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Lukas Höfling - Host City Contracts auf dem Prüfstand der kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchskontrolle

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Lukas Höfling

Host City Contracts auf dem Prüfstand der kartellrechtlichen Missbrauchskontrolle

Series: Schriften zum Sportrecht

Volume 67 2023

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1. Teil: Die Host City Contracts für das Sportjahr 2024 – eine rechtstatsächliche Erkundung in unwegsamem Gelände S. 39-162

„… 1. Teil: Die Host City Contracts für das Sportjahr 2024 – einerechtstatsächliche Erkundung in …” „… endgültigen Unterzeichnung des Host CityContracts ist von großer Bedeutung für die spätere vertragliche …” „… Weltfußballverbandes für Spielervermittler,2002, S. 70.1. Teil: Die Host City Contracts für das Sportjahr 202440 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-24

„… Sommerspielen 2024III.95Die zentralen Regelungsinhalte der Host City ContractsE. 98Die Regelungsinhalte des …” „… Regelungsinhalte der Host City ContractsE. 98Die Regelungsinhalte des Vertragsregimes zur UEFA EURO2024I.98 …” „… Host City Contracts auf dem Prüfstand der kartellrechtlichen MissbrauchskontrolleLukas HöflingDie …”

Schluss S. 301-310

„… “ sprechen.Die kartellrechtliche Analyse der Host City Contracts hat auf der ande‐ren Seite aber auch zu der …” „… ökonomisch hoch bedeutsamen Bereichstärker zu erproben. Exemplarisch werden dafür die Host City Con‐tracts …” „… Operationalisierung dieser zentralen Normdes europäischen Kartellrechts für die Kontrolle der Host City Contractsimmer …”

Einleitung S. 25-38

„… Verhandlungsposition bei der vertraglichen Aus‐gestaltung der sogenannten Host City Contracts (nachfolgend: „HCC“)12 …” „… Anwaltskanzlei auf die Lektüre des Host City Contracts zu den OlympischenSpielen folgendermaßen beschreibt …” „… Abendblatt, Olympia-Bewer‐A. Problemaufriss27jedoch auf Gegenteiliges hin: Die Host City Contracts werden …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 311-335

„… Olympic Host City Contract: Achieving Relational andReferential Efficiencies to Deliver the Best Games …” „… , Martin (Hrsg.), OlympischeSpiele, Tübingen 2013, S. 59-76Tetlak, Karolina Host city contract as a basis …” „… =2.134487604.431306094.1600173577-1130270838.1600173577Internationales Olympi‐sches KomiteeAddendum N°1 to the Host City Contract 2024, 23.12.2019 …”

2. Teil: Zur missbrauchsrechtlichen Einordnung ausgewählter HCC-Klauseln S. 163-300

„… aus, wie der Abschlusseines Host City Contracts einzuordnen ist, der sich – wie im 1. Teil derArbeit …” „… einhergehenden Abschlusses von Host CityContracts. Der EuGH und die Europäische Kommission hatten jedochbereits …” „… hoheitlichen Tätigkeit der öffent‐lichen Hand im Rahmen von Host City Contracts auch an einer wirt‐schaftlichen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748919568

Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and the Olympic Charter S. 90-95

„… ?and?the?National?Olympic?Committeeof?the?country,?where?the?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special?and?independent?legal?person,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?This?contract?is?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ? thevision?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?At?the?same?time,?however,?it?is?an?agreementwith?strong?economic?character.?It?is?an?agreement?about?a?‘plan’,?which?the?HostCity?is?invited?to?implement?in?a?specified?time.?It?is,?therefore,?an?agreement?oftimely?execution,?involving?liability?and?multiple?consequences.The Host City Contract and the Olympic …” „… ?is?found,?to?respect?the?Olympic?Charter?guaranteeing?for?that?appositely.?The?Olympic?Charter?is?a?rule,?which?must?be?observedby?any?city?that?is?going?to?organize?the?Olympic?Games.?This?is?expressly?defined,as?a?commitment,?for?every?Host?City?in?the?Contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic Charter S. 209-211

„… The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic CharterThe?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… ?has?its?own?Host?City?Contract432 …” „… ,?which?bearsall?the?aforementioned?attributes.The?Host?City?Contract?of?Athens?specified?in?article?60?which?version?of?theOlympic?Charter?was?binding?the?parties.?That?version?was?the?one?of?the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sustainable development according to the Olympic Charter and the Host City Contract S. 114-117

„… CityContractThe?Host?City?Contract?of?5.9.1997 …” „… ?incorporates?explicit?obligations?for?Athens,as?regards?the?protection?of?the?environment.?The?concern?for?the?environment?isexpressed?in?the?Preamble?of?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… phical,?moral?andpolitical?belief?about?the?environment?and?sustainable?development,?which?mightbe?more?advanced?compared?to?the?positions?adopted?by?national?policies?and?national?legal?orders?for?the?environment.?In?view?of?the?Host?City?Contract?for?theOlympic?Games?of?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the Olympic Movement Rules in the national legal orders S. 88-90

„… ?and?the?president?decision?130/2000.The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the OlympicMovement Rules in …” „… ?of?the?Charter,?it?has?to?enter?into?a?complicated?writtenagreement?(host?city?contract)?with?the?IOC.123 …” „… ? showtolerance?and?respect?to?the?special?character?of?the?Games?and?have?not?challengedthis?contract.?According?to?the?contract,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames?(OCOG),124?the?NOC?and?the?host?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The consequences of the effect of the rules of the Olympic Charter for the Host City Contract and its relation with the legislation of the host country S. 216-217

„… ?Cities,?it?is?governed?by?the?respective?Constitutions.?This?relation?connects?two?systems?of?a?different?nature?and?creates?a?dialectic?relation?in?the?framework?of?the?staging?of?theOlympic?Games.?The?relation?between?private?and?public?law?in?sports?issues?hasbeen?defined?on?many?occasions?by?the?case?law?of?the?Council?of?State,?which?hasset?the?limits?on?private?law.The consequences of the effect of the rules of the Olympic Charter for the Host CityContract and its …” „… countryOnce?we?accept?that?the?Host?City?Contract?binds?contractually?the?parties?and?fallsunder?the?private?law,?we?should?further?accept?that?the?regulations?included?either441 The?judgement?no.?5450/1996 …” „… ? issued?byprivate?law?legal?persons,?such?as?the?respective?associations?or?federations?of?each?sportand?therefore?fall?under?the?sphere?of?the?private?law?(s.?judgement?no.?442/92?of?the?Councilof?State?etc.)’.216in?the?Host?City?Contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The dialectic relation between the Olympic Charter and the legal order of the Host City – The legal nature of the Olympic Charter S. 213-216

