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Thilo Reimers - Probleme und Perspektiven der Internationalisierung des Wettbewerbsrechts

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Thilo Reimers

Probleme und Perspektiven der Internationalisierung des Wettbewerbsrechts

Series: Völkerrecht und Außenpolitik

Volume 74 2007

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Das North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) S. 71-73

„… Agreement (NAFTA)1. Aufgaben, Inhalte und institutionelle StrukturDas North American Free Trade Agreement …” „… relevant sind, wird hierauf an anderer Stelle zurückzukommen sein.II. Das North American Free Trade …” „… vorerst nicht zu erwarten.235III. Die Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)1. Aufgaben, Inhalte und …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 25-28

„… del SurMSG Merger Streamlining GroupNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNGAs Non-governmental …” „… WirtschaftsgemeinschaftF. 2nd Federal Reporter Second Series FA Foreign Affairs (Zeitschrift)26FTAA Free Trade Area of the …” „… AmericasFTC Federal Trade CommissionFusKVO FusionskontrollverordnungGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and …”

Verzeichnis der zitierten Literatur S. 301-316

„… – 48.Barfield, Claude E.: Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy – The Future of the World Trade …” „… , Report on the second Annual Conference of the ICN.Free Trade Area of the Americas: FTAA-Free Trade Area …” „… , Paris, 2001.– The Relationship between Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading …”

Vorbemerkung: Grundformen regionaler Handelsübereinkommen S. 69-71

„… - bzw. Mitgliedstaaten gehören hierzu dasNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), das (ursprünglich …” „… anderer Stelle zurückzukommen sein.II. Das North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1. Aufgaben, Inhalte …” „… und institutionelle StrukturDas North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) wurde am 17.12.1992 …”

Die Diskussion über die Weiterentwicklung bilateraler Kooperationsabkommen S. 67-69

„… - bzw. Mitgliedstaaten gehören hierzu dasNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), das (ursprünglich …” „… ) für 2005 geplante Übereinkommen zur Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), der Mercado Común del Sur …” „… between Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System: Competition (TP/TC/WP(2002)19/FINAL …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-24

„… Agreement (NAFTA) 71III. Die Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 73IV. Der Mercado Común del Sur …” „… Handelsübereinkommen 69II. Das North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 711. Aufgaben, Inhalte und institutionelle …” „… Handelsübereinkommen 69I. Vorbemerkung: Grundformen regionaler Handelsübereinkommen 69II. Das North American Free Trade …”

Die Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) S. 73-78

„… Regelungen des NAFTA sind daher vorerst nicht zu erwarten.235III. Die Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)1 …” „… . Aufgaben, Inhalte und institutionelle StrukturDie Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) sollte …” „… Mexiko und Venezuela auf Geschäftsträgerebene zurückgestuft. 238 FTAA-Free Trade Area of the …”

Einleitung S. 29-33

„… Trade Agreement(NAFTA),4 auf das (ursprünglich) für 2005 geplante Übereinkommen zur Free4 Abgedruckt in …” „… Handels ausgerichteten Übereinkommen gefunden.Zu verweisen ist insbesondere auf das North American Free …” „… : ILM 32 (1993), S. 289ff. 31Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA),5 auf den Mercado Común del Sur …”

Zur »Konstitutionalisierung« des WTO-Rechts S. 279-281

„… , Verfassungsperspektiven und Legitimation, passim sowie Barfield, Free Trade, Sovereignty,Democracy, passim.1336 Siehe …” „… Verhandlungsperspektiven im Bereich »Trade Facilitation«siehe nur Woolcock, Intereconomics, Vol. 38 (2003), S. 254f. Zu den …” „… Petersmann, The Transformation of the WorldTrading System through the 1994 Agreement Establishing the World …”

Zur Entwicklung des WTO-Rechts S. 248-279

„… Barfield, Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy, S. 143ff.). 1310 108th Congress, 1st Session, S. 676. Eine …” „… , Verfassungsperspektiven und Legitimation, passim sowie Barfield, Free Trade, Sovereignty,Democracy, passim.1336 Siehe …” „… (Committee on Trade andEnvironment) errichtet.1198 Mittlerweile wurden sogar formelle Verhandlungenüber die …”

