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Marie-Christine Fontana - Europeanization and the Weakening of Domestic Policy Concertation

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Marie-Christine Fontana

Europeanization and the Weakening of Domestic Policy Concertation

Series: Politik und Demokratie in den kleineren Ländern Europas | Politics and Governance in the Smaller European Democracies

Volume 10 2014

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Electricity Market Liberalisation S. 113-156

„… debate: the frame of the electricity sector as a market (marketisation frame). This new frame …” „… 113 5. Electricity Market Liberalisation 5.1. Electricity market liberalisation in the EU 5.1.1 …” „… . Aim and global spread of electricity market liberalisation Together with other utility sectors such as …”

Comparison of the Cases S. 229-254

„… EU member (Belgium) Non-member EU (Switzerland) With European policy Electricity market …” „… a broad pro-reform coalition. In the case of electricity market liberalisation, the administrative …” „… cases European policy Cases with a European policy Control case Policy cases Electricity market …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… policy case 86 Selection criteria 87 Selected cases: Electricity market liberalisation, competition law …” „… Market Liberalisation 113 5.1. Electricity market liberalisation in the EU 113 5.1.1. Aim and global …” „… spread of electricity market liberalisation 113 5.1.2. The development in Europe and in the EU 114 5.2 …”

Conclusion S. 255-266

„… introduced by a European market-making policy divided the peak associations (in the Belgian electricity …” „… across the cases. It was strong in the two cases of electricity market liberalisation, which means that …” „… globalisation and domestic factors. Thus, despite a global trend of electricity market liberalisation, I have …”

References S. 267-285

„… ). Transnationalisation and domestic policy-making processes: Electricity market reform in Belgium and Switzerland. In The …” „… electricity market liberalisation. Energy Policy 29:45-54. Jobert, Bruno, ed. (1994). Le tournant néo-libéral …” „… States: European Integration, Corporatist Concertation and Labour Market Policymaking in Austria, Ireland …”

Research Design and Methods S. 71-92

„… : Electricity market liberalisation, competition law reform and occupational pension reform According to the …” „… ). 3.5. Case Selection 89 Table 4: Case selection: Policy cases Belgium Switzerland Electricity market …” „… liberalisation Act of 29 April 1999 on the organisation of the electricity market (1996-1999) Electricity Market …”

Interviews S. 300-302

„… . Brussels, Feb. 2008. Electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland Interview. ES1. High civil servant in …” „… in Switzerland, March 2007. Electricity market liberalisation in Belgium Interview. EB1. Expert …” „… : lawyer, dissertation on electricity liberalisation in Belgium, Jan. 2008. Interview. EB2. Member of the …”

Introduction S. 17-26

„… Single Market, namely, electricity market liberalisation and competition law reform. The control case …” „… scrutiny (electricity market liberalisation, competition law reform, and occupational pension reforms) are …” „… results: electricity market liberalisation (Chapter 5), competition law reforms (Chapter 6) and the …”

Key Concepts and Analytical Framework S. 27-70

„… directive on electricity market liberalisation, which decided on opening the national electricity sectors to …” „… case of electricity market liberalisation, the main policy preference of domestic actors is regarding …” „… whether, how and to what extent European market-making policies impact on domestic patterns of policy …”

Documents S. 286-299

„… References 286 Documents of the case studies Electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland AFX …” „… Mitglieder AG Kiener. Weigelt, Peter (1996). Öffnung des Elektrizitätsmarktes (96.3439 – Motion). Electricity …” „… market liberalisation in Belgium Commission de l'économie (1999a). Projet de loi relatif à l'organisation …”

Competition Policy Reform S. 157-196

„… , or cartels, are price-fixing and market-sharing agreements among companies that are active at the …” „… by creating market power. In its large sense, competition policy contains such measures as the …” „… market power and that thereby hinders competition. 6. Competition Policy Reform 158 Horizontal agreements …”

