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Ulrich Thießen - The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth

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Ulrich Thießen

The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth

2007

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Reform Proposals S. 152-160

„… subsidy to increase. 2. Reform Proposals The standard of living in Ukraine is relatively low (in mid-1995 …” „… necessary reforms in education and health, aggregate spending for these purposes could not be expected to …” „… decrease further: Instead, the resources saved with the help of reforms would need to be used for …”

Basic Reform Proposals S. 170-171

„… social sphere of enterprises unreformed is likely to inhibit transition. 2. Basic Reform Proposals A …” „… deadline by which local authorities decide whether to take over elements of the social sphere, reforms of …” „… the social insurance system, in particular introduction of a health insurance, reforms of fiscal …”

The Issue: How to Conduct Successful Reforms for Economic Growth in a Country With Strong Adverse 'Initial Conditions'? Using Ukraine as an Example S. 15-19

„… structure of this book, the role of international organizations in this process of reform proposals needs to …” „… asketeh. The World Bank concentrated on sector specific economic reform proposals where it proposed loans …” „… Chapter 0 Introduction 1. The Issue: How to Conduct Successful Reforms for Economic Growth in a …”

Introduction S. 145-147

„… , respectively, and make strategic reform proposals. Implementation problems should be taken seri-107 See, for …” „… economic actvity. Since there has been a lack of reforms of the social system during many years despite …” „… some limited reform efforts during 1996-1997, 'strategic' medium-term goals for reform are identified …”

Concluding remarks S. 171-173

„… ineentives to restrueture and inerease efficieney. A detailed diseussion of additional neeessary reforms of …” „… improve the eontrol of enterprise management. VI. Concluding remarks Deliberately, the proposals made here …” „… goals for reform. The most important elements of social reform appear to be: First, the government …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Social Security Benefits that are not Means Tested 150 2. Reform Proposals 152 2.1 Subsidies for Communal …” „… corporate social sphere 168 1. Problems with the Social Sphere 168 2. Basic Reform Proposals 170 VI …” „… to Conduct Successful Reforms for Economic Growth in a Country With Strong Adverse 'Initial …”

Problems with the Social Sphere S. 168-170

„… transition. 2. Basic Reform Proposals A solution to this problem appears to require three major tasks …” „… elements of the social sphere, reforms of the social insurance system, in particular introduction of a …” „… health insurance, reforms of fiscal federalism making sure that local authorities receive sufficient …”

Pension Fund S. 160-164

„… active labor market policy could be established. Source: Author's proposal. The reforms should comprise …” „… goals of social insurance reform should be: • to gradually reduce the total burden of social security …” „… insurance contributions after reform is provided in Table 5.6. 161 TABLE 5.6 Potential Path of the Evolution …”

Reforming the Social Security System and Social Policies S. 180-181

„… particularly regarding health care, education, food etc. Therefore, the proposals made here do not go into …” „… great detail, because what still appears to be needed most are 'strategic' medium-term goals for reform …” „… to make social support more efficient. The most important elements of social reform appear to be …”

Stock-Taking and Problems S. 150-152

„… with rising production costs, there will be a tendency for the subsidy to increase. 2. Reform Proposals …” „… for reforms of government social expenditure consists in demonstrating technical overlapping …”

Limiting public interest expenditure and debt S. 122-123

„… reforms could thus be strengthened, thereby improving the country's rating. A limit on the ratio of …” „… public debt to GDP ratio during a chosen time horizon. This proposal came to be widely accepted and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201214

Benedikt Zanker - On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

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Benedikt Zanker

On the Viability of an International Lender of Last Resort

Series: Aktuelle Materialien zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 73 2007

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Governance Reform Proposals S. 275-279

„… improving perceptions regarding the Fund’s legitimacy. 10.3.1 Governance Reform Proposals The international …” „… strong incentives to block any reform proposal that would diminish their influence over IMF policies …” „… rarely reject proposals backed by the Fund’s largest shareholders is not exclusively due to the practice …”