„… It?also?secures?the?lack?of?contradistinction?between?the?rules?of?the?positive?nationallaw?and?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Charter?or?of?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ? contractualterms,?in?virtue?of?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… e?to?that?issue.The?relation?between?private?and?public?law?was?clearly?seen?in?the?case?law?ofthe?Council?of?State?concerning?related?issues?of?sports?law.?Nevertheless?and?aspart?of?the?contractual?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2833/2000 ‘Issues of Preparation of the Olympic Games of 2004 and other provisions’ S. 227-229

„… ? this?paragraph?materializes?engagements?of? the?country?resultingfrom? the?Olympic?Charter? and? the?Host? City? Contract …” „… GamesThe?host?city?contract?makes?the?security?of?the?Games?a?vital?field.?As?regards?thismatter? the? state? should? tolerate? some?restrictions? to? its? sovereignty.?Indeed …” „… ,? thecompetent?ministers?guarantee?about?the?security?of?the?Games?by?some?additiondeclarations?accompanying?the?host?city?contract.Especially?after?the?terrorist?attacks?in?USA?in?2001?and?in?Madrid?in?2004,?theAthens?Olympics?seemed?to?be?the?ideal?target …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The human body, the international society and the fair play of history S. 18-25

„… )Given?the?world?attention?that?this?event?requires,?the?host?city?cannot?host?theGames?without?important?changes?of?infrastructure?and?investments.?The?host …” „… ation?of?a?world?point?of?view?for?the?host-city …” „… ?is?perceived?as?geopoliticaland?post-natural.The?city,?as?a?geopolitical?choice,?and?occasionally?every?host?city?acquires?aparticularly?global?role?and?focuses?the?action?of?its?public?authority?on?the?organization?of?a?seemingly?“innocent/harmless’’?sporting?event.The?city?and?every?host?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rationalization of the sports phenomenon in the framework of the Council of Europe S. 182-183

„… ?case?these?contravene?the?Treaty.?The?Host?City?Contract?would?not?be?able?tosolve?the?problem,?nor?override?Community?law.The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community …” „… These?positions?will?take?effect?in?any?kind?of?rules?of?similar?nature,?thereforeincluding?those?of?the?IOC.?This?admission?gives?rise?to?the?problem?of?the?bindingeffect?of?the?IOC?rules?and?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contractsin …” „… ring?the?existing?structures?and?the?social?role?ofsport.?Among?the?recommended?actions?proposed?to?the?Member?States?is?eitherthe?integration?of?related?rules?in?the?respective?legislation,?or?the?cooperation,?byvirtue?of?contracts …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community law S. 182

„… ?case?these?contravene?the?Treaty.?The?Host?City?Contract?would?not?be?able?tosolve?the?problem,?nor?override?Community?law.The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community …” „… These?positions?will?take?effect?in?any?kind?of?rules?of?similar?nature,?thereforeincluding?those?of?the?IOC.?This?admission?gives?rise?to?the?problem?of?the?bindingeffect?of?the?IOC?rules?and?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contractsin …” „… ring?the?existing?structures?and?the?social?role?ofsport.?Among?the?recommended?actions?proposed?to?the?Member?States?is?eitherthe?integration?of?related?rules?in?the?respective?legislation,?or?the?cooperation,?byvirtue?of?contracts …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and Human Rights S. 112-113

„… t?is?really?interesting?that?apart?from?the?host?city,?the?states?are?also?committedto?accept?and?respect?the?Olympic?Charter.?The?host?city?contract,?as?a?text?basedon?the?freedom?of?contacts?principle,?which?was?a?fundamental?claim?at?the?ends219 http://www.olympic.org/ioc/e/facts/charter/charter_noc_e.html.220 Pound …” „… ?contracts?principles?meet?with?the?principle?of?thelaw?state,?given?that?a?private?law?contract?interferes?in?so?important?national?matters.The Olympic Movement Rules and the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the case law of the European Court of Justice on the rules of the Olympic Movement S. 181-182

„… ?admission?gives?rise?to?the?problem?of?the?bindingeffect?of?the?IOC?rules?and?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contractsin?case?these?contravene?the?Treaty.?The?Host?City?Contract?would?not?be?able?tosolve?the?problem,?nor?override?Community?law.The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community …” „… ring?the?existing?structures?and?the?social?role?ofsport.?Among?the?recommended?actions?proposed?to?the?Member?States?is?eitherthe?integration?of?related?rules?in?the?respective?legislation,?or?the?cooperation,?byvirtue?of?contracts …” „… ,?between?states?and?sports?associations,?provided?the?contractsconfer?upon?them?a?specific?status.?Moreover,?as?part?of?this?effort,?the?MemberStates?shall?have?to?confer?a?specific?status?upon?the?sports?associations401.It?is?evident?that?the?European?Union?takes?initiative?w …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law, Mass Media and Sport S. 193-195

„… re?wasno?question?at?all?as?regards?the?observance?of?the?EC?law.?The?exclusive?broadcasting?of?the?Games?was?governed?by?a?contract?attached?in?the?host-city?contractand?therefore?is?accepted?without?following?any?EC?law?procedure.421418 Welrave,?Dona,?Deliege.419 European?Community?and?Sport,?SEC?(91)?1438,?31/7/1991 …” „… e?applied?to?such?contractsin?such?an?important?organization.Regardless?of?the?public?contracts …” „… A.,?The?Olympics:?a?celebration?of?sport?and?the?role?of?law,?in?EntertainmentLaw?Review,?2004.194Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative regulation of sport in the Greek legal order S. 207-209

„… ?approachto?the?sports?phenomenon?that?was?consistent?with?the?basic?principles?of?the?European?Union?law.208The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic CharterThe?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… ?has?its?own?Host?City?Contract432 …” „… ,?which?bearsall?the?aforementioned?attributes.The?Host?City?Contract?of?Athens?specified?in?article?60?which?version?of?theOlympic?Charter?was?binding?the?parties.?That?version?was?the?one?of?the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter and the Greek legislation S. 212-213

„… ? of? the?Host? City? Contract,? of? the? obligation? to? protect? theOlympic?Symbols?and?indicia..As …” „… s?that?arise?from?the?Host?City?Contracts …” „… It?also?secures?the?lack?of?contradistinction?between?the?rules?of?the?positive?nationallaw?and?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Charter?or?of?the?Host?City?Contract.The dialectic relation between the Olympic Charter and the legal …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) S. 87-88

