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Philipp Thomé - Sperrverfügungen gegen Internet Service Provider

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Philipp Thomé

Sperrverfügungen gegen Internet Service Provider

Series: Schriften zum Medien- und Informationsrecht

Volume 55 2021

Results in this title

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Sperrverfügungen gegen Internet Service Provider Philipp Thomé Herausforderungen für die …” „… zivilrechtliche Intermediärshaftung von Internet Service Providern im deutschen Recht unter Berücksichtigung der …” „… BUT_Thome_8140-9.indd 2 22.04.21 08:37 Philipp Thomé Sperrverfügungen gegen Internet Service Provider …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 337-345

„… (ZUM) 2010, 833 – 846 Engel, Christoph; „Die Internet-Service-Provider als Geiseln deutscher …” „… O’Sullivan, Kevin T.; „Copyright and Internet Service Provider “Liability”: The Emerging Realpolitik of …” „… Haftungssystems für Host-Provider. Zugleich Anmerkung zu BGH, Beschluss vom 13.9.2018 – I ZR 140/15“, in …”

Erstes Kapitel: Technische Grundlagen S. 29-45

„… , verwendet. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Bezeichnet Anbieter von Internet-Konnektivität, also der …” „… Sperrmaßnahmen eingegangen wird. Darstellung der wichtigsten Termini Terminus Erklärung Access-Provider …” „… Access-Provider bezeichnet die Gesamtheit von Anbietern von Internetzugängen. Die Übertragung von Datenpaketen von …”

Zweites Kapitel: Sperrverfügungen nach deutschem Recht S. 46-161

„… – Goldesel. 98 BGH, ZUM-RD 2016, 156; BGH, GRUR 2016, 268 – Störerhaftung des Access- Providers. 99 BGBl. I …” „… 13.10.2017 abgeändert wurde, 46 rem die Haftungsprivilegierung für Access-Provider in § 8 Abs. 1 S. 2 TMG auf …” „… Novellierung von § 8 Abs. 1 S. 2 TMG werden Access-Provider nun auch hinsichtlich einer Inanspruchnahme auf …”

Drittes Kapitel: Sperrverfügungen nach dem Recht von England und Wales S. 162-238

„… -324/09 (L'Oréal u.a.), ECLI:EU:C:2011:474, GRUR 2011, 1025. 890 Englisches Original: „service provider …” „… Host-Providern einstellen.989 Jedenfalls in der Zusammenschau von Hochladen und Verlinken, sei eine rechtswidrige …” „… Indexierungswebseiten würden gegenüber den Host-Providern der Streams keine anderen technischen Mittel verwenden.1018 …”

Fünftes Kapitel: Rechtsvergleich – Deutschland, England und Australien S. 285-327

„… . Weitergehende Bemühungen, wie sie in Deutschland etwa in Form von Auskunftsersuchen an die Host-Provider …” „… des Internets: BGH, GRUR 2016, 268, 274 – Störerhaftung des Access-Providers, unter Berufung auf …” „… : Pfitzmann/ Köpsell/Kriegelstein, Sperrverfügungen gegen Access-Provider, 2008, Technisches Gutachten, S. 52 …”

Viertes Kapitel: Sperrverfügungen nach australischem Recht S. 239-284

„… : “carriage service provider”. 1432 Englisches Original: “listed carriage service”. 1433 Englisches Original …” „… ”. 1435 Englisches Original: „carriage service means a service for carrying communications by means of …” „… guided and/or unguided electromagnetic energy.”. 1436 Englisches Original: „(a) a carriage service …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748925682

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Hans Petter Graver, Ola Mestad, Christoph Vedder - Agreement on the European Economic Area

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Finn Arnesen (ed.), Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen (ed.), Hans Petter Graver (ed.), Ola Mestad (ed.), Christoph Vedder (ed.)

Agreement on the European Economic Area

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] S. 450-470

„… self-employed. Chapter 3: Services Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] Within the framework of the …” „… provisions of this Agreement, there shall be no restrictions on freedom to provide services within the …” „… intended. Annexes IX to XI contain specific provisions on the freedom to provide services. I. Comparison …”

Martin Hennig Article 47 [Scope of application] S. 500-517

„… common rules intended to enable freedom to provide services in the transport sector. The ECJ found that …” „… Council to introduce freedom to provide services in the sphere of international transport and to lay down …” „… freedom to provide services is looked into, and finally the interplay between Chapter 6 and the freedom of …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 38 [Transport services] S. 470-473

„… , reference is made to the comments on Arts. 28 and 40. Article 38 [Transport services] Freedom to provide …” „… to provide services as regards various specific modes of transport. Accordingly, the provisions of …” „… those acts related to the freedom to provide services are to be interpreted in light of the general …”

Simen Hammersvik Article 65(1) [Public procurement] S. 612-641

„… establishment) and Art. 56 TFEU (freedom to provide services). Thus, public procurement is an integral and …” „… services as well as to protect suppliers in one Member State wishing to provide goods or services to public …” „… of the free movement rules by restricting the freedom to provide services and establishment.71 Hence …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 30 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 391-400

„… of Arts. 28, 31 and 36 EEA. The Directive covers both where the migrant wishes to provide services on …” „… case.7 Art. 5 of the Directive sets out the general rule regarding the freedom to provide services. The …” „… service provider moves to the territory of the host State to pursue, on a temporary and occasional basis …”

Tarjei Bekkedal Article 59 [Public undertakings, services of general economic interest] S. 568-584

„… also accepted that the objective of assuring the service provider’s economic viability was a relevant …” „… application of e.g. the fundamental freedom to provide services, the rules on competition or the rules on …” „… national time limits are suspended. Art. 6(4) provides the possibility for undertakings to request that a …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 35 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 450

„… self-employed. Chapter 3: Services Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] Within the framework of the …” „… provisions of this Agreement, there shall be no restrictions on freedom to provide services within the …” „… intended. Annexes IX to XI contain specific provisions on the freedom to provide services. I. Comparison …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 61 [Prohibition of state aid, exemptions] S. 585-598

„… competition with other market players, a market cannot be said to exist.13 The service providers will …” „… solidarity, the service providers are not effectively offering services on a market.18 When national health …” „… the provider of the service. With its judgment in 2003 in the Altmark case, the ECJ set out four …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 32 [Exemptions for exercise of official authority] S. 420-423

„… freedom to provide services.11 Therefore, it would seem logical to conclude, in so far as Arts. 32 EEA and …” „… . 2(2)(i) of the Services Directive provides that the Directive does not apply to activities involving …” „… of official authority. Art. 32 provides that insofar as the activities in question constitute …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 37 [Definition of services] S. 470

„… , reference is made to the comments on Arts. 28 and 40. Article 38 [Transport services] Freedom to provide …” „… participants. Article 37 [Definition of services] Services shall be considered to be ‘services’ within the …” „… governed by the provisions relating to freedom of movement for goods, capital and persons. ‘Services’ shall …”

Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association EFTA Convention S. 1103-1125

„… liberalisation of trade in services and of investment; (e) to provide fair conditions of competition affecting …” „… persons and the progressive liberalisation of trade in services and investment, further opening up the …” „… provide appropriate protection of intellectual property rights, in accordance with the highest …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 31 [Freedom of establishment] S. 400-420

„… , Fred Olsen, para. 94. 4 Speitler, ‘Right of Establishment and Freedom to Provide and Receive Services …” „… with other freedoms Freedom to provide services In Criminal proceedings against B,14 the EFTA Court …” „… dealt with the issue of how to distinguish between the freedom to provide services and the right of …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 33 [Exemptions] S. 423-434

„… mentioned that Art. 2(2)(i) of the Services Directive provides that the Directive does not apply to …” „… to provide services, must be interpreted strictly and that its scope cannot be determined …” „… justify a derogation from the principle of freedom to provide services must be accompanied by appropriate …”

Martin Hennig Article 49 [State aid in the transport sector] S. 518-521

„… distortive effects of any overcompensation of public service obligations.7 Public service providers are often …” „… in the concept of a public service. Art. 49 lays down specific rules for the award of state aid in …” „… represents reimbursement for the discharge of certain obligations inherent in the concept of a public service …”

Henrik Bull Article 40 [Free movement of capital] S. 473-488

„… movements constitute a restriction on their freedom to provide services (assisting in transactions between …” „… effects on the freedom to provide and receive services were only indirect, the Court held.45 In Case C …” „… sort of rules, the predominant consideration in the case was freedom to provide services rather than …”

Finn Arnesen Article 126 [Territorial application of the EEA Agreement] S. 945-953

„… on the right of establishment and the right to provide services by natural persons who do not enjoy …” „… . Where Art. 56 TFEU provides that there shall be no restrictions on the freedom to provide services …” „… obtained by enterprises whose legal form rules out bankruptcy or other insolvency procedures or provides an …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 34 [Right of establishment for companies] S. 434-450

„… [Freedom to provide services] Within the framework of the provisions of this Agreement, there shall be no …” „… restrictions on freedom to provide services within the territory of the Contracting Parties in respect of …” „… provisions on the freedom to provide services. I. Comparison with Art. 56 TFEU Art. 36(1) largely reproduces …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 64 [Dispute resolution] S. 609-612

„… establishment) and Art. 56 TFEU (freedom to provide services). Thus, public procurement is an integral and …” „… services as well as to protect suppliers in one Member State wishing to provide goods or services to public …” „… First Instance (and won). Art. 64 provides a mechanism for dealing with situations where the Commission …”

Berte-Elen R. Konow Article 72 [Provisions on consumer protection] S. 691-713

„… services provider.49 Just one and a half year later, however, the ECJ took a different approach in Case C …” „… services.1 Examples include rules on competition,2 on product safety,3 on liability for defective products …” „… ,4 on labelling of foodstuffs5 and chemicals,6 on life assurance7 and financial services to consumers …”

Christian Franklin Article 3 [Principle of loyalty] S. 180-196

„… concerning the freedom to provide services, coupled with Art. 3 EEA. PART II: The Agreement on the European …” „… equal treatment between men and women in the field of insurance and related financial services”, p. 17 …” „… Principle of loyalty Franklin 181 4 Art. 3, the approach in the following will aim to provide a …”

Henrik Bull Article 21 [Border controls and cooperation in customs‑related matters] S. 341-349

„… rather, the Protocols to which it refers – provides for simplification of border controls and other …” „… , regardless of origin. Art. 21(4) provides that, in derogation from Art. 8(3), Art. 21 applies to all kinds of …” „… formalities Art. 3 of Protocol 10 provides that inspections and formalities concerning the carriage of goods …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 22 [Monitoring the application of the EEA Agreement and the SCA] S. 1007-1009