Opposition by Developed Countries and the G-7 S. 331-336

„… political environment must concede that a comprehensive reform of the IMF along the lines of this proposal …” „… , indicates that the reform proposal would be likely to find support by many emerging market policy makers …” „… is rather unlikely. While some features of the proposal are likely to command support with the Fund’s …”

Regional Monetary Cooperation S. 337-341

„… miniscule. For the same reasons a radical reform that would restructure the IMF into an institution …” „… . 13.2 The Potential for Gradual Reform However, even without a radical reform of the IMF and its …” „… Articles of Agreement, gradual reforms to the Fund’s procedures would go a long way in increasing the …”

The Lacking Clout of Developing Economies S. 336-337

„… , indicates that the reform proposal would be likely to find support by many emerging market policy makers …” „… would receive additional incentives and direction for reform. By meeting pre-qualification criteria they …” „… liquidity assistance by the Fund has been significantly reduced makes the proposal described above far more …”

The Report by the Independent Task Force S. 80-84

„… the criteria necessary for membership. Among the objections made to this proposal de-facto suggesting …” „… ’ proposal by arguing that the international community cannot credibly commit to stand idle when the default …” „… 22. 3.2.3 The Report by the Independent Task Force In contrast to other proposals, the report by the …”

Changes Inside the IMF S. 341-344

„… . Similarly, the pre-qualification criteria defined in this reform proposal aim to ensure that only …” „… abandon their scepticism regarding regional cooperation in Asia and efforts to undermine proposals similar …” „… contribute to a gradual decline in G-7 opposition regarding reforms that would improve the Fund’s reputation …”

Structure of the Analysis S. 42-46

„… chapters. Chapter 3 provides a short overview of current proposals to reform the global financial …” „… alternative proposals addressing the problem of financial instability. About half of the proposals introduced …” „… central bank The remainder comprises the group of recommendations and proposals more specifically related …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… ............................................................................ 66 3. Selected Proposals to Increase Global Financial Stability .................... 68 3.1 General …” „… Proposals to Increase Global Financial Stability .................... 68 3.1.1 Improved Transparency and …” „… ...................................................................................... 75 3.2 Proposals Addressing the Role of the IMF ............................................. 76 …”

Principles for Effective Liquidity Assistance S. 311-313

„… , but around a crisis. Under the reform proposal advanced below the Fund’s capacity to reduce both …” „… 311 12. A Proposal The IMF can be no International Lender of Last Resort as defined by Walter …” „… financial crises will occur in the future, if implemented these reforms would go a long way in enhancing the …”

The Köhler Approach: Procedural Changes S. 86-88

„… promoting sound economic policies and structural reforms and to oversee the international financial system …” „… in order to safeguard its functioning26. The agenda of reform embarked upon led to substantial …” „… new approach is based on five principles: National ownership of reform programs, parsimony in the …”

Concerns on the Effectiveness of Collective Action Clauses S. 303-309

„… to decide on whether to approve or reject a restructuring proposal. Aggregated voting would …” „… Schwartz, for example, not only strictly opposes IMF proposals to create a formal SDRM, but argues that the …” „… investors have been clamoring for a sovereign country bankruptcy law and in fact both actually oppose reform …”

Political Difficulties S. 279-281

„… proposal that would diminish their influence over IMF policies. Accordingly, reforms can only succeed if …” „… Pedro de Morais expressed the strong desire for reform on behalf of a group of 22 Sub-Sahara African …” „… wielding the largest power under the current allocation thus have strong incentives to block any reform …”

Bibliography S. 347-374

„… Trade Organisation Bibliography Adams, Timothy. 2005. The US View on IMF Reform. Speech presented at the …” „… IIE Conference on IMF Reform. September 23, 2005. Washington, DC: Institute for International …” „… the conference “Investment Liberalisation and Financial Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region” in Sidney …”

A Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism S. 300-303

„… a similar problem arising in the future32. In Krueger’s initial proposal a country struggling to …” „… restructuring proposal that includes a haircut when domestic creditors are being repaid in full. Second, in case …” „… issues to decide on whether to approve or reject a restructuring proposal. Aggregated voting would …”

Interests of Borrowing Countries S. 253-255

„… opposition is therefore likely to accept reform proposals it would normally have voted down in parliament …” „… source of support for the government when implementing difficult economic reforms: On the one hand …” „… unilaterally enter loan arrangements with the IMF, even if conditional on specific policy reforms. Although the …”

The Meltzer Report S. 84-86

„… 2000 proposes wide-ranging reforms for the seven organisations analysed25. Most central to the …” „… . On IMF reform the core recommendations are threefold; they are designed to improve the stability of …” „… . Under the IFIAC proposal membership at the IMF would require countries to report on their economic and …”

Conclusion S. 88-89

„… reform but also the necessary policy and institutional capacity to implement adjustments. If successfully …” „… framework’s credibility considerably. 3.3 Conclusion All proposals described above aim at increasing the …” „… . Proposals to introduce a Tobin tax and approaches focussing on data dissemination standards and financial …”

Governance Reform and Pre-qualification S. 281-282

„… Kingdom and France with identical shares. 10.3.3 Governance Reform and Pre-qualification As argued above …” „… , the reluctance of industrialised countries to embrace a reform of IMF governance rests primarily on …” „… , particularly the latter argument appears exaggerated. All realistic proposals for a reallocation of quotas …”

Financial Market Theory S. 33-42

„… overview of current proposals to reform the global financial architecture. Its aim is not to provide a …” „… to all public information such as earnings statements, merger proposals, official releases or any …” „… comprehensive literature review, but to introduce selected alternative proposals addressing the problem of …”

Transition Period S. 328-330

„… would require substantial reforms and time for their implementation. A five-year transition period seems …” „… , countries could initiate the policy reforms necessary in order to meet the conditions required to gain …” „… sector reform by vested interests. A transactional design which would minimize unwanted moral hazard …”

New Money Approach S. 283-286

„… 1990s—the most prominent being the proposal to create a formal Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism …” „… proposal further point out that over the last 20 years a large number of successful debt restructurings …” „… growth-oriented structural reforms such as reducing governments’ role in the economy, opening markets to foster …”

Improved Transparency and Higher Regulatory Standards S. 68-71

„… the subsequent discussion on the feasibility of one specific proposal: The suggestion to reform the …” „… 68 3. Selected Proposals to Increase Global Financial Stability As both character and origin of …” „… financial crises can vary considerably, it is not surprising that numerous proposals and recommendations …”

Transparency Criteria S. 206-211

„… functioning of international capital markets. Almost every proposal to reform the international financial …” „… emergency loans were paid out in tranches upon meeting specific mile-stones of reform, rescue efforts and …” „… time but also for countries to introduce reforms in order to become eligible. To allow for monitoring …”

Access to Large-scale Liquidity Assistance S. 317-322

„… endorsed in this reform proposal to ensure that disbursing emergency loans is an appropriate response …” „… provides incentives for policy reform is an additional benefit. Similarly, if funds disbursed under SBA or …” „… correspond to those devised by IMF and IDA in their proposal for a debt sustainability framework for …”

Need for Reform S. 293-294

„… 11.4 million and litigation costs14. 11.2.3 Need for Reform Even in the absence of hold-out creditors …” „… choose litigation over accepting a haircut is naturally attractive. 11.3 Proposals to Facilitate …” „… creditors and refrain from litigation and disruption of resolution efforts. A number of different proposals …”

Funding Issues S. 327-328

„… Transition Period A proposal to restructure the IMF into an institution operating similarly to an …” „… ease by most current members, others would require substantial reforms and time for their …” „… new requirements. During this period, countries could initiate the policy reforms necessary in order …”