Inhaltliche Probleme S. 167-215

„… theTRIPS Agreement and Prospects for its further Development, JIEL Vol. 1 (1998), S. 523-536 (insbesondere …” „… S. 527ff.) sowie Geuze/Wager, WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the TRIPS agreement, JIEL …” „… Waincymer, WTO Litigation, S. 135ff. sowie Palmeter/Mavroidis, Dispute Settlement in the World Trade …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845200644

Stefan Ahlswede - Israel's European policy after the Cold War

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Stefan Ahlswede

Israel's European policy after the Cold War

Series: Düsseldorfer Schriften zu Internationaler Politik und Völkerrecht

Volume 6 2009

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The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 125-127

„… formed and implemented, why, and by whom. 4.1. The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement The main …” „… , and general rules of trade. Trade in services was not addressed in the agreement.336 Israel-EC free …” „… EC. For Israel, the importance of the 1975 free trade agreement had not primarily lain in the …”

Confusion over Israel’s goal S. 146-153

„… an agreement aiming at liberalisation of international trade in services.434 Even so, free trade in …” „… : Now is time to ask for an updated free trade pact, 1992. 423 Ahlswede, 1998x. 424 Neue Verhandlungen …” „… , some very e?ective non-tari? barriers would be removed that have hindered bilateral trade so far. Free …”

Abbreviations S. 11-12

„… Free Trade Association EMA Euro-Mediterranean Agreement EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory EMBO …” „… Cooperation FTA Free Trade Area GAFTA Greater Arab Free Trade Area GATT General Agreements on Tari? and Trade …” „… GATS General Agreements on Trade in Services GDR German Democratic Republic GDP gross domestic product …”

The dispute on rules of origin S. 160-164

„… between Israel and the PA, just as the EU itself signed a free trade agreement with the Palestinian …” „… Authority form a customs union in any case. The EU signed a free trade agreement with the PA, very much to …” „… accept cumulative rules of origin of Israel and the Palestinian areas, the EU demanded a trade agreement …”

The causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC S. 127-130

„… Hirsch’s 1996 analysis suggest that any of Israel’s free trade area agreements (with the EU, EFTA and the …” „… goods, but not in an inadequacy of Israel’s free trade agreements.347 Generally speaking, a partial …” „… , the pattern of Israel’s trade with the EC changed over time. Since the 1975 agreement had vastly …”

The role of private interest groups S. 212-215

„… the mid 70s, before the 1975 agreement, there had been virtually no pressure group against free trade …” „… insurances had reservations about free trade in financial services with the EU.677 The analysis strongly …” „… this so? For one thing, the EMA did not create a free trade area where none had been before, like the …”

An assessment after ten years S. 106-108

„… text of the Agadir Agreement, see The Agreement for the Establishment of a Free Trade Zone between the …” „… , given that the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area had been envisioned for 2010. Even so, it can boast a …” „… produced in the MNMs already entered the EU free from duties before the EMP, but trade barriers on EU …”

The dispute on public procurement S. 164-166

„… in the negotiations, simply for the lack of Israeli-Jordanian and Jordanian-EU free trade agreements …” „… last issues to delay the signing of the agreement.513 Israel has a persistent trade deficit with the EU …” „… influenced by existing GATT and WTO agreements on the global level, predominantly the 1994 WTO Agreement on …”

Nature and aims of the EMP S. 104-106

„… countries (MNMs) and amongst the MNMs, thereby gradually establishing a free trade area. Thirdly, the EMP …” „… Mediterranean partners themselves, leading to an integrated Euro-Mediterranean free trade area in the Barcelona …” „… free trade area had been envisioned for 2010. Even so, it can boast a remarkable record in dismantling …”

Reference List S. 285-322

„… . (1994). The role of the free trade agreement between Israel and the EEC: The legal framework for trading …” „… . (1980). Israel and the European Common Market: An appraisal of the 1975 Free Trade Agreement. Tübingen …” „… envoy: Now is time to ask for an updated free trade pact (1992, July 31). Jerusalem Post (Jerusalem), 11 …”