„… provides that these rules shall apply to all goods and services as specified. The objective of the …” „… Agreement. Neither the EEA Agreement nor the SCA provides a detailed description of the surveillance …” „… EFTA States are obliged to notify, including draft technical regulations, measures under the Services …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 78 [Areas of cooperation] S. 753-754

„… development, – information services, – the environment, – education, training and youth, – social policy …” „… the four freedoms. Furthermore, Part III of the EEA Agreement contains a chapter on services which …” „… includes telecommunication services, audiovisual services and information society services amongst others …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 23 [Monitoring within the field of public procurement law] S. 1009-1011

„… States, which is a form of info request that also contains ESA’s services preliminary view as to why the …” „… the EFTA State in question is invited to provide comments within a stipulated deadline. If ESA decided …” „… , i.e. the secondary legislation with the substantive procurement rules and provides that these rules …”

Benedikt Pirker Switzerland and the EEA S. 80-101

„… between workers, self-employed persons, service providers and receivers, economically inactive persons and …” „… Establishment and Freedom to Provide and Receive Services’ in C Baudenbacher (ed) The Handbook of EEA Law …” „… such as municipalities and new sectors, such as electricity and water services.35 The Agreement on …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 7 [Rules of procedure] S. 1096-1097

„… services. The EEA Joint Committee Decisions incorporating the EU Regulations establishing the European …” „… Secretariat] The Secretariat services for the Standing Committee shall be provided by the EFTA Secretariat …” „… . Art. 8 stipulates that the Secretariat services for the Standing Committee shall be provided by the …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 5 [Subcommittees and working groups] S. 1090-1095

„… on Free Movement of Capital and Services – Subcommittee III on Free Movement of Persons …” „… the EFTA States. It provides analysis and assessments of issues of a legal or institutional nature …” „… Agreement vest such functions in ESA. Art. 3 of this Protocol provides that in cases where the Commission …”

Christian Franklin Article 2 [Principle of loyalty] S. 978-980

„… jeopardize the attainment of the objectives of this Agreement. Art. 2 provides for the general principle of …” „… provide more specific manifestations of the classic, vertical duties imposed on the EFTA States, such as …” „… Art. 6 (duty to provide information to ESA), Art. 33 (duty to take all measures to comply with EFTA …”

Ole-Andreas Rognstad Article 65(2) [Intellectual property rights] S. 641-659

„… specified, shall apply to all products and services. I. Introduction: Intellectual Property in the EEA …” „… , para. 69. 222 This provides that the contract in question is not yet concluded. 223 Case E-24/13 …” „… ’ the provisions of Protocol 28 and Annex XVII ‘shall apply to all products and services’ The meaning of …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 58 [Cooperation between the ESA and the Commission] S. 566-568

„… provides the details of the cooperation between the Commission and ESA in cases related to Arts. 53 and 54 …” „… most important documents in a case. Art. 9 grants the authorities the right to provide the other …” „… substantial part of the EEA territory. Art. 6(2) provides the EFTA 2 Council Reg. (EC) No 139/2004 on the …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 8 [Free movement of goods, scope of application] S. 270-281

„… Art. 8 is understood also to limit the scope of the rules concerning the freedom to provide services …” „… so that they do not include services inseparably linked to the sale of goods that fall outside the …” „… States. Art. 8 must be read in the context of Art. 9, which provides that rules of origin are to be dealt …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 13 [Exemptions] S. 301-311

„… freedoms (in casu the freedom to provide services and Greek rules relating to television broadcasting …” „… restriction on the freedom to provide services, the fact remains that those objectives cannot be relied upon …” „… , in Piazza26 (concerning the free movement of capital and the freedom to provide services), the EFTA …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 54 [Abuse of a dominant position] S. 546-555

„… exclusivity. This precluded Norgesgruppen from allowing other “B to C” service providers to offer their …” „… services amounted to an abuse of a dominant position, the EFTA court did elaborate on the concept of a …” „… , through recourse to methods different from those governing normal competition in products or services on …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 108 [The ESA and the EFTA Court: Establishment and competences] S. 840-852

„… early stage of the negotiations that it would be necessary provide for a surveillance mechanism which …” „… establishment of ESA Art. 108(1) provides that the EFTA States shall establish an independent surveillance …” „… . Art. 4 SCA. Art. 7 SCA provides, that ESA is governed by a college of three members who shall be …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 55 [Supervision] S. 555-558

„… different B to C delivery services within one outlet was sufficient to avoid mix up, free riding or reduced …” „… the most attractive business partner.55 Posten’s universal service obligation regarding letters …” „… EEA law still exists and will be commented upon below. First and foremost, Art. 55 provides ESA and …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 68 [Labour law] S. 664-677

„… for the directive is the freedom to provide services. In the EEA Agreement, the directive is also …” „… services; – Dir. 97/81/EC concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work – Dir. 1999/70/EC of 28 June …” „… of the working conditions of mobile workers engaged in interoperable cross-border services in the …”

Karin Fløistad Article 28 [Free movement of workers] S. 369-385

„… . 45 TFEU), the self-employed (now Art. 49 TFEU), service providers and recipients (now Art. 56 TFEU …” „… there. 4. The provisions of this Art. shall not apply to employment in the public service. 5. Annex V …” „… free movement of persons must be read in conjunction with the chapter on free movement of services …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 8 [EFTA Secretariat] S. 1097-1098

„… Article 8 [EFTA Secretariat] The Secretariat services for the Standing Committee shall be provided …” „… by the EFTA Secretariat. Art. 8 stipulates that the Secretariat services for the Standing Committee …” „… provides support for the Standing Committee and its substructure including the subcommittees, working and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… Freedom to provide services ...........................................Article 36 450 Definition of …” „… , Services, 930 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97213-3786, USA, email: orders@isbs.com …” „… most probably still provide for and maintain the basic legal links between the three EFTA States and …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 3 [Responsibilities] S. 1085-1089

„… Standing Committee shall also carry out other tasks assigned to it in the EEA Agreement. Art. 3 provides a …” „… provides the EEA legal base for allocating a task to the EFTA pillar but does not take a position on …” „… 1 to the Standing Committee Agreement provide an internal legal basis for alloacting tasks to the …”

Jonas W. Myhre Article 16 [State monopolies of a commercial character] S. 323-335

„… 1994, all EFTA States were asked by ESA to provide information on their commercial monopolies. The …” „… that the scope of applicability is limited to trade in goods.14 Service monopolies are not covered …” „… service. The ECJ pointed to the possibility that a monopoly over the provision of services may have an …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 71 [Social dialogue] S. 690-691

„… Europe have been reluctant to ratify Protocol No 12, which provides for a general prohibition on …” „… other parts of the EEA Agreement – in particular in the parts on the free movement of goods and services …” „… on labelling of foodstuffs5 and chemicals,6 on life assurance7 and financial services to consumers,8 …”

Martin Hennig Article 14 [Internal taxation: No fiscal discrimination of imported goods] S. 311-322

„… and Care Services, Oslo, 30.9.2014, pp. 13-16. 9 See the report by Arnesen and Sejersted …” „… monopolordning” on behalf of the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, Oslo, 30.9.2014, p. 3. 10 On the …” „… harmonisation of national excise duties on manufactured tobacco, which provides for uniform tax treatment for …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 109 [The two-pillar surveillance system] S. 852-860

„… Art. 109 provides the framework for the two-pillar system of surveillance, the cornerstone for uniform …” „… (ETS) into the EEA Agreement.11 The scheme provides that for a given trading period each EU Member …” „… . However, the recitals of the EEA Joint Committee Decision in question explicitly provide for cooperation …”

Per Christiansen Article 46 [Exchange of views and information] S. 497-500

„… , contained in Part III on the Free Movement of Persons, Services and Capital. The aim of the provision is to …” „… Commissioners responsible for Economic and Financial Affairs and Internal Market and Services, and occasionally …” „… fact that financial services and the free movement of capital is part of the internal market affects …”

Henrik Bull Article 23 [Technical regulations and barriers to trade in wine, product liability] S. 350-356

„… with regard to Norway and Iceland. Art. 1(2) of Protocol 3 provides that “[t]he provisions of this …” „… Technical Regulations on Products and Information Society Services and Regulation No. 733/2000 on the …” „… Notification of Technical Regulations on Products and Information Society Services A similar obligation to …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 80 [Forms of cooperation] S. 757-763

„… included in Protocol 31 are generally intended to provide a legal base for enabling cooperation between the …” „… EFTA States may provide useful insights in this respect. For example, the EU will of course expect a …” „… network bringing together the Heads of Public Employment Services (PES)12 as well as the European …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 125 [The EEA Agreement and national systems of property ownership] S. 942-945

„… des services dans la CEE, p. 106 and Tiedje, ‘Comments to Art. 55 TFEU’, in: von der Groeben, Schwarze …” „… personnes et des services dans la CEE, p. 105 and ‘Comments to Art. 55 TFEU’ in: von der Groeben, Schwarze …” „… , Article 73(1)(c) EEA provides that the Contracting Parties shall in their actions relating to the …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 83 [Exchange of information between public authorities] S. 770-771

„… necessary, as the incorporation of the related EU programme has been considered to provide the legal basis …” „… EFTA States shall have the same rights to receive, and obligations to provide, information as EC Member …” „… authorities, the EFTA States shall have the same rights to receive and obligations to provide information as …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 13 [Rules of procedure] S. 997-1002

„… then been amended several times, most recently in 2002 when the ESA merged its Goods and Services …” „… the free movement of goods, services, state aid or competition. It moreover follows from Art. 16 of …” „… person. At the same time, the procedural rules governing state aid and competition proceedings9 provide …”

Christophe Hillion Article 127 [Withdrawal from the EEA Agreement] S. 953-961

„… freedom to provide services within the territory of the Contracting Parties in respect of nationals of EC …” „… exemption from the requirements of the EEA rules on freedom of establishment and free movement of services …” „… , while Art. 36 EEA on the free movement of services stipulates that “there shall be no restrictions on …”

Article 124 [Non-discrimination of investments] Henrik Bull S. 939-942

„… the procurement process and provides a certain transparency to the process. Article 124 …” „… Maestripieri, La libre circulation des personnes et des services dans la CEE (Editions UGA, Heule – Bruxelles …” „… Norway, at para 81. 6 See Maestripieri, La libre circulation des personnes et des services dans la CEE, p …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 92 [Responsibilities of the EEA Joint Committee] S. 782-784

