that pervasive …”

Nuno Ferreira Fundamental Rights, Constitutional Principles, and the Law of Torts: Tortfeasors v. Tort Victims S. 49-84

„… of equality and freedom, and occupying its own space: it imposes a certain ‘attitude’ towards all …”

Joseph A. Page Reflections on Pain-And-Suffering Damages in the United States S. 193-216

„… from the empty space once occupied by an arm or leg.23 The defense attorney …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845213859

Sean Winkler - Boris Hessen and Philosophy

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Sean Winkler

Boris Hessen and Philosophy

2022

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Space S. 114-116

„… 114SpaceB. M. Hessen[949] SPACE,1 along with time (see), is the primary form of the existence of …” „… conception of S.: “We know what an hour or a meter is, but not what time and space are. As if time is a sum …” „… of hours, and space is a sum of cub. meters. Obviously, the two forms of existence of matter are …”

Index S. 169-178

„… space-time continuum, 69entropy: Boltzmann on, 142–49; Clausius on, 142–49; doctrine of, 139–41; Engels on …” „… ; on space-time continuum, 69–70Hegel and Dialectical Materialism (Deborin), 50n93Hegelianism, 10 …” „… 173Kant, Immanuel, 12, 68; on space, 114; on space-time continuum, 69Karl Marx (Lenin), 6Khinchin …”

3: Modern Physics S. 53-83

„… regards the causal space- time co- ordination of atomic processes.”28 Likewise, in his “The Mechanics of …” „… assume that molecules with different velocities are evenly distributed in space. In other words, if we …” „… point in space with the same prob-ability. Molecules possessing a given velocity do not accumulate in …”

Einstein S. 153-156

„… ; according to it, the formulas for the transformation of movements in space and time lead to the fact that …” „… the world; space and time are mathematically so closely intertwined in motion that only their union in …” „… radical change in the basic views on space and time led to the transformation of all of physics in general …”

The Ergodic Hypothesis S. 151-152

„… of view regarding the objectivity of time and space as the form of the existence of matter, this …” „… aggregate in time with the study of its location in space at a “frozen moment of time.” Naturally, in the …” „… reduce the development in time to a simple set of states in space at a given moment. Therefore, when …”

Postscript S. 106-113

„… a series of topics from contemporary physics: “Space,”1 “Ether,”2 “Energy,”3 “Entropy,”4 “The …” „… of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia, containing Hessen’s entry on “Space,” was completed on April 29 …” „… new scientific concepts could be understood in a dialectical materialist fashion. His entry on “Space …”

Energy S. 120-136

„… in a material body (e.g. the body moves in space and heats up), which occurs in all real cases, the …” „… which gravity is the result of the impacts of particles flying from outer space. Potential E. is …” „… space.”9 By separating motion from matter in this way and by absolutizing forces, Helmholtz sees the …”

Ether S. 117-119

„… space, E. became the necessary material carrier of electromagnetic fields. E. differed in its properties …” „… universe in space, E. can be fixed at its limits.The problem of E. is one of the most difficult problems in …”

Bibliography S. 157-168

„… revised by O. Bashkina, 117–119 (see Appendix 2).———. 2022 [1931]. “Space.” Translated by S. Winkler and …” „… [Communist Revo-lution] 5: 62–67.———. 1931. «Пространство [Space]». Малая Советская Энциклопедия [Small …”

1: Practice and Ideology S. 1-22

„… of the proletariat in our era are con-nected. . . . The problem of time and space in relativity …” „… maintains that absolute space and absolute time mark the pivotal points around which the relation between …” „… today,[m]echanics studies the form of motion that consists in the simple displacement of bodies in space …”

Entropy S. 137-150

„… in time or space. This is the final conclusion of the statistical interpretation of the law of energy …” „… decrease. For the universe, the two directions of time are indistinguishable, just as in space there is no …”

Preface

„… Ideas 84Conclusion 102Postscript: Boris Hessen’s Entries to the Soviet Encyclopedia 106Appendix 1 “Space …”

2: Idealism and Materialism S. 23-52

„… motion from “a simple change of place in space” to “the concept of changing states.”121 In this respect …” „… natural scientific theory not only occupies an ambiguous space between the socioeconomic base and …”

4: A Pantheon of Great Ideas S. 84-101

„… way, it leaves insufficient space for possibility.Herzen’s Letters on the Study of NatureIn many ways …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538147597

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