Aims in detail S. 153-160

„… enter the EC from Israel will be granted the preferences granted in an EC-Israel free trade agreement …” „… companies. Secondly, it was expected that free trade in financial services with the EU would facilitate …” „… the new agreement be called an “association agreement”: the term is reserved for European agreements …”

Index S. 323-331

„… , 90, 98 General Agreements on Tari? and Trade (GATT) 145, 164, 166, 193, 214 General Agreements on …” „… Free Trade Area (GAFTA) 107 Greece 34, 44, 62, 63, 127, 128, 129, 177 Gulf war 38, 137, 192, 210 …” „… Mediation 30, 101, 104 Mediator 31, 101, 102, 103, 104, 112, 241, 274 Mediterranean Arab Free Trade …”

Rhetoric S. 186-193

„… valid trade agreements. “Unfair discrimination” by the EC against Israel boils down to the fact that …” „… . Rather we can assume it was declaratory policy, invoking the ethics of free trade as a tactic to counter …” „… in matters “outside its field of professional expertise”, causing grave damage to trade relations by …”

The dynamics of further European integration S. 130-132

„… products. Also, even if the extension of free trade in services to EFTA did not create new sorts of …” „… and the European Economic Area, the existing trade agreement had to be updated. This was exactly what …” „… 130 a fixation on reducing the trade deficit with the EC and sought to balance Israel’s foreign …”

Exploratory talks S. 144-146

„… Israel suggests, from an EC point of view the free trade of services and scientific cooperation would be …” „… its lack of interest.421 The Uruguay round of the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) General Agreements …” „… these terms imply? 422 EC envoy: Now is time to ask for an updated free trade pact, 1992. 423 Ahlswede …”

The internal dispute on Israel’s goal S. 170-174

„… negotiation team, the Ministries of Finance, of Industry and Trade and the Foreign Ministry. The Ministry of …” „… . The Ministry of Industry and Trade, whilst being the only trade professionals in the negotiation team …” „… Trade came to the negotiations with a mere list of demands.534 After all, the Foreign Ministry, heading …”

Internal operational environment S. 42-48

„… World Trade Organisation (WTO) and has signed free trade agreements with its most important trading …” „… trade policy has therefore aimed to achieve free trade since the mid-1980s.65 Israel is a member of the …” „… of final status talks. In 1995 Israel and the PLO concluded an interim agreement commonly known as …”

Use the EU’s good services S. 247-250

„… followed: that the MNMs first conclude free trade agreements amongst themselves before the EU granted such …” „… In the negotiations for the upgrading of the 1975 Trade and Cooperation Agreement, Israel did not …” „… tried to motivate the EC to help bring about a peace agreement with Jordan in the late 1980s. Jordan …”

The dispute on agricultural products S. 166-167

„… to delay the signing of the agreement.513 Israel has a persistent trade deficit with the EU when it …” „… trade in services had not been addressed in the 1975 TCA. Israel’s 1985 agreement with the US, too, did …” „… Uruguay round’s General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Due to its immigration policy, Israel …”

Has Israel achieved its aims? S. 215-218

„… only country outside of Europe that has established a free trade area with the EU based on full …” „… trade agreements with Mediterranean and Eastern European countries too, the 1995 agreement clearly …” „… achievements are remarkable. Israel set out to achieve more favourable rules of origin in its trade relations …”

Remarks on Israel’s policy style S. 221-225

„… , to say the least. Economists have contested that modifications of the EU-Israel free trade area were …” „… long list of non-prioritised demands of the Ministries of Industry and Trade and of Agriculture and an …” „… . At the same time, Israel itself is in a seriously inferior position, crucially dependent on trade …”

Motivation of the European Parliament S. 59-65

„… Israel’s trade agreement with the EC was not to be adapted, Israel’s market share in the EC might well …” „… and were free to choose their commercial partners. On the face of it, this was a technicality and may …” „… agreement on how to adjust the 1975 TCA to the increased competition Israel faced from Spain and Portugal …”