„… . Establishment of the EEA Joint Committee Art. 92 provides the legal basis for the establishment of the EEA Joint …” „… the EEA Joint Committee. For instance, Art. 105(2) provides that the EEA Joint Committee is to keep …” „… instance, Art. 100 provides that the EFTA States may submit comments to the EU side on proposed legislation …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 94 [The EEA Joint Committee: presidency, meetings, sub-committees and working groups] Functioning of the EEA Joint Committee S. 786-789

„… provide for the jurisdiction of any court to adopt binding rulings on whether an act should be …” „… Economic Area 786 Tynes 6 1 Committee of the EFTA States. Art. 94(2) provides that the Joint Committee …” „… to eight times a year. Article 4 of the Rules of procedure further provides for the possibility of …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 10 [Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect] S. 286-289

„… must be distinguished from pecuniary charges that constitute a remuneration for a service rendered to …” „… the importer/exporter, and is commensurate with that service. Such a fee would fall outside the …” „… , this distinction would have to be narrowly construed and the charge proportionate to the service …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 82 [EFTA States’ financial contributions] S. 767-770

„… contributions to the EU under the EEA Agreement. While the financial mechanism aims to provide direct support …” „… necessary, as the incorporation of the related EU programme has been considered to provide the legal basis …” „… EFTA States shall have the same rights to receive, and obligations to provide, information as EC Member …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 60 [Specific provisions on undertakings] S. 584-585

„… . The annex provides the necessary adjustments to the wording of the acts for the purpose of …” „… transfer agreements, the Annex provides a procedure for declaring the block exemptions inapplicable in …” „… network and services. Finally, two High Authority Decisions re- PART II: The Agreement on the European …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 89 [Responsibilities of the EEA Council] S. 777-779

„… . Thus Art. 5 provides for the right of the Contracting Parties to raise any matter of concern in the EEA …” „… Council, a droit d’évocation.3 Art. 118 provides that the EEA Council may, when appropriate, take the …” „… positions were merged by the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS). However, the EU side …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 93 [Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making] S. 784-786

„… and publication. In addition, the rules of procedure provide that a representative from the EFTA …” „… of procedure however provide that the Joint Committee may decide to deliberate without the presence …” „… European External Action Service (EEAS) as a result of the Lisbon Treaty. For a while, the EU was …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 1 [Object and purpose] S. 171-176

„… movement of services; (d) the free movement of capital; (e) the setting up of a system ensuring that …” „… spelled out in Art. 1(2): free movement of goods, persons, services and capital; a system to ensure …” „… principal aims of the EEA Agreement is to provide for the fullest possible realisation of the free movement …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 11 [Quantitative restrictions on imports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on imports S. 289-299

„… ‘provide for the fullest possible realisation of the free movement of goods … within the whole European …” „… case does not provide for sufficient grounds to draw the conclusion that all private activities fall …” „… and regulations (and of rules on Information Society services)54 merits particular attention among all …”

Pål Wennerås Article 6 [Homogeneity] S. 209-248

„… administrative and economic burdens imposed on service providers outweighed the increased social protection of …” „… Art. 6 explicitly provides that EEA law shall be interpreted in the same manner as corresponding …” „… welfare services, Florence: European University Institute, 2016. 8 E.g. Sevon, ‘The ECJ, the EFTA Court …”

Margrét Einarsdóttir, Ragnhildur Helgadóttir Iceland and the EEA S. 13-35

„… will provide an overview over the implementation of EEA law in Iceland, the constitutional challenges …” „… % of the export value for services.2 Thirdly, there will be given an overview over the Icelandic …” „… the Constitution of Denmark. Art. 2 of the Constitution no. 33/1944, provides that „Alþingi and the …”

Christoph Vedder The EEA in the Union’s Legal Order S. 101-124

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 The Agreement establishing the European Economic Area provides the legal basis for the …” „… the main aims of the creation of the EFTA was to provide for free trade between the EFTA countries …” „… free movement of persons, the liberalization of the trade in services and investments, the opening of …”

Finn Arnesen Article 20 [Fish and marine products] S. 338-341

„… Iceland and EU have proved easier to conclude. The latest agreement provides that almost 90 % of EU …” „… provides the rules of origin that apply.1 Depending on the interpretation of the rulings of the EFTA Court …” „… , establishment, services and investments inseparably linked to fisheries or fish farming is subject to the …”

Karin Fløistad Article 29 [Social security for workers and self-employed persons] S. 385-391

„… order to provide freedom of movement for workers and self-employed persons, the Contracting Parties …” „… constitutional framework for welfare services, Ph.D., European University Institute. Article 29 Social security …” „… , Rennuy and Elsuwege have concluded that ‘the objective to provide for the fullest possible realisation of …”

Per Christiansen Article 34 [Advisory opinion] S. 1032-1040

„… restrictions on shareholder and voting rights in financial services infrastructure institutions in Norway. In …” „… provide assistance” to the national courts and tribunals in cases in which they have to apply provisions …” „… of EEA law.2 It is the function of the Court to provide guidelines for the interpretation of EEA law …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 87 [Expansion to new fields of cooperation] S. 773-776

„… new fields to those listed therein. The ambition of Part VI is to provide a vehicle for additional …” „… is sometimes reversed. For example, the European External Action Service (EEAS) approached the EF- TA …” „… , Decision No 573/2014/EU on enhanced cooperation between public emploment services (PES) does not contain …”

Fredrik Bøckman Finstad Norway and the EEA S. 59-80

„… Finstad 59 1 2 for example businesswise, educational activities or access to health services. The …” „… legal relationship between the EU and Norway (subchapter 2). Subchapter 3 then provides an overview of …” „… services to keep up its high standard of living. The bilateral trade agreements from the 1970 s between the …”

Introduction S. 1-13

„… primacy are not part of EEA law,28 the recognition of the principle of State liability provides a judicial …” „… EU and each of the EFTA States, Arts. 19 and 20 EEA provide a basis for EU-EFTA relations also in …” „… persons and progressive liberalization of trade in services and of investment, essentially reflecting …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 150-171

„… to provide for the fullest possible realization of the free movement of goods, persons, services and …” „… Parties; DETERMINED to provide for the fullest possible realization of the free movement of goods, persons …” „… , services and capital within the whole European Economic Area, as well as for strengthened and broadened …”

Per Christiansen Article 30 [Members] S. 1021-1025

„… . 31 of the Statute provides that the deliberations shall be and shall remain secret. In line with the …” „… civil service, the judiciary, academia, or combinations of these.1 The Judges are appointed by common …” „… independence. The Statute provides further guidance on in which situations Art. 31(4) SCA may be relevant. As a …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 4 [Establishment of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] S. 984-987

„… service and exemption from all national income tax on salaries and emoluments, excluding pensions. Neither …” „… surveillance tasks. The EEA Agreement does not as such provide for parallel EFTA agencies or for that matter …” „… with in the EEA Agreement, if that Agreement or the present Agreement expressly so provides or if the …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 21 [Annual report] S. 1006-1007

„… translation service. Communication in any other language than English may therefore lead to significant delays …” „… Agreement. Neither the EEA Agreement nor the SCA provides a detailed description of the surveillance …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 62 [Review of State aid through the ESA and the Commission] S. 598-605

„… provides the legal basis for ESA to initiate the formal investigation procedure in case of misuse of aid …” „… the application of Art. 106(2) TFEU to State aid in the form of public service compensation granted to …” „… certain undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest. 4 Commission …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 90 [Composition of the EEA Council, decision-making] S. 779-780

„… by the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS). However, the EU side continues to be …” „… of Procedure of the EEA Council provides that a member may authorize a person to represent him. In …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 81 [EFTA States’ participation in EU programmes] S. 763-767

„… decision-shaping is that the EEA Agreement provides for EFTA participation in three main types of committees …” „… related to EFTA participation in the management boards/committees of decentralised agencies provide for …” „… the Free Movement of Capital and Services (2013) EEA EFTA Comment on the proposal for a Regulation of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen EEA law in and beyond the text of the Main Part of the EEA Agreement S. 124-145

„… persons, services and capital), as well as the basic provisions on competition (Part IV), both concerning …” „… homogeneity objective provides the legal basis for transferring the proper EU law interpretation to the EEA …” „… Protocol provides that in cases where the Commission, in the context of EU law, shall submit a draft …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 43 [Statute and Rules of procedure of the EFTA Court] S. 1056-1065

„… . 4 Corresponds to Art. 4 ECJ Statute Both provisions provide that the Judges may not engage in any …” „… those activities which shall be deemed to be exempted. Art. 4 provides for the procedure for application …” „… provision provides that rules governing the languages of the Court shall be laid down in the rules of …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 123 [National security and trade in arms] S. 929-939

„… of crisis and war Art. 123 provides the Contracting Parties with an opportunity to derogate measures …” „… shown to be an important derogation from the treaties, as it provides the EEA States with an opportunity …” „… procedures for the award of certain works contracts, supply contracts and service contracts by contracting …”

Martin Hennig Article 51 [Prohibition of State aid in the form of favorable rates or conditions] S. 522-524

„… infrastructure so that multiple undertakings can provide services on the network. Naturally, Art. 51(3) permits …”

Per Christiansen Article 33 [Compliance with judgements of the EFTA Court] S. 1030-1032

„… non-compliance, the EFTA State in question may be obliged to provide compensation in accordance with the …” „… in financial services infrastructure institutions in Norway. In June 2013, ESA issued a reasoned …”

Per Christiansen Article 37 [Action for failure to act] S. 1046-1048

„… jurisdiction to review decisions by ESA in the field of supervision of financial services. The second paragraph …” „… of Art. 6 provides that a failure by ESA to comply with an obligation to act in this field may be …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Contracting Parties S. 973-975

„… financial services. These decisions dictate new powers to ESA. The EFTA States complied with this by a …” „… quite close to de facto rewriting of Art. 30 SCA (which provides that judges shall be appointed for a …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 25 [Responsibilities of the ESA in the field of the competition rules] S. 1012-1018

„… general de minimis regulation, the block exemption regulation and the exemption for certain Services of …” „… market and state aid cases.4 Art. 8 provides the ESA with the power to adopt interim measures. Interim …” „… nal/co-operation-with-national-courts/. 7 It is also for this reason that an infringement decision from ESA as such will provide a basis …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 77 [Provisions on company law] S. 742-751

„… of the Union is generally restricted by the principle of conferral (Art. 5(2) TEU), which provides …” „… ) of Council Dir. 93/22/EEC on investment services in the securities field.17 Lastly, several EU legal …” „… acts referred to by points 10 f et seq.18 provide rules for statutory audits of annual accounts and …”

Christophe Hillion Article 118 [Extension of the EEA Agreement to new fields] S. 904-912