A Code of Good Conduct S. 294-297

„… choose litigation over accepting a haircut is naturally attractive. 11.3 Proposals to Facilitate …” „… creditors and refrain from litigation and disruption of resolution efforts. A number of different proposals …” „… exist to achieve this objective and overcome freerider problems: Apart from the proposal to create a …”

Introduction S. 15-20

„… reforms; conditions imposed by the IMF were based almost exclusively on the so-called Washington …” „… Lost Its Influence.” International Herald Tribune. September 23, 2005 19 The debate on a reform of the …” „… Crisis produced a vast array of proposals to increase global financial stability. Recommendations range …”

Evidence on Creditor-side Moral Hazard S. 233-241

„… for short-term gains over responsible policies when costly reform efforts would be wasted as soon as …” „… viability of various proposals to reign in on the dangers posed by violent short-term capital flows …” „… accessibility seems highest for countries in need of modest macroeconomic and structural reforms, while …”

IMF Voting Weights S. 260-264

„… limited number of strategic and reform proposals. Operational control and day-today management is …” „… , DC: International Monetary Fund 17 Li Ruogu. 2004. Reform the Governance of the IMF. Speech given on …”

Voting Power at the IMF S. 264-275

„… can veto any decision or reform proposal that requires either 70 or 85 percent of total votes to pass …” „… country directors blocked a proposal advanced by G-7 directors regarding interest charges on IMF loans and …” „… succeeded in achieving an adjusted proposal more aligned to their interests …”

Problems due to Renegade Creditors S. 290-293

„… restructuring proposal with a debtor country, hold-out creditors have the ability to prevent the necessary debt …” „… Need for Reform Even in the absence of hold-out creditors, collective action problems and information …”

Lending Rules Governing ELA Facilities S. 323-327

„… policy conditions to foster economic reform. The maturity of Stand-By Agreements remains at a range of …” „… of 100 basis points becomes applicable. 12.4 Funding Issues and Transition Period A proposal to …”

Criteria Ensuring Financial Sector Stability S. 211-222

„… requirement as a core building block of adequate minimum capital standards as did an earlier proposal by …” „… . Paper presented at the conference “Investment Liberalisation and Financial Reform in the Asia-Pacific …” „… resemble those typically cited by vested sector interests in any process of trade reform38. Loosing parties …”

Criteria Indicating Sustainable Sovereign Indebtedness S. 222-228

„… countries’ fiscal policy—a deteriorating trend indicates the need for reform and austerity measures. Second …” „… – Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications. February 3, 2004. Washington, DC …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201122

Edina Márton - Violations of Personality Rights through the Internet: Jurisdictional Issues under European Law

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Edina Márton

Violations of Personality Rights through the Internet: Jurisdictional Issues under European Law

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 101 2016

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Chapter VIII: A proposal to reform the eDate and Martinez judgment S. 306-312

„… 306 Chapter VIII: A proposal to reform the eDate and Martinez judgment By analysing the eDate …” „… courts for either of those places. Chapter VIII: A proposal to reform the eDate and Martinez judgment …” „… purposes. Chapter VIII: A proposal to reform the eDate and Martinez judgment 308 A. Virtues satisfying …”

Introduction: International jurisdiction of courts in the digital age - A bird’s eye view S. 27-36

„… stands, Chapter VII recommends possible changes. The present author’s proposal to reform the eDate and …” „… . See also academics and proposals as referred to in e.g. Norris, Arizona Law Review 2011, 1013 …” „… possible reform. To achieve this aim, the present book proceeds in eight chapters. The first two chapters …”

Bibliography S. 319-348

„… America, in: Bertoni, Eduardo (ed.), Towards an Internet Free of Censorship: Proposals for Latin America …” „… the European Commission’s Draft Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Law Applicable to Non …” „… _ public/rome_ii/contributions/max_planck_en.pdf> (cited: Hamburg Group for Private International Law, Comments on the Draft Proposal) Harmathy …”