Occupational Pension Reform S. 197-228

„… , but there was more concertation as in the two Europeanised cases, electricity market liberalisation …” „… in the context of privatisation and free-market reforms, for instance the OECD (1998) and the World …” „… Banking Commission (SFBC) and the Anti-Money Laundering Control Authority into the Swiss Financial Market …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845248547

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Dierk Bauknecht

Transforming the Grid

Series: Wettbewerb und Regulierung von Märkten und Unternehmen

Volume 20 2012

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Electricity market liberalisation S. 23-31

„… restructuring since the early 1990s throughthe privatisation and liberalisation of electricity markets, which …” „… change. The following section presents somebasics of electricity market liberalisation. Proponents of …” „… market liberalisationThe following section sketches out the standard model of electricity market …”

References S. 235-250

„… Energy Agency) (ed) (2005), Lessons from Liberalised Electricity Markets,Paris.IEA (International Energy …” „… fromCross-Country Studies', in Sioshansi, F.P. and Pfaffenberger, W. (eds), Electricity MarketReform - An …” „… Generation and Network Regulation', in Sioshansi, F.P. (ed), Competitive Electricity Markets: Design …”

Electricity system development and distributed generation S. 39-55

„… developments that result from electricity market liberalisation. First, unbundling betweengeneration, network …” „… serve as a particularly good example for analysis ofthe capability of the liberalised electricity market …” „… economic aspects.Electricity market liberalisation can in principle be said to have opened the doorfor DG …”

Background: Liberalisation, DG and system transformation S. 189-198

„… owners (interview Styrbro).Overview of electricity market liberalisationUnlike the UK, Denmark has not …” „… been a pioneer of electricity market liberalisation,but it has not been a ‘laggard’ either …” „… liberalisation pioneers, Denmark came under earlypressure to open up its market. The first steps of electricity …”

Summary S. 36-39

„… on liberalisation and transformationElectricity MarketLiberalisationElectricity …” „… ).SummaryThis final section briefly summarises and compares the two discourses on electricity market …” „… liberalisation and governance of system transformation.Proponents of electricity market liberalisation argue that …”

Network regulation S. 55-65

„… standard model of liberalised electricity markets. This model comprises a standard way of dealing with the …” „… the entire sector. In the formerly monopolistic markets, most electricity companies were vertically …” „… authorities.Generally, a number of alternative models are available: Even within a competitive electricity market it …”

Overview of thesis structure S. 21-23

„… electricity systems. Firstly, the economic literature onelectricity market liberalisation and secondly the …” „… liberalisation of electricity markets, which has been introducedin the European Union and many other countries …” „… of electricity market liberalisation. Proponents of liberalisation argue thatadditional objectives …”

Electricity system transformation S. 31-36

„… electricity market liberalisation – the idea of having some kind of long-term planningmay be regarded as a …” „… socio-technical view on innovationsElectricity market liberalisation is based on an economic model whereby …” „… is thus broaderthan the “electricity sector in transition” analysed by the market liberalisation …”

Background S. 17-20

„… sustainability can be reconciled.Within the broad debate on electricity market liberalisation and …” „… regulation that is part of the standard model of electricity marketliberalisation can be developed and …” „… two major political forces that have shaped policy-makingin general and the electricity sector in …”

Background: Liberalisation pioneer and DG policy S. 161-166

„… (Praetoriuset al. 2009: 201-205). In the UK, electricity market liberalisation began in 1990,after other utility …” „… terms of wholesale markets, the Electricity Pool was set88.1163up. This was a compulsory day-ahead …” „… by several voluntary markets.Compared to Denmark, the pre-liberalisation governance of the sector is …”

Research question S. 20-21

„… regulation that is part of the standard model of electricity marketliberalisation can be developed and …” „… dealing with networks in the liberalised electricity marketmodel. Based on chapters 2 and 3, chapter 4 …” „… ).As opposed to generation and supply, electricity networks are still regulated asnatural monopolies …”