„… ,?they?have?the?exclusive?authority?to?select?and?designate?the?city?whichmay?apply?to?organize?Olympic?Games?in?their?respective?countries.118?Also,?theNOC?is?one?of?the?parties?that?enter?into?the?host?city?contract119 …” „… ?and?the?president?decision?130/2000.The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the OlympicMovement Rules in …” „… ?of?the?Charter,?it?has?to?enter?into?a?complicated?writtenagreement?(host?city?contract)?with?the?IOC.123 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The connection of the rules of the Olympic Movement with the Host City and hence with the legal order of the country that hosts the Olympic Games S. 90

„… ?and?the?National?Olympic?Committeeof?the?country,?where?the?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special?and?independent?legal?person,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games.?This?contract?is?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ? thevision?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?At?the?same?time,?however,?it?is?an?agreementwith?strong?economic?character.?It?is?an?agreement?about?a?‘plan’,?which?the?HostCity?is?invited?to?implement?in?a?specified?time.?It?is,?therefore,?an?agreement?oftimely?execution,?involving?liability?and?multiple?consequences.The Host City Contract and the Olympic …” „… The connection of the rules of the Olympic Movement with the Host City and hencewith the legal …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the rules of the Olympic Movement on the legislation of the host country S. 211-212

„… legal?order?of?the?Host?City.?By?no?means?should?these?provisions?be?deemed?binding?by?themselves?and?to?the?letter?of?their?content,?as?a?whole.Hence,?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?and?rule?of?law:?these?are?the?threefundamental?elements?that?present?themselves?lucidly?before?the?jurist,?when?thelatter?is?invited?to?interpret?the?relation?between?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movementand?the?legislation?of?the?host?country?by?means?of?the?Host?City?Contract.?On?theoccasion?of?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… ?was?governed?(to?its?letter)?by?the?private?law,?together?with?the?rulesof?the?Olympic?Movement?and?the?rules?of?the?Greek?legal?order.It?could?be?maintained?that?the?Greek?legislator?was?obliged?to?take?initiative?inorder?to?fulfil?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contract?and?hence?thatthe?overall? internal? law?was? invited …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… The?Host?City?Contract?and?Olympic?Games-the?penetration?of?theOlympic?Movement?Rules?in?the?national?legal?orders 88 …” „… The?connection?of?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?with?the?HostCity?and?hence?with?the?legal?order?of?the?country?that?hosts?theOlympic?Games 90The?Host?City?Contract?and?the?Olympic?Charter 90 …” „… Sustainable?development?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter?and?theHost?City?Contract 114Olympic?Charter?and?tolerance 117The?Games?of?a?city,?a?contact,?an?ideology 117 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of sport S. 60-61

„… ?of?Athens,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?and?the?IOC,?by?thecreation?of?the?Athens?Olympic?Organizing?Committee?and?continued?with?a?seriesof?legislative?enactments.The?Host?City?Contract?is,?hence,?the?combination?of?rules?and?institutions?thattriggers?off?the?legal?argumentation?on?the?relation?between?the?city …” „… ,?among?other?things,?it?has?a?dialectic?relation?with?the?internallaw,?which?is?expressed?in?more?than?one?legal?issues?set?forth?in?the?light?of?thatfundamental?relation,?which?is?established?by?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… organizationThe?Olympic?organization?in?whichever?city?it?may?take?place,?is?associated?withthe?legal?order?of?the?respective?country?through?an?agreement,?the?so-called?HostCity?Contract65.?The?freedom?to?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The limits to the autonomy of the Olympic organization S. 183-185

„… ? financialrelations?than?an?ideal.?This?aspect?of?sport,?and?not?the?rules?of?fair?play,?is?theobject?of?legal?study.It?would?be?absolutely?hypocritical?to?approach?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?and?theterms?of?termination?thereof,?without?laying?stress?on?the?issue?of?television?rights,but?keeping?only?to?the?emphasis?given?to?principles?and?ideologies.?Obviously?the‘unconstitutionality?of?visions’?of?the?IOC?could?give?rise?to?reasons?of?terminationof?the?Host?City?Contract,?but?the?main?possible?reasons?should?be?sought?beyondvisions?and?ethical? principles.?Therefore,? the?emphasis? placed?on …” „… e?a?basic?tool?of?interpretation?ofthe?Host?City?Contract,?in?so?far?as?they?express?the?primary?objective?of?the?Contract? itself.? The? Host? City,? as? an? entrepreneurial? unit,? finances? a? purpose …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislation S. 217-218

„… in?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?and?through?this?to?revealthe?way?by?which?the?Greek?legal?order?has?incorporated?the?‘rules’?and?the?‘directives’?resulting?from?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?Host?City?Contract?and?the?otherOlympic?texts.?Also,?by?the?analysis?below,?one?could?compare?the?Greek?.446Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’Law?2598/1998 …” „… .?It?has?been?enacteda?few?months?after?the?city?of?Athens?had?been?entrusted?with?the?Olympic?Gamesand?the?Host?City?Contract?had?been?executed?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?the?Municipality?of?Athens?and?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee.448444 As?provided?in?article?37 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The security of the Games S. 229-230

„… GamesThe?host?city?contract?makes?the?security?of?the?Games?a?vital?field.?As?regards?thismatter? the? state? should? tolerate? some?restrictions? to? its? sovereignty.?Indeed …” „… ,? thecompetent?ministers?guarantee?about?the?security?of?the?Games?by?some?additiondeclarations?accompanying?the?host?city?contract.Especially?after?the?terrorist?attacks?in?USA?in?2001?and?in?Madrid?in?2004,?theAthens?Olympics?seemed?to?be?the?ideal?target …” „… ?credentials?was?established.?This?regime?as?well?as?the?entire?securitysystem?which?has?to?be?consistent?with?the?host?city?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’ S. 218-222