„… fields Hillion 905 1 2 3 4 5 notably the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital …” „… whereby a Contracting Party may withdraw from the EEA Agreement, provides another, albeit exceptional …” „… law.12 In the same vein, each enlargement of the EEA on the basis of Art. 128 EEA provides an …”

Christian Frommelt Liechtenstein and the EEA S. 35-59

„… Liechtenstein. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the tailormade arrangements of Liechtenstein. Chapter 8 …” „… broad debate of EEA matters is very limited. Indeed, the government provides only very little …” „… government provides a short report addressing its relevance and consequences. The debates in the Landtag on a …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 111 [Dispute resolution in the EEA Joint Committee] S. 865-883

„… Supervisory Authorities in the field of financial services – the European Banking Authority (EBA), the …” „… the EEA Agreement.24 The less ambitious EFTA Convention provides for dispute settlement through a …” „… Authorities in the field of financial services.30 1. 26 As noted in Section I above, Art. 111 appears to be …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 2 [Definitions] S. 176-180

„… their proper context throughout this commentary. Art. 119 EEA provides that the annexes and the acts …” „… in the field of financial services make clear that the words ‘Union law’ shall be read ‘the EEA …”

Pål Wennerås Article 3 [Relevance of ECJ case law] S. 980-984

„… in the field of insurance and related financial services, p. 2. 6 See e.g. Arts. 58, 62(2) and 109 …” „… The following will therefore only provide an overview of the architecture and context of Art. 3 SCA …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 53 [Agreements, decisions and concerted practices] S. 526-546

„… requirement has not been problematic. The cases have either concerned products or services which have been …” „… economic context, the products or services covered by the agreement and the actual market structure is …” „… , GlaxoSmithKline, para. 50. 69 Joined cases T-374, 375, 384 and 388/94, 15.9.1998, European Night Services. 70 Case …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen The Contracting Parties S. 145-150

„… balance of benefits, rights and obligations for the Contracting Parties; DETERMINED to provide for the …” „… fullest possible realization of the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the whole …”

Henrik Bull Article 43 [Protective measures] S. 490-495

„… free movement within the EEA would be used to evade such third country rules. Art. 43(1) EEA provides …” „… being unable to service the nation’s debt. This is usually accompanied by a rapid decline in the value …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 103 [Requirements for binding Joint Committee decisions] S. 819-824

„… treaty rules, for example the rules incorporated in the EEA Agreement on the financial services sector …” „… “unless otherwise provided for” in the decision. Art. 103 concerns cases where the Agreement provides for …”

Ingvald Falch Article 4 [Non-discrimination on grounds of nationality] S. 196-209

„… Article 4 provides the fundamental right in EEA law to equal treatment irrespective of nationality. The …” „… guaranteed by Community law”.19 Case E-5/07 Private Barnehagers Landsforbund20 provides for an example of an …” „… purposes of Art. 18 TFEU, “in so far it has an effect, even though indirect, on trade in goods and services …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 69 [Equal pay for equal work] S. 677-683

„… maintaining or adopting measures that provide for specific advantages for the under-represented sex. This …” „… service completed and, third, its amount is calculated by reference to the public servant's final salary …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 70 [Equal treatment of men and women] S. 683-690

„… services. It introduces the principle of equal treatment for men and women when they act as consumers. The …” „… provides for a general prohibition on discrimination. 1 See also the comments by Tynes on Art. 96 mn. 4-6 …”

Per Christiansen Article 117 [Provisions governing the EEA financial mechanism] S. 894-904

„… administrative or public service capacities of local government or its institutions as well as the democratic …” „… provide necessary assistance, information and documentation. As a sanction, the EFTA States may suspend …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845275796

Lisa Goran, David F. Bateman - Related Services in Special Education

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Lisa Goran, David F. Bateman

Related Services in Special Education

2023

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Chapter 6 Roles of Related Service Providers S. 97-114

„… 97Chapter SixRoles of Related-Service ProvidersChapter SixRoles of Related-Service ProvidersHere it …” „… setting.RELATED-SERVICE PROVIDERS AS, WELL, SERVICE PROVIDERSRelated-service providers are responsible for providing the …” „… special edu-cator, and the related-service providers.By now, you have a good sense of the important yet …”

Chapter 2 Requirements and Considerations S. 21-40

„… district assess-ments, and comments and data from related-service providers.The reevaluation process …” „… also be an im-portant liaison with outside service providers.General Education Teacher: Provides …” „… Considerations of Related ServicesThe first chapter provides an overview of related services, with definitions …”

Chapter 7 Recommended Resources S. 115-128

„… ORGANIZATIONS AND RESOURCES FOR RELATED-SERVICE PROVIDERSIn this section, we provide information about some …” „… appropriate public education. We also are sure you see the value-add of the related-service providers to the …” „… continue your collaborative learning and work with related-service providers. Please use the resources in …”

Index S. 147-152

„… , 26exclusions, 7–9, 48, 119, 125, 136–38, 140expertise of related-service providers, 101–2, 107 …” „… extended school year (ESY), 31external service providers, 103FAPE (free appropriate public education), 1, 7 …” „… related-service providers, 102goals/objectives, 35, 36, 61, 126health assessment: about, 81; confidentiality and …”

Chapter 5 Health Care Supports S. 81-96

„… an expert who can interpret the evaluation re-sults. Others, such as related-service providers …” „… provider(s).Discuss with the student’s legal guardians the types of medications that will be administered during the …” „… 81Chapter FiveHealth Care Supports as a Related Service with Kristin C. WikelChapter FiveHealth …”

Appendix B S. 135-140

„… related service the district was obliged to provide to Amber. The Supreme Court had two questions to …” „… servic[e],” which a school is required to provide only for purposes of diagnosis or evaluation. The …” „… that it was designed to spare schools from an obligation to provide a service that might well prove …”

Chapter 3 Types and Examples S. 41-52

„… related-service providers and encourages you to collaborate with them, not only as integral members of the IEP …” „… provide them.Speech-LanguageSpeech-language (Sp-Lg) services are the most common services provided to …” „… Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA, 2022). SLPs often provide these services directly but can also supervise others …”

Preface

„… related services providers bring to the IEP team and school community and offers multiple resources to …” „… Related-Service Providers 97Related-Service Providers as, Well, Service Providers 98Related-Service Providers as …” „… Collaborators 100Related-Service Providers as Professional Experts 101Related-Service Providers as Communicators …”

Chapter 1 Related Services S. 1-20

„… provide by themselves. To truly ben-efit from special education services, these students need additional …” „… provides a broad introduction of related services and how they fit 2 Chapter Oneinto the individualized …” „… education plan (IEP). Again, this is an overview. We provide more detail in later chapters.RELATED SERVICES …”

Appendix A S. 129-134

„… .” The IEP team determined he needs academic, behavioral, and communication services in order to provide …” „… the private school, and the related-service providers. While not all related-service personnel were …” „… therapy. While the related-service providers are primarily responsible for the quality and content of the …”

Chapter 4 Transportation as a Related Service S. 53-80

„… about the transportation service. Provide the training early enough so that the plan can be modified …” „… 53Chapter FourTransportation as a Related ServiceChapter FourTransportation as a Related …” „… ServiceThis chapter explains the components of the transportation assessment and clarifies the use of the form …”

Key Terms S. 141-144

„… a task.142 Key Termsconsultation: related-service providers provide training to educators who work …” „… who can interpret the evaluation re-sults. Others, such as related-service providers, should be …” „… assigned to assist or support. In special education, an aide can be listed as a service or support on the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538168844

Reiner Schulze - Common European Sales Law (CESL)

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Reiner Schulze (ed.)

Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2012

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Article 157 Remedies of the service provider S. 669-670

„… : Firstly, the customer must give notice (cf art 10) to the service provider which specifies the nature of …” „… relates to facts of which the service provider knew or could be expected to have known.2 Secondly, the …” „… service provider has not disclosed the lack of conformity to the consumer. Article 157 Remedies of the …”

Article 109 Cure by the seller S. 532-540

„… provider/seller cannot benefit from the right to cure. In the case of related services, the existence of the right …” „… related service contract (art 155[2]). In this case, the service provider may force the consumer to accept …” „… consequences for the service provider in the case of termination, since the service provide usually cannot make …”

Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice S. 659-661

„… . Article 150 Performance by a third party 1. A service provider may entrust performance to another person …” „… , unless personal performance by the service provider is required. 2. A service provider who entrusts …” „… conclusion of the contract, the service provider must provide the customer with an invoice which explains, in …”

Article 152 Obligation to warn of unexpected or uneconomic cost S. 661-664

„… for the service provider would be ensured by clarification of such formal requirements. Article 152 …” „… Obligation to warn of unexpected or uneconomic cost 1. The service provider must warn the customer and seek …” „… already indicated by the service provider to the customer; or (b) the related service would cost more than …”

Article 155 Remedies of the customer S. 666-668

„… access to the service provider is subject to particular requirements: Firstly, the access to the …” „… customer’s premises (eg place of residence or workplace) must be necessary in order for the service provider …” „… service provider will constitute non-performance on the part of the customer. Art 157 will apply …”

Article 12 Information requirements resulting from the Services Directive S. 109-115

„… 2006/123/EC on information on providers and their services. C. Explanation I. Relationship between art 22 …” „… services; (letter d) any codes of conduct to which the provider is subject and the address at which these …” „… disclosed in any case, where a price is pre-determined by the provider for a given type of service. Where …”

Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage S. 657-659

„… the foreseeability of the risks. In other words, if the service provider fails to take measures …” „… consumer’s benefit. Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage The service provider must take reasonable …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A. Function Art 149 places an obligation on the service provider to prevent damage. Its scope of …”

Article 148 Obligation to achieve result and obligation of care and skill S. 655-657

„… Section 2 Obligations of the service provider Article 148 Obligation to achieve result and …” „… obligation of care and skill 1. The service provider must achieve any specific result required by the …” „… , the service provider must perform the related service with the care and skill which a reasonable …”

Article 156 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in related service contracts between traders S. 668-669

„… conformity only if the customer gives notice to the service provider within a reasonable time specifying the …” „… . The service provider is not entitled to rely on this Article if the lack of conformity relates to …” „… facts of which the service provider knew or could be expected to have known and which the service …”

Article 158 Customer’s right to decline performance S. 670-672

„… non-performance by the customer (eg of the obligations in Section 3), the service provider is afforded the same …” „… . The customer may at any time give notice to the service provider that performance, or further …” „… service provider no longer has the right or obligation to provide the related service; and (b) the …”