Governance of Innovation and System Transformation S. 205-220

„… financed by electricity consumers and network users.They complement tax-financed government RD&D programmes …” „… countered the problem that liberalisation tends to entaila reduction in utility RD&D.The Danish Electricity …” „… Directive 2003/54/EC). § 8 of the Electricity Supply Act stipulates that “every electricity consumer in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… 23Electricity market liberalisation2.1 24The standard model of electricity market liberalisation2.1.1 …” „… inDenmark9.1.1189Overview of electricity market liberalisation9.1.2 191DG Policy9.1.3 192From individual …” „… .AuflageTransforming the GridNomosElectricity System Governance and Network Integration of Distributed …”

Governance mechanisms beyond the incentive formula S. 137-155

„… liberalised electricity markets is typically equated with the introduction of price- or revenue cap-mechanisms …” „… market liberalisation. Just like the standard model of marketliberalisation is supposed to provide, for …” „… example, CO2 reductions at the lowestcost via market-based emissions trading (see chapter 2.1), incentive …”

Research question: Governance of DG integration and network transformation S. 65-70

„… the standard model of liberalised electricity markets that was developed to increase the efficiency of …” „… generation.In the standard model of liberalised electricity markets, the governance of thenetwork infrastructure …” „… liberalisation and transformation of electricity systems in general and distributed generation and …”

Governance of DG connection S. 198-205

„… ). The OECD (1999: 39), in its effort to reduce political intervention in liberalised electricity markets …” „… approach was introduced well before liberalisation,but has now become part of the Danish electricity market …” „… coincides with electricity marketliberalisation, it was not set up to provide efficiency incentive to …”

Beyond changes in the incentive formula S. 179-189

„… figure.8.4.2.1184Figure 15: From central planning to a new focal point in the liberalised market?Source …” „… objectives of OfgemInitially the UK electricity regulator Offer (which was later to become Ofgem) hadmainly …” „… consequence, as Helm (2003: 273) has pointed out, “the regulatory regime for both gas and electricity was …”

Cost implications S. 224-226

„… theliberalisation of electricity markets that started earlier in the UK. However, theprices started to diverge …” „… connection and innovations have received much attention, new approaches are emerging. The Electricity Network …” „… electricity prices.The following graph shows the development of electricity prices for householdcustomers in …”

The effect of different regulatory mechanisms on innovation S. 110-119

„… market shares whereas inthe monopolistic electricity network, this will not drive companies to innovate …” „… on vertically-integrated monopolies rather than unbundled networks in liberalised markets.In its pure …” „… of the market structure on innovation in the literature (Mayo, Flynn: footnote 1). In the 1970s and …”

Network innovation: some basics and definitions S. 107-110

„… liberalised markets.In its pure (theoretical) form, cost-based regulation constantly monitors a company’s …” „… undercompetitive conditions with potential market failures associated with RD&D thatare very different from the …” „… and innovation externalitiesIn chapter 3, it has already been shown that electricity networks have …”

List of Abbreviations S. 15-16

„… MarketsOPEX Operating expenditurePV PhotovoltaicRD&D Research, Development and DemonstrationR&D Research and …” „… List of AbbreviationsCAPEX Capital expendituresCEGB Central Electricity Generating BoardCHP …” „… GroupENSG Electricity Network Strategy GroupERGEG European Energy RegulatorsIEA International Energy …”

Integrating new objectives and incentives into the standard model S. 87-94

„… electricity markets is typically equated with the introduction of price- or revenue cap-mechanisms to increase …” „… connections; rather, an assessmentof the benefits of a new, more decentralised electricity system compared to …” „… the generation market, with lower overall cost. The rationale for the regulator toconsider DG can in …”

System Transformation S. 223-224

„… to transformingthat system, it can be observed that non-market-based governance mechanismsbecome more …” „… non-market-based mechanisms are not limited to economic incentives toallocate the network costs of individual DG …” „… emerging. The Electricity Network Strategy Group in particular is anattempt to provide a new coordination …”

Conclusion S. 135-137

„… electricity market liberalisation. Just like the standard model of marketliberalisation is supposed to provide …” „… network regulation: thestandard model of electricity market liberalisation has been successful in …” „… , for example, CO2 reductions at the lowestcost via market-based emissions trading (see chapter 2.1 …”