Conclusions: International jurisdiction of European courts in the digital age - An insight view S. 313-318

„… key criticisms strengthened the present author’s belief that reform of the eDate and …” „… Martinez-approaches is necessary. Mindful of the proposals advocated in the legal theory and practice for localising …” „… characteristics of the Internet (supra Ch. II). Two final comments are called for on this proposal. First, it …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… Contents 17 Conclusion and summary 305 Chapter VIII: A proposal to reform the eDate and Martinez …” „… Chapter VI: Jurisdiction in online violations of personality rights: reviewing 16 years’ proposals …” „… . Proposals regardless of Art 7(2) 229 I. European Publishers Council: removing the media from Art 5(3 …”

Chapter III: Mapping the legal landscape: the Brussels-Lugano Regime S. 71-129

„… . Reform 2002, 135-145. 254 For such agreements, see Vékás, Eur. J.L. Reform 2002, 135, 135; Vékás, IPRax …” „… , see e.g. Vékás, IPRax 2002, 142, 143 ff.; Vékás, Eur. J.L. Reform 2002, 135, 140 ff. 258 E.g …”

Chapter IV: Jurisdiction in tort: a general note on Art 7(2) with particular regard to violations of personality rights S. 130-152

„… proposal for a council regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations, available at …” „… is based on this pattern, as is evident from its aim to critically analyse and reform the eDate and …”

Chapter VII: Jurisdiction in online (potential) violations of personality rights: the eDate and Martinez judgment S. 232-305

„… correctness of AG Cruz Villalón’s proposal is questionable on the basis of the pure wording of Art 7(2 …” „… Roth appears to focus on the place where the defendant predominantly acted. This proposal could work …” „… : proposals in supra Ch. VI.A.II.2.a). 1018 Cf. Spindler, AfP 2012, 114, 116. 1019 Cf. Garber, ÖJZ 2012 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270708

Francesco Palermo, Giovanni Poggeschi, Günther Rautz, Jens Woelk - Globalization, Technologies and Legal Revolution

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Francesco Palermo (ed.), Giovanni Poggeschi (ed.), Günther Rautz (ed.), Jens Woelk (ed.)

Globalization, Technologies and Legal Revolution

Series: Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Akademie Bozen, Bereich »Minderheiten und Autonomien«

Volume 21 2012

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Paolo Carrozza The Italian Senato as a Federal Chamber: the Last Proposals of Reform and their Difficult Path S. 371-388

„… 371 The Italian Senato as a Federal Chamber: the Last Proposals of Reform and their Difficult Path …” „… has in no way decreased constitutional litigation before the Cour d’Arbitrage. Any proposal to reform …” „… Paolo Carrozza 1. Reform of the Constitution or Reform of European Institutions? A reflection on the …”

Jens Woelk Balancing ‘United in Diversity’: Federalism and Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 511-538

„… Guaranteeing RS in its existing form, so far, all proposals for territorial and institutional reform have …” „… Stability Initiative (ESI) 2004, Making Federalism Work – A Radical Proposal for Practical Reform, dated 8 …” „… 511 Balancing ‘United in Diversity’: Federalism and Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and …”

Michael van Walt van Praag On Solutions to the Sino-Tibetan Conflict S. 451-500

„… Weiqun1 a memorandum detailing the Dalai Lama’s views and proposals on genuine autonomy for the Tibetan …” „… Tibetan proposal, it was rejected essentially because it entailed an extensive degree of selfgovernance …” „… , pp. 4–10. Zhu Weiqun later characterized the Dalai Lama’s autonomy proposals as an attempt to …”