Article 9 Mixed-purpose contracts Schulte-Nölke S. 147-151

„… remedies of the parties as service provider and customer. 2. Where, in a contract falling under paragraph 1 …” „… , the obligations of the seller and the service provider under the contract are to be performed in …” „… contract as a whole. 4. Where the obligations of the seller and the service provider under the contract are …”

Article 154 Provision of access S. 665-666

„… . Article 154 Provision of access Where it is necessary for the service provider to obtain access to the …” „… customer’s premises in order to perform the related service the customer must provide such access at …” „… installation contracts, the service provider may require access to the customer’s home or business premises in …”

Article 147 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts Zoll/Watson S. 653-655

„… 147 Zoll/Watson 617 2 3 4 Section 2 Obligations of the service provider Article 148 Obligation to …” „… achieve result and obligation of care and skill 1. The service provider must achieve any specific result …” „… specific result, the service provider must perform the related service with the care and skill which a …”

Article 150 Performance by a third party S. 659

„… . Article 150 Performance by a third party 1. A service provider may entrust performance to another person …” „… , unless personal performance by the service provider is required. 2. A service provider who entrusts …” „… conclusion of the contract, the service provider must provide the customer with an invoice which explains, in …”

Article 45 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal S. 278-284

„… made an express request for the provision of related services to begin during the withdrawal period …” „… liable for the cost for: (a) the provision of related services, in full or in part, during the withdrawal …” „… period, where: (i) the trader has failed to provide information in accordance with Article 17(1) and (3 …”

Article 153 Payment of the price S. 664-665

„… obligation. It provides that the customer is to pay any price payable for the related service in accordance …” „… Where it is necessary for the service provider to obtain access to the customer’s premises in order to …” „… perform the related service the customer must provide such access at reasonable hours. Contents A …”

Article 5 Contracts for which the Common European Sales Law can be used S. 77-86

„… . Businesses that carry out building work or provide repair services frequently also transfer, in the course of …” „… provide the service to the customer. The ratio of this restriction is, probably, that intricate problems …” „… provider consents to the use of the CESL (P) or where the seller acts on behalf of the service provider …”

Article 42 Withdrawal period S. 265-269

„… , including a contract under which the seller also agrees to provide related services; (c) the day on which …” „… the seller also agrees to provide related services; (e) the day of the conclusion of the contract in …” „… case of a sales contract, including a sales contract under which the seller also agrees to provide …”

Article 19 Distance contracts: additional information and other requirements S. 185-189

„… to display the information, the trader must provide at least the information referred to in paragraph …” „… of the goods, digital content or related services, as required by point (a) of Article 13(1); (b) the …” „… indicating the agreement to conclude a contract. The trader must provide the consumer with a confirmation of …”

Article 173 Payment for monetary value S. 728-741

„… ). IV. Art 173(3) Content Art 173(3) provides a measure for the valuation of services. Since services …” „… provider. There is no indication how the value of the service has to be calculated in this case. Since it …” „… is hard to imagine that the drafters wanted the service provider not to receive any payment if he has …”

Article 13 Duty to provide information when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 164-171

„… provide information on the main characteristics of goods, digital content or related services is limited …” „… information on the main characteristics of the goods, digital content or related services in all B2B contracts …” „… Section 3 provides additional duties to provide information in distance contracts concluded by electronic …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… related services contract’ concerns cases where a seller provides, in close connection to a contract of …” „… seqq – service provider RegCESL (P) 2 27 et seq – small and medium enterpirse RegCESL (P) 7 5 et seqq …” „… – customer RegCESL (P) 7 4 – seller RegCESL (P) 7 3 – service provider RegCESL (P) 7 3 – supplier RegCESL …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 50-67

„… support services; and (iv) financial services; (n) ‘service provider’ means a seller of goods or supplier …” „… of digital content who undertakes to provide a customer with a service related to those goods or that …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 XIV. ‘Service provider’ (letter n …”

Article 18 Off-premises contracts: additional information requirements and confirmation S. 182-185

„… D. Criticism Art 45(2) provides that the consumer must bear the direct costs of returning goods …” „… information requirements and confirmation 1. The trader must provide the consumer with a copy of the signed …” „… services to begin during the withdrawal period provided for in Article 42(2), the trader must require that …”

ANNEX II STANDARD INFORMATION NOTICE Standard Information Notice S. 786-788

„… to provide the related service, 2) not paying the price until you get the related service supplied …” „… trader had to deliver the goods, supply the digital content or provide the related service. Unfair terms …” „… been designed to provide consumers with a high level of protection. These rules only apply if you mark …”

Article 46 Ancillary contracts S. 284-288

„… service during the withdrawal period is conditional on the consumer’s express consent (arts 18[2 …” „… ], 19[6]). Accordingly, if the consumer has not given permission for the service to be provided he shall …” „… provides that the consumer is not liable for the costs. VI. No other further liability Paragraph 7 provides …”

Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts S. 189-193

„… requirements in art 13 may allow the trader to argue he is able to provide the remaining information after the …” „… accessed. Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and …” „… provide the following information to the consumer, in a clear and comprehensible manner before the …”

Article 172 Restitution on avoidance or termination S. 716-728

„… customer’s right to get back payments made and in art 157(1)(c) for the service provider’s right to receive …” „… or service provider. In deciding whether the partial performance is of no value to the recipient, one …” „… connection to Chapter 5, which provides grounds for avoidance, and to Chapter 11, Section 5 and Chapter 12 …”

Article 137 Scope of right to terminate S. 630-633

„… 7 If such a contract is combined with a related services contract, art 147(2) provides that the …” „… service provider’s rights to terminate. The following paths could lead through this maze of provisions: If …” „… the termination of a related services contract. III. Scope of application Art 137 applies to all …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 147 616 Section 2 Obligations of the service provider Obligation to achieve result and obligation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 156 631 Remedies of the service provider …” „… International Specialized Book Services, 930 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97213-3786, USA, email …”

Article 126 Time of payment S. 584-589

„… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Combined sales and service contracts …” „… ), payment by third parties (art 127) and imputation of payment (art 128). For services related to the sale …” „… service is completed and the object of the related service is made available to the customer’). III. Scope …”

Article 1 Freedom of contract Schulte-Nölke S. 122-126

„… itself and not just in the Annex I. Where services are offered to the public at large by the provider …” „… , art 20 Dir No 2006/123/EC prohibits the service providers’ general conditions of access to a service …” „… recipient. Under paragraph 2 of this article, service providers may only provide for differences in the …”

Article 124 Means of payment S. 574-580

„… modalities of payment. While it predominantly regulates the relationship between payment service providers …” „… invariably involve banks or other financial service providers as additional parties. The most direct route is …” „… service provider. Large-scale transactions frequently involve letters of credit or other third party …”

Introduction to arts 13–29 Howells/Watson S. 162-164

„… process or not be able to dislodge their prior conceptions of the goods and services. In addition to the …” „… provides a summary of information on consumer rights. The consumer must be provided with the Standard …” „… a pre-requisite to the making of a binding contract. Admittedly, failure to provide information on …”

Article 168 Rate of interest and accrual S. 704-708

„… or provision of related services without being excused by virtue of Article 88, interest is due at …” „… the date of receipt of the goods, digital content or related services, if the date provided for in …” „… equivalent request for payment. 3. Where conformity of goods, digital content or related services to the …”

Appendix 2 Model withdrawal form S. 784-786

„… choice between 1) asking the trader again to provide the related service, 2) not paying the price until …” „… content/for the provision of the following related service* – Ordered on*/received on* – Name of consumer(s …” „… rules are identical throughout the European Union, and have been designed to provide consumers with a …”

Article 1 Objective and subject matter S. 38-50

„… fundamental freedoms, such as the freedom to provide goods and services, and represent a barrier to the …” „… achieve if it were possible to market goods and services on the basis of one 1 OJ C , , p . 2 OJ C , , p …” „… the Member State of the consumer’s habitual residence that provide a higher level of protection and …”

Article 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services S. 195-200

„… 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services 1. Before the conclusion of a …” „… contract for the sale of goods, supply of digital content or provision of related services by a trader to …” „… information concerning the main characteristics of the goods, digital content or related services to be …”

Article 8 Termination of a contract Zoll S. 145-147

„… apply to the obligations and remedies of the parties as service provider and customer. 2. Where, in a …” „… contract falling under paragraph 1, the obligations of the seller and the service provider under the …” „… termination as an argument, which should limit or exclude right to damages. It does not provide, however, more …”

Article 69 Contract terms derived from certain pre-contractual statements S. 374-380

„… buyer or customer Art 69 is further limited to statements made by the seller or provider of a service …” „… a ‘service provider’ (cf art 148), not a supplier of services. Likewise, a reference such as the one …” „… is inclusive and provides for guidance in determining the content of implied terms in a given …”

Article 17 Information about rights of withdrawal when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 179-182

„… right of withdrawal after having made a request for the provision of related services to begin during …” „… ). 4. The duty to provide the information required by paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 may be fulfilled by …” „… information is vital for the protection to be effective. Failure to provide the correct information will lead …”

Article 88 Excused non-performance S. 445-452

„… , the service provider must perform the obligation with the skill and care which a reasonable service …” „… separate questions and as such ought not to be regulated together in one article. Firstly, it provides an …” „… it covers. It provides only an independent basis for the liability for damages. A breach of the duty …”

Article 41 Exercise of right to withdraw S. 260-265

„… , including a contract under which the seller also agrees to provide related services; (c) the day on which …” „… the seller also agrees to provide related services; (e) the day of the conclusion of the contract in …” „… and provides legal certainty.2 In consideration of the purpose of the model withdrawal form, the use …”

Article 77 Contracts of indeterminate duration S. 404-408

„… contract terms do not stipulate when the contractual relationship is to end or provide for it to be …” „… goods and the provision of related services tend to consist of a single transaction. If they extend …” „… water (cf art 2[2][h]) and electronic financial services (art 2[2][j][i]) reduces the realm of cases …”

Article 3 Co-operation S. 128-131

„… which, however, did not provide for any remedy for breach of the duty to act in accordance with good …” „… has its main field of application in the area of services and less so for sales.1 In the CESL (P), the …” „… the customer of a service to allow the service to be performed on his or her premises at reasonable …”

Article 44 Obligations of the trader in the event of withdrawal S. 273-278

„… offer under arts 32 and 33, respectively. A revised version of art 43 could (as art 33) provide that the …” „… this respect, paragraph 3 provides for reciprocal exchange of what has been received. Paragraph 4 has …” „… to the payment made for goods, related services or digital content but also to – depending on the …”