„… rporated?the?‘rules’?and?the?‘directives’?resulting?from?the?Olympic?Charter,?the?Host?City?Contract?and?the?otherOlympic?texts.?Also,?by?the?analysis?below,?one?could?compare?the?Greek?.446Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’Law?2598/1998 …” „… .?It?has?been?enacteda?few?months?after?the?city?of?Athens?had?been?entrusted?with?the?Olympic?Gamesand?the?Host?City?Contract?had?been?executed?by?the?International?Olympic?Committee,?the?Municipality?of?Athens?and?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee.448444 As?provided?in?article?37 …” „… .?It?should?be?noted?that?these?regulationsaimed?at?modernizing?the?status?of?the?HOC,?especially?after?its?involvement,?as?a?contracting?party,?in?the?Host?City?Contract.445 For?this?issue,?s.?the?theoretical?approach?in?Chapter?2?of?this?book.446 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… th?century,?the?host?city?contract?provides?principles?that?not?only?the?members?of?the?Olympic?movement?have?to?acceptand?adhere?to?but?also?the?national?states.?At?this?point?the?freedom?of?contracts?and112 Mestre …” „… .?The?observance?of?the?Olympic?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law?contract?that?is?institutionally?provided?by?it.?Every?city?that?undertakesto?host …” „… ? theframework?of?the?EU?rules.?A?fact?of?particular?institutional?interest?is?that?alongwith?each?host?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of a city, a contact, an ideology S. 117-119

„… ,?via?the?host?city?contract?the?organizing?state?is?bound?to?followthe?Olympic?Charter,?questioning?arises?about?up?to?which?extent?the?national?legalorder?is?bound?to?follow?these?provisions.233Therefore,?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter,?tolerance?is?e …” „… ? thespecially?the?relations?between?IOC,?host?city,?NOC?and?OCOG?during?the?organization?of?the?Olympics.?There?is?no?reference?to?the?possibility?to?stop?the?contractand?this?causes?some?doubts?on?the?binding?character?of?the?contract.?Most?of?thetimes? the?IOC?act? in?a?diplomatic?way,?focusing?on?a?good?organization?of …” „… stablished?as?an?important?virtue?of?the?Olympic?Organization?and?the?country?that?hosts?it.The Games of a city, a contact, an …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Olympic Committee (IOC) S. 85-87

„… in?the?host?city?contract.?Its?role?is?established?by?the?Olympic?Charter?where?it?isclearly?mentioned?that?governs?Olympism?and?it?is?its?supreme?authority.?Accordingto?article?15 …” „… ,?they?have?the?exclusive?authority?to?select?and?designate?the?city?whichmay?apply?to?organize?Olympic?Games?in?their?respective?countries.118?Also,?theNOC?is?one?of?the?parties?that?enter?into?the?host?city?contract119 …” „… so,?the?national?governments?are?committed?to?abide?by?the?Olympic?Charter,?ifa?city?within?its?territory?undertakes?to?host?the?Olympics?(article?34?par.3 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The freedom to contract and the relation between the associative nature of sport and the Olympic organization S. 61-63

„… organizationThe?Olympic?organization?in?whichever?city?it?may?take?place,?is?associated?withthe?legal?order?of?the?respective?country?through?an?agreement,?the?so-called?HostCity?Contract65.?The?freedom?to?contract …” „… rld,?which?is?not?limited?to?the?staging?of?thegames.Through?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?requires?the?commitment?of?the?contracting?parties?under?this?agreement.?The?Olympic?Movement?uses?the?rules?of?privatelaw?in?order?to?finalize?its?relation?with?the?city?that?will?organize?an?Olympiad.65 In?reference?to?this?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and tolerance S. 117

„… ,?via?the?host?city?contract?the?organizing?state?is?bound?to?followthe?Olympic?Charter,?questioning?arises?about?up?to?which?extent?the?national?legalorder?is?bound?to?follow?these?provisions.233Therefore,?according?to?the?Olympic?Charter,?tolerance?is?e …” „… ? thespecially?the?relations?between?IOC,?host?city,?NOC?and?OCOG?during?the?organization?of?the?Olympics.?There?is?no?reference?to?the?possibility?to?stop?the?contractand?this?causes?some?doubts?on?the?binding?character?of?the?contract.?Most?of?thetimes? the?IOC?act? in?a?diplomatic?way,?focusing?on?a?good?organization?of …” „… stablished?as?an?important?virtue?of?the?Olympic?Organization?and?the?country?that?hosts?it.The Games of a city, a contact, an …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The particular attributes of the Olympic organization – An autonomous legislative framework for the Olympic Games S. 60

„… ?of?Athens,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?and?the?IOC,?by?thecreation?of?the?Athens?Olympic?Organizing?Committee?and?continued?with?a?seriesof?legislative?enactments.The?Host?City?Contract?is,?hence,?the?combination?of?rules?and?institutions?thattriggers?off?the?legal?argumentation?on?the?relation?between?the?city …” „… ,?among?other?things,?it?has?a?dialectic?relation?with?the?internallaw,?which?is?expressed?in?more?than?one?legal?issues?set?forth?in?the?light?of?thatfundamental?relation,?which?is?established?by?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?througha?series?of?interventions,?which?began?by?the?signature?of?the?Host?City?Contactbetween?the?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The protection of the environment S. 113-114

„… CityContractThe?Host?City?Contract?of?5.9.1997 …” „… ?incorporates?explicit?obligations?for?Athens,as?regards?the?protection?of?the?environment.?The?concern?for?the?environment?isexpressed?in?the?Preamble?of?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… th?century,?provided?principles?that?the?entire?Olympic?movement?as?wellas?the?national?states?are?bound?to?respect?and?follow.?At?this?point?the?freedom?ofassociation?and?the?freedom?of?contracts?principles?meet?with?the?principle?of?thelaw?state,?given?that?a?private?law?contract?interferes?in?so?important?national?matters.The Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law 3342/2005 about the sustainable development and the social utilization of the Olympic Departments S. 229