External operational environment S. 29-42

„… 1994. 2.1.1.2.2. The greater EU system Through its 1975 and 1995 trade and association agreements with …” „… . Its interests are oriented towards the free trade areas in the Americas, Europe and South-West Asia …” „… trade agreement with the EEC. In 1964 an initial three-year commercial agreement was signed,52 followed …”

Incompatible visions: European or Middle Eastern? S. 268-270

„… did not imply that Israel should trade its European fixation – let alone the US connection – for a …” „… than look at the fairly low potential for intra-regional trade to understand that point. Also, the …” „… EU insisted the 1995 agreement should be called a Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, just as any other …”

Further measures S. 195-202

„… enhanced EU trade status, 1995. 642 Harish to demand delay on vote on EU Agreement, 1995; Kohl meets Rabin …” „… , US$ 9,000 million may not be something to be sneezed at indeed, but after all, the EU’s trade with …” „… Israel is still just a mere 1 per cent of the EU’s total foreign trade. Israel may have made some threats …”

Israel’s perspective S. 108-113

„… all countries concerned and free trade agreements amongst all of these are implemented. This meant …” „… , of course, is market access: by 2010, the Euro-Mediterranean free trade area is envi- 286 See e. g …” „… 1998. 109 sioned, removing trade barriers to Israeli exports into the other MNM partner countries …”

Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour S. 66-70

„… December 1987 agreement with the EC. When Peres reiterated Israel’s wish-list 129 Ahlswede, 1998o. 130 …” „… agreement in the cabinet and amongst the ministerial o?cials to not really implement the December 1987 …” „… Ministry of Industry and Trade. Sharon, the Minister, tried to put the brakes on the Treasury’s e?orts to …”

Israel’s motivation to agree S. 77-85

„… EC-Israel Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) and accordingly discussed only economic matters and such …” „… was that the EC would have to update the 1975 Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) in any case. In …” „… Israel’s aspirations for a new and improved economic agreement. Gianni de Michelis, the Italian foreign …”

Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy? S. 134-144

„… a free trade area agreement in early 1992, and according to Israeli o?cials the EC applied pressure …” „… agreement. The Minister of Industry and Trade, intent to portrait himself as protector of Israeli jobs and …” „… expectations would be from a renewed EC-Israeli agreement: rules of origin more favourable to Israeli products …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… . The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement 125 4.2. The situation in the early 90s 127 4.2.1. The …” „… 3.2.4. Conclusion 88 3.3. A European role in the Grapes of Wrath agreement 89 3.3.1. Israel’s motivation …” „… causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC 129 4.2.2. The dynamics of further European …”

Sanctions, threats and retaliation S. 193-195

„… particular Rabin launched a number of rhetorical attacks against the Europeans. “Europe talks about the free …” „… trade relations. When Israel had made peace with the PLO and progress still remained sluggish, Rabin …” „… punish the EU by not signing the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, which would open up Israeli …”

State of research S. 15-16

„… Monetary System. Herman, 2005 analyses the potential of an EU-Israel free trade in services agreement …” „… aspects of Euro-Israeli relations: Einhorn, 1994 analyses how the 1975 Israel-EC Cooperation Agreement has …” „… Agreement. Another specialised study, by Laufer, 1997, lays open the EU’s institutional infrastructure …”

A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment S. 113-119

„… collection of Israel’s motivations to pursue upgrading its outdated 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement …” „… restraint over deportees issue, 1993; EC vows funds for PLO, more trade for Israel, 1993; [Peres: Nur Europa …” „… economy had always set itself squarely with the US preference of free-marketism. More than that, years of …”

The case studies S. 16-18

„… Monetary System. Herman, 2005 analyses the potential of an EU-Israel free trade in services agreement …” „… aspects of Euro-Israeli relations: Einhorn, 1994 analyses how the 1975 Israel-EC Cooperation Agreement has …” „… Agreement. Another specialised study, by Laufer, 1997, lays open the EU’s institutional infrastructure …”

The EU as the facilitator of peace S. 243-247

„… followed: that the MNMs first conclude free trade agreements amongst themselves before the EU granted such …” „… prospective agreement 720 Dayan schlägt Marshall-Plan für den Nahen Osten vor, 1979. 721 See e. g. Peres …” „… Grapes of Wrath. Last, but certainly not least, Peres and Rabin regarded upgrading the 1975 trade …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845219189

Armin Hatje, Peter-Christian Müller-Graff - Europäisches Organisations- und Verfassungsrecht

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Armin Hatje (ed.), Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (ed.)