Article 40 Right to withdraw S. 247-260

„… public auction; and (i) a contract for catering or services related to leisure activities which provides …” „… urgent repairs or maintenance. Where on the occasion of such a visit the trader provides related services …” „… if the trader provides related services or goods which are additional to the services specifically …”

Article 166 Interest on late payments S. 692-698

„… /EU) only for payments for goods and services in commercial contracts. This Directive has largely …” „… pay the price of goods and services, but also to other monetary obligations between the parties, such …” „… services is subject to a different interest rate than other obligations (cf art 168). With regard to …”

Article 15 Information about the identity and address of the trader S. 174-176

„… the Distance Marketing of Consumer Financial Services Directive.2 In the Doorstep Selling Directive …” „… . The requirement is also to provide the identity and geographical address of any other person on whose …” „… might make a contract with such an ‘agent’ for advice, but as a pure service contract it would be …”

Article 123 Main obligations of the buyer Dannemann S. 570-574

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV. Taking delivery of digital services …” „… of summarising in one provision the main obligations of the party who pays for goods or services is …” „… unusual for EU directives, as these will normally not strive to provide comprehensive coverage for one …”

Article 16 Information about the contract terms S. 176-179

„… Distance Marketing of Financial Services Directive7 and DCFR,8 would be more preferable and advantageous to …” „… services and the time by which the trader undertakes to deliver the goods, to supply the digital content or …” „… to perform the related services; (b) where applicable, the duration of the contract, the minimum …”

Article 4 Cross-border contracts S. 71-77

„… contracts and therefore provides for a special rule on the cross-border or domestic nature of a consumer …” „… , first, to make the CESL (P) available in the majority of cases, and, secondly, to provide certainty to …” „… , provides clarification that the term relates to the addresses indicated by the consumer, ie a trader …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… provider of services,9 but also – and more importantly – to skills or qualifications of the trader or other …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2. Mistakes regarding the attributes or qualities of the goods or services …” „… expression is irrelevant; the parties’ common intention prevails (art 58[2]). Art 48 provides for an …”

Article 167 Interest when the debtor is a consumer S. 698-704

„… VI. Simple or compound interest? In the general provision, the CESL (P) does not provide an answer …” „… of simple interest. For late payments by traders, the Late Payments Directive provides that interest …” „… .–3:709 DCFR (art 17:101 PECL), which provides that the interest be added to the outstanding capital every …”

Article 169 Compensation for recovery costs S. 708-711

„… reference rate and two percentage points. In light of the fact that art 168(5) expressly provides only for …” „… contract, a broad interpretation of the obligation to pay the price for goods and services may be …” „… to pay interest for delay in payment for goods and services between traders, the interest rate from …”

Article 84 Contract terms which are always unfair S. 423-426

„… trader the exclusive right to determine whether the goods, digital content or related services supplied …” „… term; (g) provide that the consumer is bound by the contract when the trader is not; (h) require the …” „… or related services not actually delivered, supplied or rendered; (k) determine that non-individually …”

Article 91 Main obligations of the seller S. 469-473

„… (Chapter 15, cf arts 147– 158), but the obligations of the service provider and customer are governed in …” „… 131–139).4 5 By the regulation of the related services, the whole set of rules will be put into one chapter …” „… separate sections (Sections 2 and 3). The remedies in cases of related services are regu- 1 Cf Chapter 2 …”

Article 105 Relevant time for establishing conformity S. 524-527

„… A. Objectives Art 105 provides the criteria concerning at which time the conditions for the lack of …” „… provides few important exceptions in case of the installations and in case of the obligation to update the …” „… apply to other related services contracts. It is unclear whether by stressing the word ‘sales’, the …”

Article 14 Information about price and additional charges and costs S. 171-174

„… ? Unfortunately, the Consumer Rights Directive does not provide any further guidance on this matter. Article 14 …” „… Article 13(1) must include: (a) the total price of the goods, digital content or related services …” „… , inclusive of taxes, or where the nature of the goods, digital content or related services is such that the …”

Article 96 Seller’s obligations regarding carriage of the goods S. 490-494

„… , provide the buyer with all available information necessary to enable the buyer to effect such insurance …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 III. Duty to provide all information necessary for the insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The …” „… argued that art 96 covers only the situation of the seller who is not obliged to render the service of …”

Article 34 Acceptance S. 229-231

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 IV. Unsolicited goods or services …” „… 310–311. Conclusion of contract Article 34 Terryn 193 2 3 4 5 6 IV. Unsolicited goods or services Contrary …” „… unsolicited goods or services supplied by B2C. Arts 5(5) and 29 Annex I to Dir No 2005/29/EC prohibit the …”

Article 13 Member States’ options S. 115-118

„… out a detailed description of the service he provides. D. Criticism The information requirements under …” „… (letter d) appears in any information documents supplied to the recipient by the provider which set …” „… /EC would apply in almost every case of a related service, and there is no justification for not …”

Article 92 Performance by a third party S. 473-477

„… formulated slightly differently: ‘A service provider may entrust performance to another person, unless …” „… personal performance by the service provider is required’. This difference supposed to be justified by the …” „… a similar rule in art 150 concerning related services, although the main principle (paragraph 1) is …”

Article 31 Offer S. 221-225

„… or conduct. Art 30(2) deviates from the CESL (FS) and provides that ‘acceptance’ may be made …” „… proposals made to the public can be offers, and establishes such presumption for goods and services at a …” „… contracts, however, that possibility is substantially reduced as the trader is obliged to provide …”

Article 35 Time of conclusion of the contract S. 231-233

„… IV. Unsolicited goods or services Contrary to the DCFR and the CESL (FS) (art 39 CESL [FS]), the …” „… CESL (P) does not contain a mandatory rule on unsolicited goods or services supplied by B2C. Arts 5(5 …” „… ) and 29 Annex I to Dir No 2005/29/EC prohibit the practice and art 27 Dir No 2011/83/EU provides for …”

Article 85 Contract terms which are presumed to be unfair S. 426-430

„… money paid for related services not yet supplied in the case where the trader withdraws from or …” „… of fixed duration unless the consumer indicates otherwise, in cases where contract terms provide for …” „… unilaterally without a valid reason any characteristics of the goods, digital content or related services to be …”

Article 90 Extended application of rules on payment and on goods or digital content not accepted S. 463-469

„… (Chapter 15, cf arts 147– 158), but the obligations of the service provider and customer are governed in …” „… ’, the CESL (P) provides explicit rules: art 44(1) expresses clearly that the trader must carry out such …” „… not provide the answer to the question concerning the time of payment since there is no synallagmatic …”

Article 43 Effects of withdrawal S. 269-273

„… minor as the informed trader is unlikely to provide the missing information during the last fourteen …” „… situation in which the trader does not provide the information on time, but rather within the initial …” „… 2011/83/EU. Both provisions follow the model of art 5:105(1)(1) ACQP insofar as the latter provides that …”

Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received S. 741-747

„… final version can be adopted. The provision should provide a clear measure of evaluation. The standard …” „… should be the same for goods, services and digital content. The starting point must be the market value …” „… , for art 174(2)(a). In contrast, art 174(2)(b) also covers contracts regarding related services or …”

Article 51 Unfair exploitation S. 313-321

„… , most legal systems provide for certain outer limits to this principle by concepts such as illegality …” „… , immorality (or ‘cause illicite’ or ‘Sittenwidrigkeit’). By contrast, the CESL (P) does not provide for a …” „… immorality, unfair exploitation does not automatically render a contract void; it only provides for an …”

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… ’ informed decision about the contract, free from manipulation, art 49 provides for an avoidance right in the …” „… the main characteristics of the goods, digital content or related services; thus it only addresses …” „… definition in art 49(3). Art 49 provides for an avoidance right; the exercise, content and consequences of …”

Article 9 Standard Information Notice in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 99-102

„… national legal systems provide for a similar rule. This would mean that, where the requirements set out for …” „… provide the consumer with the information notice, or where the trader has failed to provide the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. Pre-contractual duty to provide SIN and hyperlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 …”

Article 93 Place of delivery S. 477-482

„… place of performance, in particular in contracts of sale with the related services – eg the place of …” „… means exclusively to provide access to the digital content. In these cases the ‘place of performance …” „… Article 93 Zoll 441 2 3 4 5 6 7 performance in the physical sense. The provider of the digital content …”

Article 128 Imputation of payment S. 595-602

„… , art 128 provides a cascade of five further rules, of which each only applies to the degree that all …” „… related services of the same kind are supplied on a continuing basis and the consumer pays for such goods …” „… , digital content or related services for the duration of the supply by means of instalments’ (art 6[2 …”

Article 83 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 419-423

„… consider whether a term provides for any unduly burdensome rights or any extension, expansion, prolongation …” „… trader the exclusive right to determine whether the goods, digital content or related services supplied …” „… term; (g) provide that the consumer is bound by the contract when the trader is not; (h) require the …”

Article 185 Effects of prescription S. 775-777

„… the goods according to art 133. This also applies to the customer’s and the service provider’s right …” „… to the UNIDROIT PICC rule, the acknowledgement triggers a new period of three years and provides that …” „… ) rule; in addition, the UNIDROIT PICC rule provides that the maximum limitation period of ten years may …”

Article 178 Rights subject to prescription S. 759-762

„… related services only (art 5 RegCESL [P]). The wording of the parallel articles in the UNIDROIT PICC6 and …” „… related services requested and provided before the consumer’s withdrawal from a distance or off-premises …” „… provides that the prescription rules also apply to ancillary rights.10 The main examples are the rights to …”

Article 120 Right to reduce price S. 563-565

„… reduction.2 It provides also an additional claim for recovery of the excess from the seller (paragraph 2 …” „… ) and finally provides the rule on relation with the right to damages (paragraph 3). 1 Cf for the …” „… delivery of the goods, supply of digital content or provision of related services. 2. If the contract …”

Article 10 Notice S. 151-154

„… vice provider under the contract are to be performed in separate parts or whether a part of the …” „… price can be apportioned to the service element.’ D. Criticism The provision needs to be simplified …” „… circumstances. 3. A notice becomes effective when it reaches the addressee, unless it provides for a delayed …”

Article 68 Contract terms which may be implied S. 371-374

„… is necessary to provide for a matter which is not explicitly regulated by the agreement of the …” „… specifically regulated (sales and related services), the need to imply terms will rarely arise, if at all …” „… ), except that the DCFR expressly provides that the term is to be implied by ‘a court’. The PECL address …”

Article 125 Place of payment S. 580-584

„… payment must be made. It provides default rules for the case that the contract does not specify any place …” „… the EU The Payment Services Directive regulates various modalities of payment, but not the place of …” „… Furthermore, banking rules (as those contained in the Payment Services Directive) can also allocate the risk …”