„… GamesThe?host?city?contract?makes?the?security?of?the?Games?a?vital?field.?As?regards?thismatter? the? state? should? tolerate? some?restrictions? to? its? sovereignty.?Indeed …” „… ,? thecompetent?ministers?guarantee?about?the?security?of?the?Games?by?some?additiondeclarations?accompanying?the?host?city?contract.Especially?after?the?terrorist?attacks?in?USA?in?2001?and?in?Madrid?in?2004,?theAthens?Olympics?seemed?to?be?the?ideal?target …” „… ?credentials?was?established.?This?regime?as?well?as?the?entire?securitysystem?which?has?to?be?consistent?with?the?host?city?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… ?of?Athens,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?and?the?IOC,?by?thecreation?of?the?Athens?Olympic?Organizing?Committee?and?continued?with?a?seriesof?legislative?enactments.The?Host?City?Contract?is,?hence,?the?combination?of?rules?and?institutions?thattriggers?off?the?legal?argumentation?on?the?relation?between?the?city …” „… ,?among?other?things,?it?has?a?dialectic?relation?with?the?internallaw,?which?is?expressed?in?more?than?one?legal?issues?set?forth?in?the?light?of?thatfundamental?relation,?which?is?established?by?the?Host?City?Contract …” „… ?througha?series?of?interventions,?which?began?by?the?signature?of?the?Host?City?Contactbetween?the?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… owever,?if?we?accept?this,?a?great?problem?arises?as?regards?the?validityof?the?IOC?rules?and?the?commitments?arising?from?each?host?city?contract,?in?casethey?are?inconsistent?with?the?Treaty.?The?host?city?contract?could?neither?solve?theproblem,?nor?outflank/outweigh?the?EC?law?provisions.?This?reality?gets?even?moreintense?regarding?the?2004 …” „… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… ? city? contract,? which? constitutes? the? basic? regulatoryframework? of? the? Olympic? Organization …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ,?the?Olympics?asserted?unchallengeable?influence.?This?influence?was?inevitable?because?of?the?host?city?contract.The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the staterules and the institutional …” „… ?leads,?because?ofits?extreme?publicity,?to?opinions?which?under?different?circumstances?would?notbe?obvious.Therefore,?the?legal?pluralism?is?no?longer?an?object?of?dialogue?among?lawyers.It?constitutes?an?object?of?dialogue?with?history,?which?the?Olympic?Games?and?theOlympic?Movement?aim?at?affecting.In? this?way,?China?via? the?host?city?contract …” „… t?is?really?interesting?that?apart?from?the?host?city,?the?states?are?also?committedto?accept?and?respect?the?Olympic?Charter.?The?host?city?contract,?as?a?text?basedon?the?freedom?of?contacts?principle,?which?was?a?fundamental?claim?at?the?ends219 http://www.olympic.org/ioc/e/facts/charter/charter_noc_e.html.220 Pound …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General Remarks S. 230-232

„… ?Contractwas?considerable.?In?the?first?place,?it?should?be?noted?that?this?activity?comes?withinthe?framework?of?rules?laid?down?the?Olympic?Movement?and?took?place?in?orderto?adjust?the?Greek?legislative?reality?to?the?requirements?of?the?Olympic?organization.?Of?course,?the?adjustment?was?neither?all-inclusive?nor?abrupt.?Several?rulesof?the?Olympic?Charter?were?gradually?adopted,?specific?engagements?of?the?HostCity?Contract …” „… RemarksThe?law-producing?activity?that?followed?the?execution?of?the?Host?City …” „… ?were?fulfilled?and?the?Greek?legal?order?was?familiarized?with?thenew?undertaking,?which?it?is?called?upon?to?carry?through.More?specifically:a. The?Organizing?Committee?was?created,?pursuant?to?the?Host?City …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Games S. 85

„… so,?the?national?governments?are?committed?to?abide?by?the?Olympic?Charter,?ifa?city?within?its?territory?undertakes?to?host?the?Olympics?(article?34?par.3 …” „… the?right?to?enter?into?a?contract?encounters/meets?the?principle?of?the?state?of?law,as?long?as?a?private?law?contract …” „… GamesThe?Olympic?Games?are?entrusted?by?the?IOC?to?a?city?,?which?is?elected?as?the?hostcity?of?the?Olympic?Games?(article?33?par.?2 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic truce in effect S. 130-131

„… ? is?believed?that?theprovision?in?the?host?city?contract?committing?the?organizing?state?to?make?all?reasonable?efforts?to?prevent?armed?conflicts?within?its?territory?is?quite?positive?andencouraging.277?However,?in?respect?of?the?participating?countries …” „… ,?2003.277 E.g.s.XI?of?the?London?2012?host-city?contract.131 …” „… ?thehost?city?contract?includes?a?guarantee?committing?each?organizing?state’s?government?for?the?respect?of?the?contract,?there?should?be?a?requirement?that?each?statein?order?to?participate?in?the?Games?should?provide?a?written?guarantee?of?its?government?that?it?will?not?violate?the?truce.276 Lamprinidis S.,?The?Olympic?Truce?(in?Greek),?in?Klamaris …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Potential avenues of a more effective revival S. 131-133

„… ? is?believed?that?theprovision?in?the?host?city?contract?committing?the?organizing?state?to?make?all?reasonable?efforts?to?prevent?armed?conflicts?within?its?territory?is?quite?positive?andencouraging.277?However,?in?respect?of?the?participating?countries …” „… ,?2003.277 E.g.s.XI?of?the?London?2012?host-city?contract.131 …” „… ?thehost?city?contract?includes?a?guarantee?committing?each?organizing?state’s?government?for?the?respect?of?the?contract,?there?should?be?a?requirement?that?each?statein?order?to?participate?in?the?Games?should?provide?a?written?guarantee?of?its?government?that?it?will?not?violate?the?truce.276 Lamprinidis S.,?The?Olympic?Truce?(in?Greek),?in?Klamaris …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Advertising-Trading S. 240-244

„… ?are?embodied?in?the?host?city?contract …” „… ?However,?it?is?provided?that?they?will?only?apply?for?a?period?which?the?Secretary?of?State?considersnecessary?to?comply?with?the?Host?City?Contract.493 …” „… c?games.?The?IOC?again?has?a?great?power?over?theseregulations,?since?it?is?clearly?mentioned?once?more?that?the?secretary?of?State?inmaking?these?regulations?shall?aim?to?secure?compliance?with?obligations?imposedby?the?host?city?contract?and?shall?also?have?regard?to?any?requests?or?guidance?fromthe?IOC.503 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… ?With?the?host?city,?the?NOC?of?the?respective?country?and?a?special?andautonomous? legal? person,? the?Organization? Committee? of? the?Olympic?Games(OCOG).?This? is? the? host …” „… ? city? contract,? which? constitutes? the? basic? regulatoryframework? of? the? Olympic? Organization …” „… ? Olympic? Organization? the? Olympic?Movement? contracts? through? theIOC370 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The end of amateur sport and the role of the IOC S. 58-59

„… The?English?term?Host?City?has?been?adopted?by?the?Olympic?Charter?and?signifies?the?citywhere? the?Olympic?Games?will? take? place,?by?virtue? of?a?contract?with? the …” „… .?Part?of?this?analysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …” „… legal?order?and?in?the?context?of?an?original?relation?of?collision?and?convergence,which?determines?the?boundaries?of?the?freedom?to?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

„… The?English?term?Host?City?has?been?adopted?by?the?Olympic?Charter?and?signifies?the?citywhere? the?Olympic?Games?will? take? place,?by?virtue? of?a?contract?with? the …” „… .?Part?of?this?analysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …” „… legal?order?and?in?the?context?of?an?original?relation?of?collision?and?convergence,which?determines?the?boundaries?of?the?freedom?to?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