DSO incentives resulting from DG S. 79-87

„… regulation was presented as part of theliberalised market model. How incentive regulation was designed to …” „… reduce thecosts of electricity networks in order to support the efficiency objective of liberalisation …” „… of the electricity network. Thus, DG clearly runs counterto the objective of reducing costs.This …”

Research design and method S. 70-78

„… pioneer in developing governance mechanisms for liberalised electricity marketsin general and in terms of …” „… mechanisms implemented in different electricity systems.Based on these, this part of the thesis provides a …” „… country, both in the development of DG penetrationas well as the traditional structure of the electricity …”

Beyond the incentive regulation mechanism S. 130-135

„… for the specific case of network regulation: thestandard model of electricity market liberalisation …” „… inappropriate for thepromotion of innovations, at least in the electricity sector. For the other mechanisms …” „… was introduced, it was claimed that it improvesthe conditions for innovations in electricity networks …”

Conclusions S. 227-233

„… research.ConclusionsAgainst the background of electricity market liberalisation and the literature ongovernance of system …” „… as an example to analyse thecapability of the standard model of electricity market liberalisation to …” „… discussed in terms of markets,but rather in terms of broader governance arrangements, whereby the market …”

Conclusions S. 105-107

„… efficiency should serve as a guideline both for the supply of electricity via the network as well as the …” „… generation side, RD&D is conducted undercompetitive conditions with potential market failures associated with …” „… electricity networks have become muchmore dynamic than they used to be, and that a range of innovative network …”

Incentive regulation and network innovation S. 171-179

„… electricity networks, partly as a resultof the increasing generation capacity connected to the distribution …” „… market liberalisation in general and in chapter 6for incentive regulation in particular, there is …” „… technical challenge forthe DSOs (Ofgem 2004b). Moreover, according to the UK’s Electricity …”

Energy policy and regulation S. 155-160

„… important difference between the electricity and the telecomsectors. The latter has experienced fundamental …” „… investment framework for electricity networks. Other thanthat the networks do not serve to meet any political …” „… model than emulating the market mechanism withthe help of economic incentives. There is scope for this …”

Network innovation S. 222-223

„… is separate fromthe standard model and the costs of which are added to the electricity tariffs for …” „… to transformingthat system, it can be observed that non-market-based governance mechanismsbecome more …” „… non-market-based mechanisms are not limited to economic incentives toallocate the network costs of individual DG …”

Designing DG incentives for DSOs S. 94-105

„… Joskow 2006a). A practicalimplementation can be found in the UK for the regulation of electricity …” „… based on the expected cost savings in the competitive market– although it will be difficult in practice …” „… , a closerlook reveals that efficiency should serve as a guideline both for the supply of electricity …”

Incentive regulation and DG connection S. 166-171

„… of our energy supplies and potentially to more competitive energy markets” (Cabinet Office 2006: 62 …” „… ‘the market’ decide which options to choose.On the other hand, given that DG developers themselves have …” „… of DG, but to increase theefficiency of network access for new market actors. Although this can also …”

DG connection and integration S. 220-222

„… is separate fromthe standard model and the costs of which are added to the electricity tariffs for …” „… provide efficiency incentives in a competitive marketenvironment. Nevertheless, the Danish example shows …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845239880

Renate Pirstner-Ebner - European Energy Law

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Renate Pirstner-Ebner

European Energy Law

2022

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5 Market System for electricity and gas S. 39-55

„… Market System for electricity and gasThe Electricity Market Directive 1996 and the Gas Market …” „… Renewable Gas Market Directive in December 2021) and 2019 for electricity – are the basis for liberalising …” „… the energy market for electricity and gas in the EU.159 A core aspect of a liberalised energy market …”

7 Coordination bodies on European Union level S. 64-80

„… 2009,374 which was repealed and replaced by the Electricity Market Regulation 2019.375The bodies of the …” „… the ENTSO for Electricity are the establishment of a functioning internal electricity market …” „… Additionally, it must promote 7.3.2374 Regulation 2009/714/EC.375 Electricity Market Regulation 2019/943/EU.376 …”