Article 73 Determination of price S. 391-395

„… provide clarity in contractual relations but only if both parties are aware of the clause and its effects …” „… : when the contract provides neither an indication of the fixed price nor a way of determining it, this …” „… ), PECL, Parts I and II, p 308, are unrelated service contracts which are not covered by the CESL (P). 3 …”

Article 170 Unfair contract terms relating to interest for late payment S. 711-715

„… circumstances of the case, including the nature of the goods, digital content or related service. 2. For the …” „… , including the nature of the goods, digital content and related services. If the assessment of the fairness …” „… , the supply of digital content or the provision of related services. 6 Cf also Pfeiffer, (2011) ERPL …”

Article 87 Non-performance and fundamental non-performance S. 433-445

„… buyer in art 123, obligations of the service provider (in addition to the obligations of the seller) in …” „… provide clarification that also cases of ‘incorrect’ performance are to be treated as ‘non-performance …” „… party liable for any loss thereby caused to the other party. The quoted provision provides an …”

Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales contract S. 642-645

„… digital content – the service provider must maintain the functionality and operability throughout the …” „… also does not pass with the acquisition of the electronic game equipment from the provider of the …” „… Paragraph 4 provides that the risk passes from the trader to the buyer when the goods are handed over to a …”

Article 127 Payment by a third party S. 589-595

„… services related to the sale of goods, yet no similar provision exists for the sale of goods or digital …” „… by the Payment Services Directive. The buyer’s obligations Article 127 Dannemann 553 1 2 3 4 5 6 III …” „… : ‘A security provider pays a debt in order to avoid costly proceedings against the debtor which …”

Article 177 Mandatory nature S. 756-759

„… has to be the seller or service provider and the consumer the buyer or customer, cf art 7(1)(1 …” „… consumer. The parties may want to provide for some special rule on liability for damage before avoidance or …”

Article 129 Taking delivery S. 602-605

„… 153, a service provider must be given access to the customer’s premises at reasonable hours. III …” „… obligation Art 129 operates as default rule. The contract may provide that the buyer does not need to do …” „… specified in art 97(2) (depositing goods with a third party, or re-selling the goods). Art 97(3) provides a …”

Article 8 Agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 94-99

„… . The trader shall provide the consumer with a confirmation of that agreement on a durable medium. 3. In …” „… supply of digital content or related service contract is itself a contract. This means that we have to …” „… unequivocal statement by way of active conduct. Confirmation of agreement The trader shall provide the …”

Article 71 Additional payments in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 385-388

„… . Substantively, the provision applies to sales contracts as well as contracts on related services. B. Context Art …” „… have no direct connection to the contract at hand, but also to services like shipment or guarantees …” „… otherwise provides, a merger clause does not prevent the parties’ prior statements from being used to …”

Article 74 Unilateral determination by a party S. 395-399

„… stipulating the place of fulfilment as the relevant price – would help to avoid disagreement and provide clear …” „… . They provide for the scenario that the determination of the price or another contract term is left in …” „… alteration of the goods or services to be delivered (art 85[j] and [n]), and to a unilateral change of other …”

Article 57 Choice of remedy S. 337-340

„… only against exclusions or restrictions. Any agreement that provides for more generous requirements or …” „… related service contract and respective remedies under arts 155 et seq. The function of art 57 is to give …” „… remedies takes precedence or provides for the more special set of rules. II. Position within the system of …”

Article 179 Periods of prescription S. 762-764

„… notification of lack of conformity required in related service contracts between traders within a reasonable …” „… same right, running side by side with each other but provide a uniform regime of one period that may be …” „… Product Liability Directive,6 which provides a short period of three years from knowledge and a long …”

Article 67 Usages and practices in contracts between traders S. 366-371

„… would provide this information immediately, clarifying that ‘usage and practice’ can only be contract …” „… term introduced in art 66(b). It provides information on contractual terms and content. The scope of …” „… provide a clarification of the relationship of usages and practices to other contract term sources; this …”

List of Cases S. 34-38

„… fundamental freedoms, such as the freedom to provide goods and services, and represent a barrier to the …” „… achieve if it were possible to market goods and services on the basis of one 1 OJ C , , p . 2 OJ C , , p …”

Article 160 General measure of damages S. 676-682

„… goods, the supply of digital content and related services, whereas the DCFR represents general contract …” „… content, or related services are delivered but are non-conforming (defective), the amount of damages can …” „… creditor which was prevented by non-performance. The CESL (P) does not provide any criteria for the award …”

Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders S. 566-570

„… will be to merge both articles into one. Art 122 provides two kinds of periods – the absolute two years …” „… the passing of the risk. III. Exceptions from the duty to notify Art 122 provides two exceptions from …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV. Taking delivery of digital services …”

Article 70 Duty to raise awareness of not individually negotiated contract terms S. 380-385

„… or performance capability of the goods or services in such a pre-contractual statement will be …” „… constitute sufficient bringing to attention, provides the model for art 70(2) in the CESL where, however, it …” „… is limited to B2C contracts. The PECL also provide for a duty to raise awareness of non-individually …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… of related services (art 155[2]) except for the incorrect installation (art 155[3]). The protection …” „… defects of the consent and the right to withdraw provide an additional set of remedies allowing the …” „… related services). The consumer’s right to withdraw from the contract is limited to off-premises and …”

Article 7 Parties to the contract S. 90-94

„… scope The CESL (P) may be used only if the seller of goods, supplier of digital content or provider of …” „… related services is a trader. Where the buyer, user or customer is a consumer, the CESL (P) is available …” „… agreement to conclude a contract. The trader shall provide the consumer with a confirmation of that …”

Article 175 Compensation for expenditure S. 747-751

„… services. B. Context Art 175 is identical to art 175 CESL (FS). It bears some remote similarities to art …” „… any such claim. The CISG provides a right to reimbursement of ‘reasonable’ expenses for the …” „… fruits or vegetables to customers. The DCFR provides that these costs can be deducted from the …”

Article 5 Reasonableness S. 134-140

„… ); – … the care and skill which a reasonable service provider would exercise, art 148(2); and probably also …” „… terms provide for an unreasonably early deadline for giving notice’ – (i) … ‘require the trader to …” „… are some exceptions. The main example is the duty to provide information on paper under arts 13(4)(a …”

Article 121 Examination of the goods in contracts between traders S. 565-566

„… services. 2. If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the …” „… function of art 121 is confined to provide more precise criteria for establishing the time, when the buyer …”

Article 16 Entry into force and application S. 120-122

„… the Member States and obliges them to provide the Commission, 4 years after the date of application …” „… Services Directive – no obligation to contract . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Mandatory and non-mandatory …”

Article 116 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 557-559

„… case is already on the ‘termination track’. Therefore paragraph 2 provides the assumption that the …” „… the sales contract on the related service (cf art 137 no 7). In relation to mixed contracts art …”

Article 3 Optional nature of the Common European Sales Law S. 67-71

„… supply of digital content and for the provision of related services within the territorial, material and …” „… appropriate legal instrument, rules of substantive contract law, such instrument may provide that the parties …” „… national law under which choice of the CESL (P) takes place could be termed ‘gateway law’, as it provides …”

Article 97 Goods or digital content not accepted by the buyer S. 494-500

„… duty to provide this information without the request of the buyer. The scope of this information …” „… seller should provide the buyer with the available information. The seller is only obliged to disclose …” „… duty to preserve and protect is by its nature similar to the service of the maintenance in the sense of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265469

Margit Vanberg - Competition and Cooperation Among Internet Service Providers

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Margit Vanberg

Competition and Cooperation Among Internet Service Providers

Series: Freiburger Studien zur Netzökonomie

Volume 14 2009

Results in this title

History of telecommunication regulation in the United States S. 144-148

„… regulated. Integrated providers,active both on the physical and on the logical layers of Internet service …” „… non-discriminatoryaccess to their intra-LATA network to all providers of long-distance services.When computer processing …” „… determined that providers of telecommunications servicesmay offer enhanced services only through a …”

Essential network elements of Internet service provision S. 78-80

„… opportunities, etc.Providers of Internet content are responsible for production of these goods and services, and …” „… theInternet is bought from Internet applications providers.The applications layer comprises the applications …” „… elements of Internet service provisionThe disaggregated analysis of the market for Internet service …”

Critique of the model by Crémer, Rey and Tirole and alternative modeling S. 125-129

„… for transit services, then lower level ISPs would have no alternative transit provider from whom tobuy …” „… universal connectivity services. And no new provider of universal connectivitycould enter the market as long …” „… competition between Internet backboneservice providers.When the assumption of a locked-in customer base is …”

Claims of market power in Internet service provision S. 76-78

„… such as news, home-banking services, online-shopping opportunities, etc.Providers of Internet content …” „… applications providers.The applications layer comprises the applications ISPs offer to end-users of theInternet …” „… 765 Disaggregated analysis of the market for Internet service provisionIn the present chapter the …”

Terms and conditions of Internet interconnection today S. 56-61

„… connectivity on their own account, without resorting to a transit provider.All other ISPs need to purchase …” „… a freeof-charge basis.With the advent of commercial Internet access services, the general tradition …” „… services. The followingsection illustrates the type of commercial interconnection agreements typical today …”

References S. 177-184

„… , Regional Network Providers,and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the …” „… ; Interconnection between Local Exchange Carriers and Commercial Mobile Radio Service Providers, CC Docket Nos …” „… . and B. Hansen (2001), Competition and Compatibility Among Internet Service Providers, Information …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… VanbergCompetition and Cooperation Among Internet Service ProvidersA Network Economic AnalysisNomos1. Auflage 2009 …” „… in the Internet 201.3 Overview of the thesis 212 Defining Internet service provision 242.1 Standard …” „… definitions of Internet service provision 242.2 Differentiating Internet core and Internet periphery 262.3 A …”

Conclusions S. 61

„… provider.All other ISPs need to purchase transit services from at least one Tier-1 ISP, eitherdirectly or …” „… the logical layer of Internet services provision, and allrequire either cooperations with firms active …” „… themselves in order to beable to offer services to end-users. This chapter introduced the differences …”

List of Abbreviations S. 13-16

„… CarrierISP Internet Service ProviderIP Internet ProtocolIPTO Information Processing Techniques OfficeIPv4 …” „… 13List of AbbreviationsADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineANS Advanced Network Services …” „… Public Switched Telephone NetworkONP Open Network ProvisionQoS Quality of ServiceRFC Request for …”