„… statesSo,?since?the?Sydney?Olympics,?all?the?hosting?states,?trying?to?fulfil?their?obligations?towards?the?IOC,?which?through?the?host?city?contract?imposed?to?them,?introduce?special? legislation?against? the?phenomenon?of?ambush?marketing.?Whatthese? laws? have? in? common? is …” „… orauthority?of?the?organizer?of?the?event.Beijing?was?also?required?by?the?host?city?contract …” „… pic?association?right?provided?by?the?bill?but?withless?harsh?provisions.The?Act?complies?with?the?IOC's?Host?City?requirements?by?introducing?a?specific?event?association?right--the?“?London?Olympic?association?right”?.?This?confers?on?LOCOG?the?exclusive?right?to?use?and?exploit?any?visual?or?verbal?representation?which? is? likely? to? create,? in …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Dispute Resolution-Establishment of a separate court S. 95

„… ? separation?ofpowers?in?the?sporting?system?of?rules.?Also,?it?seeks?for?a?charter/constitutionalcoherence?that?differs?from?the?one?of?the?states?and?communicates/interacts?withthe?state?legal?orders?by?the?host?city?contract?that?joins?in?every?organization.146The Court of Arbitration for Sports ( C. A. S. )HistoryIn?1981 …” „… ?This?Court?is?also?competent?for?the?contractual?relations?ofthe?IOC?with?the?host …” „… ?cities.?Therefore,?its?competence?is?very?wide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Court of Arbitration for Sports (C. A. S.) S. 95

„… ? separation?ofpowers?in?the?sporting?system?of?rules.?Also,?it?seeks?for?a?charter/constitutionalcoherence?that?differs?from?the?one?of?the?states?and?communicates/interacts?withthe?state?legal?orders?by?the?host?city?contract?that?joins?in?every?organization.146The Court of Arbitration for Sports ( C. A. S. )HistoryIn?1981 …” „… ?This?Court?is?also?competent?for?the?contractual?relations?ofthe?IOC?with?the?host …” „… ?cities.?Therefore,?its?competence?is?very?wide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sponsorship S. 264-266

„… amme?there?is?also?the?domestic?sponsorship?programmewhich?is?run?by?the?OCOG?under?the?direction?of?the?IOC.?The?domestic?OlympicGames? sponsorship?programme?grants? rights?within? the? host? city …” „… G.,?the?contactual?relationships?between?the?IOC,?the?state,?the?host?city,OCOGs?and?sponsors?(In?Greek),?in?Klamaris/Bredimas/Malatos,?Olympic?Games?and?Law,Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini?2005,?p.277,?Colantuoni?op.cit.579 Séguin …” „… nted?certain?rights?of?association?with?the?sponsored?party,?through?which?the?sponsor?can?promote?its?own?image?as?well?as?thesale?of?its?products?and?services.572It?has?to?be?made?clear?that?it?is?bilateral?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova History S. 95-96

„… ? separation?ofpowers?in?the?sporting?system?of?rules.?Also,?it?seeks?for?a?charter/constitutionalcoherence?that?differs?from?the?one?of?the?states?and?communicates/interacts?withthe?state?legal?orders?by?the?host?city?contract?that?joins?in?every?organization.146The Court of Arbitration for Sports ( C. A. S. )HistoryIn?1981 …” „… ?This?Court?is?also?competent?for?the?contractual?relations?ofthe?IOC?with?the?host …” „… ?cities.?Therefore,?its?competence?is?very?wide?and?concernsboth?the?organization?of?the?Games?and?the?IOC?relations?with?the?hosting?city.Indeed,?its?competence?comprises?matters?of?economic?and?political?nature.Thus,? the?Olympic?movement?keeps? its?autonomy? in? the? field?of? the?disputeresolution?as?well …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic symbol protection and fight against ambush marketing S. 245-249

„… ? the?Olympic?and?Paralympic?marks?and?to?introduce?legislation?against?ambush?marketing,?if?Londonwon.?The?IOC's?Host?City?Contract,?signed?after?London?did?win?the?right?to?hostto?Games,?also?required?such?legislation.Even?though?the?UK?has?never?signed?the?International?Treaty?of?Nairobi,?1981 …” „… ?in?the?Host?City?Contract?(whether?before,?during?or?after?the?LondonOlympics),?or?to?prepare?for?and?manage?the?London?Olympics.536Indeed,?the?GLA?is?competent?to:537 …” „… ?is?one?of?the?greatest?problems?that?the?Olympicshave?to?face,?as?part?of?the?bid?to?host?the?Olympic?Games,?the?UK?Governmentguaranteed? to?enact? legislation? to?enhance?protection?of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Section 10: Olympic Transport Plan S. 238-240

„… ?are?embodied?in?the?host?city?contract …” „… ng?Committee?and?the?Olympic?Delivery?Authority?are?working?closely?with?Government?and?a?host?of?policing,?safety?andsecurity?agencies?to?achieve?a?safe?and?secure?Games.?London?and?the?rest?of?theUK?regularly?host?and?police?major?events?safely?and?securely.?In?all?likelihoodthat?NATO? assistance?will? be? asked? for? once?more.?However? it? seems …” „… .?In?particular,?the?Contract?requiresthat?no?advertising?is?placed?around?Olympic?venues?so?as?to?be?within?the?view?of483 London?Olympic?Games?and?Para-Olympic?Games?Act?1006?Explanatory?notes.484 S. 14.2.485 S …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympism S. 82-83

„… .?The?observance?of?the?Olympic?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law?contract?that?is?institutionally?provided?by?it.?Every?city?that?undertakesto?host …” „… ? democraticideology?is?achieved,?that?is?not?materialized?by?the?traditional?methods?though.This?combination?manifested?itself?by?the?application?of?the?social?contract?principle? or? absolute? freedom? to?contract? and?at? the? same? time?a?huge? emphasis …” „… Olympic?Movement.?It?is?the?Olympic?Charter?that?regulates?the?Olympic?Gamesits?acceptance?is?necessary?for?the?undertaking?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympicsby?each?hosting?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Compulsory purchase and consistency with the ECHR S. 255-256