Europäisches Organisations- und Verfassungsrecht

Series: Enzyklopädie Europarecht

Volume 2022

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Miklós Király § 38 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) S. 1683-1706

„… Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) Miklós …” „… , Roberto/Vicarelli, Claudio, Hub-and- Spoke or else? Free trade agreements in the ‘enlarged’ European Union, The …” „… , Nermin/Paczyński, Wojciech, Regional Free Trade Agreements of Bosnia and Herzegovina: analysis and policy …”

Siniša Rodin § 32 Stabilisierungs- und Assoziierungsabkommen Südosteuropa S. 1533-1548

„… Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA 2006), abrufbar unter http://www.stabilitypact.org/trade/CEFTAMAINTEXT2006 …” „… Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA 2006), abrufbar unter http://www.stabilitypact.org/trade/ceftamaintext2006 …” „… , April 2003; Bebr, Gerhard, Agreements Concluded by the Community and their Possible Direct Effect: From …”

Astrid Epiney § 37 Europäische Freihandelszone (EFTA) S. 1661-1682

„… www.efta.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements.aspx. 104 Vgl. die Informationen auf www.efta.int/free-trade/fta-map.aspx. 105 Die aus …” „… , Zürich/Basel/Genf 2005; Tschäni, Hanspeter/Tuusvuori, Ossi (Hrsg.), Principles and elements of free trade relations …” „… Freihandelszone (European Free Trade Association, EFTA) ist eine primär auf die Erleichterung des Warenverkehrs …”

Pieter Van Vaerenbergh, Bianca Böhme § 45 Organisation für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) S. 1875-1914

„… Übereinkommen zur Errichtung der Europäischen Freihandelsassoziation (European Free Trade Association, EFTA …” „… of International Environmental Bureaucracies, Massachusetts, 2009; Blair, David J., Trade …” „… Struggle for a Multilateral Agreement on Investment – an Assessment of the Negotiation Process in the OECD …”

Friedemann Kainer § 31 Die Beziehung der Europäischen Union zum Vereinigten Königreich S. 1443-1532

„… information under the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement S. 6, abrufbar unter …” „… /uk/politics/arlene-foster-good-friday-agreement-brexit-deal-dup-northern-ireland-a8564551.ht ml; Buesa, Alejandro et alt., The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), Banco de …” „… the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, abrufbar unter: https://europeanlawblog.eu /2021/01/14 …”

Till Müller-Ibold § 12 Das Recht der Außenbeziehungen S. 559-638

„… ; ähnlich Art. 16.16 des Free Trade Agreement Between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore, ABl …” „… Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union and its Member States), ABl. 2017 L 11/23 …” „… Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Antidumping-Agreement …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-64

„… Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) (Király …” „… .......................................................................................C. 1680 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA …”

Wolfgang Heusel § 46 Europäische Forschungs- und Bildungsorganisationen S. 1915-1976

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6. Europäische Freie-Elektronen- Laseranlage (European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility …” „… . Europäisches Gewerkschaftsinstitut (European Trade Union Institute) ETUI …” „… Konsortialvertrag ersetzt das von 1999–2013 laufende European Fusion Development Agreement, an dem auch die …”

Allgemeines Literaturverzeichnis S. 2141-2199

„… Free Trade Agreement 31 111 ff. – Einheitlichkeit des Binnenmarktes 31 32 ff. – Gestaltungsoptionen 31 …” „… executive power 17 40 Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement 31 111 ff. Computerkriminalität 36 60, 61 …” „… Union 12 246 ff. – supranationale Verfahren 12 186 – Trade policy review 12 5 – Verfahren zum …”

Thomas Eger, Hans-Jürgen Wagener § 3 Die wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der europäischen Integration S. 129-180