Mitja Žagar The Future of Federalism in Europe and Globally S. 345-370

„… ideas and proposals are rejected by the opponents of federal reforms and the defenders of (national …” „… and federal/federalist ideas, concepts, models and proposals, including possible federal reforms at …” „… federal arrangements, as well as federal reforms in diverse environments at different levels including the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… and Globally Mitja Žagar 345 The Italian Senato as a Federal Chamber: the Last Proposals of Reform and …” „… Perspectives Peter Hilpold 501 Balancing ‘United in Diversity’: Federalism and Constitutional Reform in Bosnia …”

Michael C. Davis Chinese Policies in Tibet: Should India Remain Concerned? S. 91-112

„… , including India, may find it more constructive to encourage Chinese policy reform in this regard. Michael C …” „… Kong formula of local control. Similar to Hong Kong, their proposal includes a specification that …” „… Tibetan Memorandum, supra note 10. Michael C. Davis 96 under its national autonomy laws. These proposals …”

Eva Pföstl Diversity and Uniformity in Law: Lessons from India S. 169-188

„… the other, by ancient Hindu concepts, as re-elaborated by Gandhi. Hence, post-colonial legal reforms …” „… achieved a measure of legal uniformity. This uniformity has been obtained through a skilful reform of …” „… Indian family laws, taking new social welfare concerns into consideration. The roots of this reform …”

Ranabir Samaddar Is the Constitution a Living Document? S. 141-168

„… the nineteenth century, which shows how at county level the great Reform Acts (1832, 1867, and 1884 …” „… Reforms (1909) – and then progressed through various phases to find its shape in the Constitution of …” „… constitution due to: (a) the current debates about transition, restoration and reform of the state and its …”

Andrea Simoncini Europe as a ‘3-D’ Constitutional Space: The Need for an Infrastructure’ of the Constitutional Dialogue S. 201-228

„… Intergovernmental Conference that had the duty of defining the overall objectives of the future reform treaty was …” „… de jure condendo proposals, what this declaration requires between the ECJ and the ECHR seems …” „… following examples from recent European institutional history: the 2004 reform of the system of enforcement …”

Vojtech Mastny The Cold War and European Security Identity S. 317-344

„… offensive formulations from the draft of the conference proposal that would discourage the West from …” „… conference proposal issued by the Warsaw Pact summit in March 1969 was the first without preconditions …” „… proposals while debate about the thrust of the prospective conference was going on behind the closed doors …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243474

William G. Gale, J. Mark Iwry, David C. John - Wealth After Work

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William G. Gale (ed.), J. Mark Iwry (ed.), David C. John (ed.)

Wealth After Work

2021

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Supplemental Transitions Accounts for Retirement: A Proposal to Increase Retirement Income Security and Reform Social Security S. 135-157

„… 135SIXSupplemental Transition Accounts for RetirementA PROPOSAL TO INCREASE RETIREMENT INCOME …” „… SECURITY AND REFORM SOCIAL SECURITYGary Koenig, Jason J. Fichtner, and William G. GaleSocial Security is …” „… serve to raise the age at which Social Security benefits are first paid. Thus our proposal reduces the …”

Preface

„… PROPOSAL TO INCREASE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURIT Y AND REFORM SOCIAL SECURIT YGary Koenig, Jason J. Fichtner …” „… WealthAfterWorkInnovative Reforms to Expand Retirement SecurityEdited byWILLIAM G. GALEJ. MARK …” „… States. The solutions described here are worthy of policymakers’ considerations, as they include reforms …”

Introduction S. 1-10

„… reforms.Some proposals have called for guaranteed returns as a central ele ment in state- based or federal …” „… system is continuously changing. While each reform and product innovation ideally resolves some prob lem …” „… retirement system. The proposals in this book largely aim to work within the existing retirement saving …”

Index S. 371-0

„… fund reform, proposal for: as applicable to new employees only, 221; combined DB plan, DC plan, and …” „… plans, 168–70, 213Civil ser vice, US, creation of, 204Civil Ser vice Reform Act of 1982, 206Civil Ser …” „… retirees and size of payments, 205; unfunded liability of, 212Civil Ser vice Retirement System reform …”