„… ? to?comply?with?theobligations?deriving?from?the?host?city?contract..The?main?measures?of?the?Act?involve?the?establishment?of?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority,?its?powers,?duties?and?functions,?the?delivery?of?transport?needs?for?theGames,?including?the?necessary?preparations?in?the?lead?up?to?2012,?controls?ofmarketing? in? connection?with …” „… ECHRDuring?the?preparation?of?the?Olympic?village?and?other?Olympic?sites?and?evenprior?to?confirmation?that?London?would?host?the?London?2012 …” „… ? towards?the?IOC?but?also?the?greatimportance?that?sponsorship?contracts?represent?for?the?Olympic?organization?andthe?vital?need?to?safeguard?the?sponsors’?rights.556?The?Institute?of?Practitioners?inAdvertising?(IPA)?and?the?Advertisers?Association?(AA …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Fair play in the Code of Sports Ethics of the Council of Europe S. 73-74

„… ? City?Contract? and? thus? led? to? acquiesce? in? the? rules? of …” „… ? the?OlympicGames,?but?without?the?intentions?of?de?Coubertin?being?lost.?Irrespective?of?that,under?no?circumstances?do?the?above?principles?have?legislative?content?or?valueas?sources?of?positive?law?for?the?Host …” „… ?Cities,?but?only?to?the?extent?that?they?arebinding?under?the?respective?Contracts.Therefore,?these?principles?cannot?be?understood?through?a?constitutional?approach?or?an?approach?on?the?basis?of?international?law?principles?on?human?rights,but?only?at?philosophical?or?historical?level.Fair play in the Code of Sports Ethics of the Council of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The International Federations (IFs) S. 87

„… ,?they?have?the?exclusive?authority?to?select?and?designate?the?city?whichmay?apply?to?organize?Olympic?Games?in?their?respective?countries.118?Also,?theNOC?is?one?of?the?parties?that?enter?into?the?host?city?contract119 …” „… ?and?is?severallyand?jointly?liable?along?with?the?hosting?city?and?the?OCOG?for?the?organizationand?the?staging?of?the?Games.120?According?to?article?28?of?the?OC,?their?missioninvolve?the?promotion?of?the?fun …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… ,?2000.Koutroulis V.,?The?Host?City?Contract …” „… G.,?The?contactual?relationships?between?the?IOC,?the?state,?the?host?city,?OCOGsand? sponsors? (In? Greek),? in? Klamaris/Bredimas/Malatos,? Olympic? Games? and …” „… .?enevolo L.,?The?City?in?Europe,?Ellinika?Grammata,?1997?and?bibliograpohy.Bento …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The commercialization of the Games and the early violations. S. 259-262

„… ? the?organizing?states?by?the?host?city?contract? to?ratify …” „… ?in?the?Gamesif?Amsterdam?the?revenues?from?ticket?sales,?rights?fees,?and?other?contracts?covered?the?60 …” „… ? andOlympics?increase?but?also?the?first?IP?infringements?were?noticed.Indeed,?Helms?Bakeries?had?been?granted?the?supply?contract?for?the?OlympicGames?village?and?produced?“?Helms?Olympic?Bread”?Paul?H.?Helms,?the?owner,aware?of?the?commercial?power?of?association,?registered?trademarks?for?the?breadincluding? the?word?Olympic?and? the?symbol …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relation between the Olympic movement rules and the national/state ones and the institutional balancing of each Olympic organization S. 102-103

„… organizationThe?Olympic?Movement?since?over?a?century?has?been?succeeding?in?having?aninstitutional?penetration?inside?the?host?cities,?binding?them?contractually?to?acceptits?rules.?The?dominant?element?is?detected?in?the?acceptance?of?a?contractual?consent?through?the?host?city?contract.?The?acceptance?of?this?consent?as?a?meeting/184 CAS?OG …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 256-257

„… ? to?comply?with?theobligations?deriving?from?the?host?city?contract..The?main?measures?of?the?Act?involve?the?establishment?of?the?Olympic?DeliveryAuthority,?its?powers,?duties?and?functions,?the?delivery?of?transport?needs?for?theGames,?including?the?necessary?preparations?in?the?lead?up?to?2012,?controls?ofmarketing? in? connection?with …” „… ? towards?the?IOC?but?also?the?greatimportance?that?sponsorship?contracts?represent?for?the?Olympic?organization?andthe?vital?need?to?safeguard?the?sponsors’?rights.556?The?Institute?of?Practitioners?inAdvertising?(IPA)?and?the?Advertisers?Association?(AA …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sale of Tickets S. 244-245

„… ? the?Olympic?and?Paralympic?marks?and?to?introduce?legislation?against?ambush?marketing,?if?Londonwon.?The?IOC's?Host?City?Contract,?signed?after?London?did?win?the?right?to?hostto?Games,?also?required?such?legislation.Even?though?the?UK?has?never?signed?the?International?Treaty?of?Nairobi,?1981 …” „… ?is?one?of?the?greatest?problems?that?the?Olympicshave?to?face,?as?part?of?the?bid?to?host?the?Olympic?Games,?the?UK?Governmentguaranteed? to?enact? legislation? to?enhance?protection?of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Obligatory submission-standard clauses-human rights S. 101-102

„… organizationThe?Olympic?Movement?since?over?a?century?has?been?succeeding?in?having?aninstitutional?penetration?inside?the?host?cities,?binding?them?contractually?to?acceptits?rules.?The?dominant?element?is?detected?in?the?acceptance?of?a?contractual?consent?through?the?host?city?contract.?The?acceptance?of?this?consent?as?a?meeting/184 CAS?OG …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… ? recognition?ofinternational?treaties,?rules?of?interior?law,?it?will?be?interesting?to?deal?with?theirrelation?with?the?Olympic?movement?rules,?especially?if?it?comes?to?states?that?theentering?into?a?host?city?contract …” „… ? phenomenon,which?enters?into?contracts …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Volunteering S. 253-255

„… on?of?London?City …” „… ? torecognise?the?difference?between?employees?and?volunteers.?However,?if?a?volunteer?can?demonstrate?that?they?are?working?under?a?contract--either?for?employment(in?order?to?claim?unfair?dismissal),?or?for?personal?service?(in?order?to?claim?discrimination),?they?will?be?able?to?bring?a?claim?in?the?employment?tribunal.In?the?1990 …” „… ? that?volunteers?would?not?ordinarily?work?under?a?contract,?as? there …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Responses to Ambush Marketing S. 270-272

„… statesSo,?since?the?Sydney?Olympics,?all?the?hosting?states,?trying?to?fulfil?their?obligations?towards?the?IOC,?which?through?the?host?city?contract?imposed?to?them,?introduce?special? legislation?against? the?phenomenon?of?ambush?marketing.?Whatthese? laws? have? in? common? is …” „… ation?of?the?Canadian?law?since?there?was?nodirect?interference?of?the?Pepsi?within?the?contract?between?Coke?and?NHL.598 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Greater London Olympic Authority S. 249-250