„… an die EU verloren hat, sowie das North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Zollunion Bei einer …” „… Freihandelszonen sind die European Free Trade Association (EFTA), die inzwischen den größten Teil ihrer Mitglieder …” „… , Yves/ Persson, Maria, Completing the EU Customs Union. The Effects of Trade Procedure Harmonization …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff § 9 Das Recht des Binnenmarktes: Grundfreiheiten und Wettbewerbsordnung S. 401-468

„… , Prohibiting Restrictions on Trade within the EEC. The Theory and Application of Articles 30–36 of the EEC …” „… Kapital- und Zahlungsverkehrsfreiheit, Heidelberg/Berlin 2002; Oliver, Peter (Hrsg.), Free Movement of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748908579

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Armin Hatje (ed.), Peter-Christian Müller-Graff (ed.)

Europäisches Organisations- und Verfassungsrecht

2014

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Miklós Király § 27 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) S. 1125-1148

„… Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) Miklós …” „… or else? Free trade agreements in the ‘enlarged’ European Union, The European Journal of Comparative …” „… , Nermin/Paczyński, Wojciech, Re gional Free Trade Agreements of Bosnia and Herzegovina: analysis and policy …”

Siniša Rodin § 21 Stabilisierungs- und Assoziierungsabkommen Südosteuropa S. 985-1000

„… of and Accession to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA 2006), abrufbar unter …” „… . 34 Agreement on Amendment of and Accession to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA 2006 …” „… , April 2003; Bebr, Gerhard, Agreements Concluded by the Communi ty and their Possible Direct Effect …”

Vorwort der Herausgeber S. 7-30

„… (Central European Free Trade Agreement – CEFTA) (Király …” „… .......................................................................................C. 1123 Inhaltsverzeichnis 24 Mitteleuropäisches Freihandelsabkommen (Central European Free Trade …” „… Agreement – CEFTA) ....................................................................... § 27 1125 …”

Astrid Epiney § 26 Europäische Freihandelszone (EFTA) S. 1105-1124

„… auf www.efta.int/free-trade/free-trade-agreements.aspx. 104 Vgl die Informationen auf …” „… , Zürich/Basel/Genf 2005; Tschäni, Hanspeter/Tuusvuori, Ossi (Hg.), Principles and elements of free trade relations …” „… (European Free Trade Association, EFTA) ist eine pri mär auf die Erleichterung des Warenverkehrs …”

Thomas Eger, Hans-Jürgen Wagener § 3 Die wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der europäischen Integration S. 113-162

„… verloren hat, sowie das North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). II. 1. 20 Blank/Clausen/Wacker, S. 31 …” „… European Free Trade Association (EFTA), die inzwischen den größten Teil ihrer Mitglieder an die EU …” „… , Baden-Baden 2007; Bourdet, Yves/Persson, Maria, Completing the EU Cust oms Union.The Effects of Trade …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff § 9 Grundfreiheiten und Wettbewerbsordnung S. 477-542

„… Wirtschaftssubventionen, München 1966; Gormley, Laurence William, Prohibiting Restrictions on Trade within the EEC. The …” „… , Europäische Kapital- und Zahlungsverkehrsfreiheit, Heidelberg/Berlin 2002; Oliver, Peter (Hrsg.), Free …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845258317

Leslie Wehner - Explaining Failed Free Trade Agreement Negotiations

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Leslie Wehner

Explaining Failed Free Trade Agreement Negotiations

Series: Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit

Volume 9 2010

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Internet Pages S. 261-287

„… . (16/01/2002). Fact Sheet—U.S.- Central America free Trade Agreement. For Immediate release. Washington: Office …” „… 361 B. San José, Costa Rica. Campbell, C. (2006). “Rough trade: the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement …” „… US-Korea free trade agreement. (16 October 2004) Incheon: Inha University. Chile-European Community …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Failed Free Trade Agreement NegotiationsNomosLeslie Wehner1. Auflage 2010© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft …” „… Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes. 5 Foreword from the Editor Bilateral free trade agreements have …” „… . Most free trade agreement negotiations have come to successful conclusions. This is not surprising …”

Panama S. 109-118

„… for 29 products produced within the Duty Free Zones of each country (Preferential Trade Agreement …” „… . However, these negotiations involved a restricted set of products. In addition, other trade agreements …” „… agreements in its trade negotiations. The main aspect is that Panama was neither inexperienced nor …”