8 National regulatory authorities S. 81-87

„… National regulatory authoritiesThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 determines standards for the …” „… appointment of these members must comply with 88.1478 Article 57 et seq. Electricity Market Directive 2019/944 …” „… /EU.479 Article 57 (1) Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU.480 Article 57 (2) and (3) Electricity …”

15 Energy system of the future S. 150-160

„… Article 59 of the Electricity Market Directive 2019. It determines that the regulatory authority monitors …” „… found their basis in the Electricity Market Directive 2019 and the Regulation for trans-European Energy …” „… management and 924 Recital 43, 51, Article 59 (1) (l) Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU; Article 2 (7 …”

13 Digitalisation – smart meters S. 141-145

„… electricity and gas consumption with the Electricity Market Directive and the Gas Market Directive in 2009.875 …” „… The Electricity Market Directive 2019876 specified the directive from 2009. Besides this, the Energy …” „… , heating, cooling and domestic hot water metering.877TerminologyThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 does …”

3 Overview of legislation S. 20-32

„… market – the Internal Electricity Market Directive (from now on: Electricity Market Directive) 201928 …” „… and the Internal Electricity Market Regulation (from now on: Electricity Market Regulation) 201929 …” „… . The EU adopted the first Electricity Market Directive in 1996.30 It amended the directive …”

12 Decentralisation S. 133-140

„… followed with the issuance of the Renewable Energy Directive in December 2018 and the Electricity Market …” „… property line.821 Article 15 Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU and Article 21 Renewable Energy …” „… 12.1.112.1.2822 Article 2 (8) and 15 (2) (b) Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU and Article 2 (14) and …”

9 Security of supply S. 88-109

„… Electricity Market Directive 2019 specifies that the Member States must ensure a high degree of security of …” „… climate plans | EU-Kommission (europa.eu).533 Article 1 Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU.534 …” „… . Electricity Market Regulation 2019/943/EU – see chapter 7.3.1.551 See Article 6 and Article 7 …”

14 Storage S. 146-149

„… their ability to store large quantities of energy.TerminologyThe Electricity Market Directive 2019 …” „… electricity when needed.The Gas Market Directive 2009 defines gas storage facility. It means a “facility used …” „… ) Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU.146in carrying out their functions”.909 The Electricity Market …”

6 ACER S. 56-63

„… electricity supply crisis scenarios, the network development plans, the wholesale market’s integrity and …” „… transparency and the nominated electricity market operators.294 The ACER has the right to issue opinions and …” „… 2019/942/EU.295 Article 59 (4) (6) Electricity Market Regulation 2019/943/EU.296 Article 58 and Article 61 …”

11 Energy efficiency S. 127-132

„… amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU); see also Art 2 (6) of the European …” „… Directive 2012/27/EU amended by Directive 2018/2002/EU (last amended by Electricity Market Directive …” „… (last amended by Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU).127first”.793 Therefore, it has set up …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… European Energy LawRenate Pirstner-EbnerMarket System for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply …” „… LawMarket System for Electricity and Gas – Energy Supply Security – Green Energy System of the Future (Green …” „… their countries. Central to the European energy law are the rules for the electricity and gas market …”

1 Introduction S. 15-16

„… .1 At the beginning of the electricity and gas market liberalisation, conflict regulation was a core …” „… first provisions for the internal electricity and gas market.2 These provisions were to introduce a …” „… competitive electricity and gas market and reduce the monopoly situations of the energy companies.Energy law …”

10 Renewable energy S. 110-126

„… integrate electricity from renewable sources in the electricity market in a marked-based and …” „… and Florian Ermacora (eds), EU Energy Law – Electricity Market Design in the European Union, vol VII …” „… Directive 2018/2001/EU.705 Jan Papsch, ʻRenewable Energies in the electricity marketʼ in Christopher Jones …”

Register S. 161-162

„… scenario 65, 66, 92, 93Electricity Market Directive 22, 39electricity storage facilities 53, 148emergency …” „… 133, 151, 152declaration of an electricity crisis 97digitalisation 141, 151, 152Director 57 …” „… warning 67, 97, 103, 107ECSC 20electrical energy 18Electricity Coordination Group 64electricity crisis …”