„… ?in?the?Host?City?Contract?(whether?before,?during?or?after?the?LondonOlympics),?or?to?prepare?for?and?manage?the?London?Olympics.536Indeed,?the?GLA?is?competent?to:537 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sporting institutions S. 156-159

„… ules?inscrutiny?were?characterized?as?practice,?a?position?which?is?quite?close?to?the?oneof?the?Greek?Council?of?the?State.?Subsequently,?the?Olympic?movement?rules,?theOlympic?Charter?itself?and?even?the?host?city?contract …” „… ?EC.?More?specifically,?Bosman,?a?Belgian?national,?hadplayed?football?for?RC?Liege?in?Belgium?but?was?out?of?contract …” „… ?that?permitted?him?to?play?football?professionally?even?after?the?contract?had?ended.?The?club?was?also?entitled?to?ask?for?compensationfrom?the?buying?club?for?training?and?development?even?if?the?player?was?out?of?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Towards a formation of European perception on sport. S. 177-178

„… ? the?IOCshould?reconsider?its?policy?of?the?host-city?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Cassandras which were denied S. 48-49

„… Olympics,?when?Siemens?won?significant?contracts?in?providing?Olympic?infrastructure?equipment.45 …” „… e?organization?regarding?security?matters.The?city?got?full?of?cameras,?which?remained?even?after?the?end?of?the?Games?andmade?the?life?of?the?citizens?a?scene?for?television?broadcasting.In 2008 the world athletic society is hosted to Beijing. The importance of the Asiancontinent and the …” „… ?the?international?role?of?China?gets?internationally?recognized.?The?Chinese?NOC?has?been?recognized?since?1922.?China?hosts …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to the forming of a European perception about sports S. 65-66

„… ? recognition?ofinternational?treaties,?rules?of?interior?law,?it?will?be?interesting?to?deal?with?theirrelation?with?the?Olympic?movement?rules,?especially?if?it?comes?to?states?that?theentering?into?a?host?city?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Community law and sport S. 149-152

„… ? inschools,?sport?clubs?or?other?sport?facilities.?Hence?sport?is?the?biggest?social?movement?in?the?Member?States?of?the?European?Union.?The?obligations?undertaken,?in?virtue?of?the?Host?City?Contract,?by?the?city …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Nairobi Treaty S. 262-263

„… ? the?organizing?states?by?the?host?city?contract? to?ratify …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambushing strategies and examples S. 266-270

„… G.,?the?contactual?relationships?between?the?IOC,?the?state,?the?host?city,OCOGs?and?sponsors?(In?Greek),?in?Klamaris/Bredimas/Malatos,?Olympic?Games?and?Law,Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini?2005,?p.277,?Colantuoni?op.cit.579 Séguin …” „… tive?sponsor?contracts?with?Nike,?covered?the?Reebok?logo?of?theirtracksuits?with?the?US?flag.In?the?Atlanta?1996 …” „… ? preventative?measureswould?possibly?collide?with?established?personal?freedoms?and?rights,?such?as?thefreedom?of?personality?development,?the?freedom?of?contracts …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Amendment of the Chinese Constitution in 2004- 3 years after the amendment of the Greek one S. 108-110

„… ,?the?Olympics?asserted?unchallengeable?influence.?This?influence?was?inevitable?because?of?the?host?city?contract.The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the staterules and the institutional …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law and 2004 Olympic Games S. 178-181

„… ? the?IOCshould?reconsider?its?policy?of?the?host-city?contract …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… ? City?Contract? and? thus? led? to? acquiesce? in? the? rules? of …” „… ?their?governments?with?reference?to?the?same?issue,?or?at?least?urging?theneed?for?joint?action.?If?and?when?these?texts?become?rules?of?national?law?by?meansof?accession?to?international?treaties,?it?will?be?interesting?to?examine?their?relationwith?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement,?especially?if?it?is?the?case?of?states?thatentered? into? a?Host …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845233499

Tillmann Rudolf Braun - Ausprägungen der Globalisierung: Der Investor als partielles Subjekt im Internationalen Investitionsrecht

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Tillmann Rudolf Braun

Ausprägungen der Globalisierung: Der Investor als partielles Subjekt im Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 5 2012

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Ausgangsfragestellung S. 71-85

„… contentious-administrative matters of the city of La Plata shall have jurisdiction over all matters arising out of the …” „… Gaststaatder Investor grundsätzlich sowohl auf der Grundlage des Investitionsvertrages (‚contract claims‘) als …” „… eine dogmatische Unterscheidungzwischen ‚contract claims‘ und ‚treaty claims‘ entwickelt, wonach diese …”

Internationales Investitionsrecht als Inbegriff der internationalrechtlichen Globalisierung S. 281-302

„… the city-leagues and is an interesting case because it suggestsan alternative logic of organization to …” „… nature of the obligations at play, and the nature and scope of the host state’sconsent to arbitration …” „… : „Investors themselves may now bring international actions against host states, which actions are governed by …”

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STADION

Browse Volumes: STADION

STADION Volume 40 (2014) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3430

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Orr Levental, Yair Galily, Ilan Tamir Naming a "National Stadium": The Case of Israel S. 131-150

„… , all of whom used their role as an Olympics host country (Mexico City 1968, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008 …” „… and in Adolf Hitler's plan to host the games exclusively in the German city of Nuremberg, where a …” „… host venue arose. The then-Head of the Ramat Gan City Council recognised an opportunity and seized it …”

doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2014-1

Andreas Hebbel-Seeger, Thomas Horky, Hans-Jürgen Schulke, Jörg Förster - Sport und Stadtentwicklung

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Andreas Hebbel-Seeger (ed.), Thomas Horky (ed.), Hans-Jürgen Schulke (ed.), Jörg Förster (ed.)

Sport und Stadtentwicklung

2017

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2 The number of bids for the Olympic Games since 1984 – The ‚Agenda 2020’ as a potential new turning point? S. 34-65

„… the bidding process by making the Host City Contract public (Recommendation 1.6) and include details …” „… existence. The election of the host city for the Olympic Games, therefore, is one of the most important …” „… after the Summer Games with Lillehammer being the first host city of these newly rhythmed Games in …”

3 How to avoid a failed referendum? The Case of the Hamburg Bid for the Olympic Games in 2014 S. 66-89

„… reputation of a host city be relevant for the general attitude? What role do the expected costs of the …” „… online). Another scandal was that members of the IOC were bribed to vote for a certain host city. Much …” „… everything that has some utility (positive or negative). If Hamburg would host the Olympics, every citizen …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783840312533

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