Network neutrality regulation S. 161-165

„… the U.S. government to pass legislation that would guarantee that Internet service providers transport …” „… faster thanother content. For instance, the VoIP service of one provider could have better quality than …” „… verticallyintegrated provider of both Internet transport services and applications and contentcould favor own content …”

The present regulatory framework S. 148-150

„… determined that DSL-service providers would henceforth be considered providers of information services and …” „… be exempted from common carrierregulation. Internet service providers were explicitly excluded from …” „… declared that“Internet Service Providers that lease telecommunications capacity from common carriers …”

Differentiating Internet core and Internet periphery S. 26-28

„… Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that end-users are usuallyfamiliar with, such as E-mail services …” „… Internet services provision, an Internet Service Provider can be defined as a provider of core Internet …” „… provide Internet core services to the end-user canbe bought from third-party suppliers.102.3 A layered …”

A layered model of Internet services provision S. 28-32

„… 28then those functions necessary to provide Internet core services to the end-user canbe bought …” „… access service providers orInternet backbone service providers etc.11 The layered approach used in this …” „… from third-party suppliers.102.3 A layered model of Internet services provisionA policy analysis of the …”

Summary S. 167-171

„… than their smaller rivals. More recently,the question whether providers of Internet transport services …” „… , without resorting to a transit provider. All other ISPsneed to purchase transit services from at least one …” „… 16710 SummaryThe objective of the present thesis was to provide an economic analysis of …”

Quality of service differentiation in Internet routing software S. 53-55

„… ), this is currently not practiced. Network providers have not agreed toquality of service differentiation …” „… . TheISP, or a specialized service provider, can offer content providers the possibility ofkeeping copies …” „… recognizing andrepairing inconsistencies.3.4.5 Quality of service differentiation in Internet routing …”

Assessment of telecommunications regulation in the U.S. S. 150-152

„… intend to (also) provide telecommunications services over this line. Since local circuit switching is no …” „… 150DSL services from telecommunications services to information services put an endto the unequal …” „… treatment of telephone operators and cable providers in the broadband-access market; cable-TV providers have …”

Standard definitions of Internet service provision S. 24-26

„… Providers (ISPs) that end-users are usuallyfamiliar with, such as E-mail services, homepage services …” „… 242 Defining Internet service provision“By framing the question properly, the policymaker can gain …” „… “Internet service provision.” Furthermore, it offerscriteria for differentiating between Internet service …”

Collusion on the Tier-1 level S. 129-132

„… level ISPs would have no alternative transit provider from whom tobuy universal connectivity services …” „… connectivity. Content providers would not accept a reduced reachability. Ifthe dominant ISP had exclusive …” „… competition in this market.This fact provides the Tier-1 ISPs with a motive to collude on the market for …”

The price for transit interconnection S. 118-119

„… providing Internet transport services include the access costs to network resources of the physical layer as …” „… marginal costs for any particular product or service provided over a giveninfrastructure are close to zero …” „… . As is typical for network services, most of the costsinvolved in Internet transport services are also …”

Assessment of telecommunications regulation in Europe S. 158-161

„… approachcompetition by new entrants renting the local loop in order to provide alternativebroadband access services …” „… U.S. government to pass legislation that would guarantee that Internet service providers transport all …” „… at the street cabinetimplies the need for co-location at the street cabinet and backhaul service from …”

Current regulation concerns in the Internet S. 20-21

„… service providers (ISPs) always have an incentive to interconnect with rivalISPs on non-discriminating …” „… attract customers. Below this so-called critical mass of users the service will not be viable in themarket …” „… the deregulation of telecommunications services has lead to a more differentiated approach to the …”

Analysis of the cost characteristics of the network elements on the Internet applications and Internet content layers S. 80-81

„… conventional industries. The costs of providing Internet applicationservices such as E-mail services, portal …” „… services, web-hosting, etc. are driven primarily by comparable cost pools of traditional markets such as …” „… the content layer of Internet service provision. Thegoods and services offered via the Internet are …”

Internet standardization and current developments S. 55-56

„… 55A further measure by which the quality of service can be improved is to increaseserver capacity …” „… at several geographically dispersed locations within a network. TheISP, or a specialized service …” „… provider, can offer content providers the possibility ofkeeping copies of time-sensitive content at several …”

Developments in network interconnection S. 39-42

„… offered was to provide the functions of the logical layerof Internet service provision (i.e. network …” „… Policy (Kahn, 1995: 4). To circumvent this NSF policy,the providers of commercial services began …” „… the extent of the interconnection agreements their service providers entered into with other service …”

Short history of the Internet S. 34-37

„… statedthat “No solicitation is presented here for national service providers as it is anticipated thatcosts …” „… of operation of the national service providers will be recovered from users of the services that they …” „… 1980s regional and local university networks began offering Internetaccess services to industrial users …”

Analyzing the cost characteristics of the physical layer of the Internet S. 84-89

„… infrastructure also for competition in Internet services markets.Chapter 9 provides an overview of …” „… regulation on the logical layer of Internet service provision.5.5 Analyzing the cost characteristics of the …” „… mostlikely to be found on the physical layer of network service provision. The physicallayer by far …”

Overview of the thesis S. 21-23

„… 21Internet service providers (ISPs) always have an incentive to interconnect with rivalISPs on …” „… allowed to offer different service qualitiesat different prices for data transmission on their networks …” „… characteristics of Internet service provision with a view to answering the question of whether there is a role for …”

The regulatory framework S. 135-138

„… quality of the service offered (Laffont and Tirole, 2000: 161). The threat offoreclosure adds additional …” „… elements arefound, policy makers must also monitor the quality of service of the wholesale products to …” „… regulation recommendations for the market for Internet service provision arederived. In what follows the …”

The implicit price for peered interconnection S. 119-122

„… other party for delivery of its data traffic from and to the rest of the Internet.Transit services can …” „… cover at least the costs of the network resources into which a transit provider has invested to be able …” „… coversome of its overhead costs by a mark-up on the incremental costs of providing thetransit service. In …”

History of the Internet hierarchy S. 42-45

„… suchan agreement the provider of the transit service is often situated on a higher hierarchical level of …” „… connectivity services. Without the government restrictions on the type of traffic allowed, the Internet became …” „… willing toaccept a limited interconnectivity service.3.3 History of the Internet hierarchyIn the NSFNET …”

The present regulatory framework in Europe S. 153-156

„… transparent conditions. Theinterconnection charges of providers of public telecommunications services with …” „… , the markets mostimportant as wholesale products for Internet service providers are:• unbundled access …” „… 153works from January 1998 onwards. In the meantime, the provision of satellite services and …”

Typical cost and demand characteristics of network industries S. 18-20

„… services from one provider.1.2 The role of sector-specific regulation or competition policy in the …” „… which support multiple services, especiallytelecommunications, Internet, and broadcasting of television …” „… transportation have in common that the production of their services is based on a network4 See …”

The extent of the monopolistic bottleneck in next generation networks S. 140-142

„… providers plan to offer “triple-play” (voice services, Internet and TV) to their end-users. To this end …” „… , NGNs have been defined as networkswith bandwidth sufficient to support services that are not supported …” „… television,broadband Internet and voice services). Convergence will decrease network costs as(1) only one network needs …”

The Crémer, Rey and Tirole model S. 122-125

„… Internet coverage the ISP provides. This is a concept relevant onthe applications layer of Internet service …” „… which can guarantee an equivalent level ofquality of service. Furthermore, ISPs generally require …” „… often find it less costly topay for transit services in order to reach universal connectivity than to …”

The extent of the monopolistic bottleneck in the public switched telephone network S. 138-140

„… basket of its goods and services does not increase faster than RPI-X, where RPI is theRetail Price Index …” „… telecommunications services requires that competitors are given access tomore infrastructure elements of the …” „… . When in the future competitive voice services can140be offered via broadband access and VoIP technology …”

Costing and pricing of Internet transport services S. 117-118

„… which services are to function across the networkboundaries and at which quality. Secondly, a physical …” „… . ISPs can negotiate further quality of service parameters whichthey want to guarantee across network …” „… boundaries. Advanced services, such as realtime Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) capabilities or …”

Conclusions S. 89

„… infrastructure also for competition in Internet services markets.Chapter 9 provides an overview of …” „… Internet services. This is more often the case in metropolitan areas. Alternative co-location facilities …” „… network infrastructure.5.6 ConclusionsLooking at the market for Internet service provision from the …”

Conclusions S. 165-166

„… 165information society services, and to impose appropriate interoperability requirements(EC, 2006 …” „… the trend to the convergence of telecommunications,media, and Internet services has had a different …” „… UnitedStates, liberalization of local telecommunications services was introduced in 1996and was at first …”

History of telecommunications regulation in Europe S. 152-153

„… providers of public telecommunications services with adominant market position were to be regulated ex-ante …” „… government could increase available spectrum; it could open spectrumuse to any kind of service that the owner …” „… provision oftelecommunications services. As in the U.S., an underlying rationale was that telecommunications …”

Appendix S. 172-176

„… service markets within the electronic communications sectorsusceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance …” „… forelectronic communication networks and services”(notified under document number C(2003) 497)Retail level1 …” „… and/or national telephone services provided at a fixedlocation for residential customers.4. Publicly …”

Local access regulation relevant to Internet service provision S. 156-157

„… mostimportant as wholesale products for Internet service providers are:• unbundled access to the local loop …” „… ) and Universal Service Directive (for retail markets). While theNRAs can independently choose and …” „… to Internet service provisionOf the wholesale markets on the European Commission’s list, the markets …”

The Internet as the communications platform of the future S. 17-18

„… for end-users who can receive amultitude of services from one provider.1.2 The role of sector-specific …” „… commercialization of the Internet, Internet services have penetrated manyaspects of everyday-life. For regular users …” „… communications networks based on the Internet Protocol which support multiple services …”

The threat of market-power leveraging S. 134-135

„… of the Internet periphery that are essential complements to Internet transport services. It was found …” „… bottleneck.The present chapter provides a normative analysis of the necessary regulations in thelocal …” „… Internet transport services. It will be shown thatregulation of non-discriminatory access to monopolistic …”

Case 1: Network externalities in a monopolistic bottleneck S. 96-99

„… technologies compare?81 Under whatcircumstances can a market tip in favor of inferior products or services and …” „… network externalities, which affect markets complementary to the monopolistic bottleneck area,can provide …” „… willingness topay for the network service downward in a monopoly context. This decreases the willingnessto pay …”

Computer networking S. 37-39

„… agreements.3.2 History of computer communication and Internet transport servicesThe foundations for computer …” „… terminals, which were configured to provide login to only one specific mainframe computer).ARPA started a …”

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