Acronyms and Abbreviations S. 17-20

„… Free Trade Agreement DTO Decreto / Decree ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean …” „… Nacional/ Sandinista National Liberation Front FTA Free Trade Agreement FTAA Free Trade Association of the …” „… industrialisation KJFTA Korea-Japan Free Trade Agreement KOPA Korean People’s Action against FTA & WTO LAILA/ALADI …”

The Process: Internal and External Dimensions S. 66-78

„… their multinationals partners to lower tariffs.27 Whereas free trade groups lobby and organise …” „… purpose of making an agreement that creates trade between the parties. 3.2.2 Domestic Actors’ and …” „… process is likely to be. 73One specific negative effect of liberalising or pursuing a free trade agenda …”

Domestic Factors S. 177-202

„… Rica. Costa Rica proposed immediate free trade for all its products (FTA Costa Rica-Panama’s draft text …” „… Panama’s eventual position for immediate free trade on these products, Costa Rica’s milk producers went for …” „… free trade, but they clearly stated to the trade negotiators that the rules of origin would have to be …”

Chile S. 95-102

„… . Moreover, the bilateral path also gives Chile the possibility of making trade agreements in which its own …” „… Accords Chile’s first step on its bilateral path was to negotiate low scope trade agreements or trade …” „… they were also seen as a stepping stone to negotiate more complex trade agreements such as the FTAs. In …”

Reasons to Study Stalled Negotiations S. 26-28

„… economics -and partly in political science- scholars advocate free trade as the optimal policy. If free …” „… trade is the optimal policy in economics, and agreement the main goal in the theory of negotiation, why …” „… hold free trade as their optimal policy; if the case were otherwise, these governments would not risk …”

Conditions to Stall a Negotiation S. 79-86

„… effect of liberalising or pursuing a free trade agenda is a sense of job insecurity among some domestic …” „… agreement with the counterpart domestic trade partners, or with other external trade partners. Potentially …” „… countries, putting aside the eventual commitment to a free trade ideology that the structural powers might …”

Operationalisation S. 86-92

„… explanatory factor “defence of protected inter-trade issue-areas” is defined here as: a process where domestic …” „… . However, in an FTA they seek to increase the benefits by assuring a ruled-binding agreement (governance …” „… lobby groups will create the formation of endogenous preferences (or interests) for either freer trade …”

Empirical Puzzle, Aims and Questions S. 23-25

„… bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTA) that countries from different continents have signed …” „… such as the European Union (EU), European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the Common Market of the …” „… ), US-Thailand (stalled), EU-MERCOSUR (stalled), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA: stalled), ASEAN-India …”

Domestic Factors S. 122-145

„… translation. 130it has been argued “Free trade policies create winners and losers”, and in an FTA negotiation …” „… studies are technically written, they are politically used to justify the need of opening trade …” „… it was modified in order to adapt it to their respective economic contexts and trade relation …”

Common Aspects of the Two Failed FTA Negotiations S. 231-237

„… change Panama’s position without granting deep access on financial services and insurance. Trade …” „… negotiations the economic relationships were governed by comparative advantages or an inter-trade logic. The …” „… possibilities for developing intra-trade were limited. Perhaps the reason for having limited possibilities for …”

Concepts and Definitions S. 21-22

„… from Viner 1950; Baldwin 2006) Trade deviation: means that a free trade area diverts trade away from …” „… for a policy option of its preference. BATNA: Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement is the …” „… reach an outcome of agreement. BATNA can also be the status quo ex ante, if the gains of the negotiation …”

Intergovernmental Factors S. 203-226

„… calendar to hold the bilateral negotiations between both countries as part of the Free Trade Agreement …” „… a free trade zone between Panama and these countries. The FTAA was conceived as ‘one agreement …” „… US. Non-agreement with the US would have increased the costs of actualising Panama’s external trade …”