Public Pensions in Flux: How the Federal Government's Experiences Can Inform State Responses S. 203-229

„… , however, faced similar circumstances in the 1980s and suc-cessfully implemented a substantial reform. We …” „… ments of durable, effective, and just reforms for state pension plans will likely include the major ele …” „… ments of the federal reform listed above.The chapter begins by discussing the federal experience with …”

When Income Is the Outcome: Reducing Regulatory Obstacles to Annuities in 401(k) Plans S. 284-331

„… information on annuities and then outlines the three areas for reform and our proposals. The appendix provides …” „… reforms that would create an appropriately protective fiduciary safe harbor for plans’ se lection of …” „… annuity providers, increase the por-tability of annuities offered in plans, and reform the required …”

Contributors S. 365-368

„… retirement policy initiatives and reforms, including 401(k) automatic Gale-Iwry-John_Wealth After Work_i-xii …” „… _1-392.indd 365 6/7/21 10:15 AM366 Contributorsenrollment, the nationwide Automatic IRA proposal, the …” „… policy proposals to increase saving and investment. Fichtner earned his BA from the University of …”

You Get What You Pay For: Guaranteed Returns in Retirement Saving Accounts S. 230-254

„… value” options that guarantee return of the principal.A variety of proposals would offer guarantees for …” „… US plans, as well as policy proposals. We then discuss the determinants of the level and allocation …” „… . Some propos-als also include protection against catastrophic market events by limiting losses to a set …”

State-Sponsored Retirement Saving Plans: New Approaches to Boost Retirement Plan Coverage S. 158-181

„… what reform features they sup-port. In order for these plans to attract sufficient po liti cal support …” „… , it is impera-tive for small businesses to believe that a state proposal is feasible and …” „… businesses will react to the proposal, and what propor-tion of employers required to offer a plan will use …”

Retirement Plans for Contingent Workers: Issues and Options S. 116-134

„… proposals being developed by states for work-ers who do not have an employer- sponsored retirement saving or …” „… many tax-payers (Brown and John 2017). Another reform, described by Gruber, Orszag, and Gale (2006) and …” „… employers. The reform we discuss would enable every worker to have one retirement plan and carry it from …”

How Does Gender Equality Affect Women in Retirement? S. 73-81

„… system pre sents many opportunities for reform. Al-though more and more women are working for employers …” „… is a third major component ripe for re-form. For example, boosting Supplemental Security Income …” „… reexamination and reform of divorce laws could help women be more adequately prepared to meet their financial …”

Changing Wealth Accumulation Patterns: Evidence and Determinants S. 47-72

„… retirement account with a tax credit of approxi-mately 25 percent. Such a reform would weaken the link …” „… field experiments suggests that such a reform can signifi-cantly boost saving rates (Duflo and others …” „… interest expense. Such a reform would benefit younger savers, who often take on excess mortgage debt …”

From Saving to Spending: A Proposal to Convert Retirement Account Balances into Automatic and Flexible Income S. 255-283

„… 255ELEVENFrom Saving to SpendingA PROPOSAL TO CONVERT RETIREMENT ACCOUNT BALANCES INTO AUTOMATIC …” „… investment allocation decisions for millions of savers.2 Our proposal centers on pooled investment accounts …” „… countries. We follow with a proposal for an automatic and flexible retirement income solution for American …”

A Retirement Dashboard for the United States S. 82-115

„… feasible.ASSESSING THE DASHBOARD PROPOSAL AND ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES There is to date little formal evidence …” „… Dashboard for the United States 97its basic tracking and locating ser vices. Recent efforts to reform the US …” „… Protection for Older Americans.Department of the Trea sury. 2019. Federal Financial Literacy Reform …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780815739357

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