Intergovernmental Factors S. 147-168

„… traditionally open their negotiations stating that ‘Chile wants free trade in all items without any exclusion …” „… claiming free trade on all issues at the outset of the negotiations in order to exclude the most sensitive …” „… final agreement would be possible in the short-run. These trade diplomats sustained this perception due …”

Delimitation of the Study S. 28-29

„… economic issues are at stake. Most of the theoretical frames to analyse free trade policy are within the …” „… protectionism for free trade in an imperfect market i.e. TB and NTB. Regarding explanations within the field of …” „… field of economics, particularly new trade theory. Although they do not directly assess FTA negotiation …”

Costa Rica S. 102-109

„… two essential goals: to improve the working of the free trade zone and to use these Common Market to …” „… criteria of a partial trade agreement. This low scope is evidenced by that fact that the FTA negotiation …” „… regulations; and transport conditions for goods in transit (Costa Rica-Panama preferential trade agreement …”

Theories of International Relations/International Political Economy S. 43-48

„… policy option with regards to free trade. This implies that a possible agreement over an FTA is a …” „… changes in international trade for domestic groups that advocate more or less free trade (Rogowski 1989 …” „… preference of domestic actors for freer trade and their impact on governments’ decisions have often been used …”

The Two Failed FTA Negotiations vis-à-vis Other Cases S. 240-245

„… sense for Korea and also for Japan to promote a trilateral free trade zone with China. In fact, the …” „… the P4 agreement (Salazar 2005), Canada-EFTA (see www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca), and Chile-Guatemala …” „… negotiations with an outcome of agreement. The impact of these failed experiences on Panama’s FTA negotiation …”

An Overview of the Negotiation Process S. 171-177

„… countries signed a preferential trade agreement in 1973. However, the scope of this agreement is very …” „… those that needed careful attention and those becoming the institutional pillars for a free trade zone …” „… This chapter presents the domestic dimension of the trade negotiation between Costa Rica and Panama. It …”

The Negotiation Process S. 119-122

„… negotiations be concentrated on free trade agreements with countries or existing FTA’s, as Chile has done …” „… economic integration in Latin America beyond the extant low scope trade agreements (Fermandois 2005). This …” „… Affairs with regards to trade issues. The Ministry of Finances wanted to concentrate on an accession to …”

The Different Force of the Conditions to Explain Failure S. 237-240

„… ; Mario Matus, DIRECON, 28/02/2008). Moreover, the presence of the US in the Americas to launch trade …” „… high divergence of interests means that the initial zone of agreement is narrow, and the convergence of …” „… interests implies that there is an initial broad zone of agreement for the negotiators to work with …”

Answering the questions through the process S. 248-251

„… 248cannot account on their own for the outcome of non-agreement in these FTA talks. Therefore, this …” „… understand the result of non-agreement in these two negotiations. 10.2 Answering the questions through the …” „… agreement and restricts the number of possible win-sets. The governments in these two FTA negotiations …”

The Field of Economics S. 41-43

„… option with regards to free trade. This implies that a possible agreement over an FTA is a difficult …” „… more damaging for free trade i.e. quotas are worse than tariffs (Bhagwati 1965). Moreover, new trade …” „… international trade for domestic groups that advocate more or less free trade (Rogowski 1989; Frieden and …”

The Literature on the Case Studies S. 56-63

„… introduced in 1996, and the functions of the Commission of Free Trade and Consumer Affairs. This commission …” „… delimit the zone of agreement, but they are also there to be manipulated by the negotiators either to …” „… will reduce their gains due to the trade deviation effect that other bilateral FTAs produce. However …”

Concluding Remarks S. 145-147

„… their business association to shape the trade agenda. This trade agenda is overall convergent with that …” „… role of the elections. These factors encouraged the pro-FTA groups to free ride. Yet the free riding …” „… to manoeuvre and use the access points to bloc an agreement that jeopardised their specific interest …”

The Argument S. 25-26

„… , contrasted and compared. 1.2. The Argument In a nutshell, I argue that the outcome of non-agreement in FTA …” „… negotiating FTAs and in most of these negotiation processes they reached an outcome of agreement. This is also …” „… pro-FTA groups (exporters and consumers). In this latter group, agents tend to free ride (Olson 1965). 1.3 …”

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