2 Fundamentals of Energy Law S. 17-19

„… Electricity Market Directive 2019/944/EU) and details in chapter 11.2.4 Energy law19 …” „… pumped-storage power plant in case of excess electricity). The kinetic energy is the work that results from the …” „… example, the conversion of coal to coke or hydropower to electricity, crude oil to petrol or heating oil …”

4 Energy Union and governance S. 33-38

„… energy supply, the internal energy market and the area of research, innovation and competition. In order …” „… information on its progress in creating a complete and operational energy market and assessments and …” „… and improving its resilience (for example, interrupted supply).Furthermore, the Internal Market …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748913627

Christopher Scheubel - The German Energy Transition and the Nuclear Phase-Out

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Christopher Scheubel

The German Energy Transition and the Nuclear Phase-Out

Series: Controlling und Management

Volume 16 2017

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Christopher Scheubel, David Matthäus, Gunther Friedl 4. Essay 3: The Impact of Industrial Self-Supply on Bavaria’s Electricity System – Effects on Supply Security and Market Prices S. 89-122

„… the merit-order effect, decrease electricity market prices by 4. 89 1.90 €/MWh and 5.03 €/MWh in the …” „… electricity system, our analysis shows that industrial self-supply stabilizes the grid and reduces market …” „… phase-out, and has a decreasing effect on electricity market prices. When industrial selfsupply is increased …”

1. Introduction S. 13-22

„… decreases electricity market prices. To quantify both influences, we model the electricity system of Bavaria …” „… effects on the market price of electricity. These positive effects should be considered when subsidization …” „… that 1 GWh of renewable electricity feed-in causes a market price reduction of 2.4 €/MWh in Germany …”

5. Conclusions S. 123-128

„… industrial selfsupply on the whole electricity system, especially with regard to supply security and market …” „… , can be drastically reduced. Additionally, we demonstrate that electricity market prices decline when …” „… leave the market. The decrease in capacity may in turn lead to rising electricity prices. Further, our …”

6. Complete List of References S. 129-138

„… the Australian national electricity market. Energy Policy, 39(10), 5939-5949. Dabiri, J. (2011 …” „… , 849-859. Gil, H., & Lin, J. (2013). Wind power and electricity prices at the PJM market. IEEE Transactions …” „… ). Competitive electricity markets and investment in new generating capacity. AEI-Brookings Joint Center Working …”

Christopher Scheubel, Thomas Zipperle, Peter Tzscheutschler 3. Essay 2: Modeling of Industrial-Scale Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) – The Profitability of Decentralized Supply for Industry S. 51-88

„… market price. Therefore, we observe that the optimized system avoids feeding in electricity for companies …” „… . Excessive electricity produced by the CHP would need to be marketed at the European Energy Exchange (EEX …” „… programming (MILP) to optimize an electricity and heat supply system with the aim of minimizing annual costs …”

Christopher Scheubel, Gunther Friedl 2. Essay 1: Turbine Technology and the Levelized Cost of Wind Energy – The Application of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines in Wind Farms S. 23-50

„… to energy demand and market prices for electricity. Our results have three implications for wind farm …” „… 2.6. 47 Abstract The market for wind energy generators is dominated by horizontal axis wind turbines …” „… technology is more profitable. Current levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) models do not account for wind …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Bavaria’s Electricity System – Effects on Supply Security and Market Prices 4. 89 …” „… , and the Effects of Decentralized Generation on the Electricity Grid Sc h eu be l Th e G er m an E …” „… Electricity Grid The German Energy Transition and the Nuclear Phase-Out Nomos BUT_Scheubel_3956-1.indd 3 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845282428

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Die Unternehmung

Browse Volumes: Die Unternehmung

DU Volume 68 (2014) Issue 3 ISSN Online: 2942-318X

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Francisca Bremberger, Stephan M. Gasser, Thomas R. Kremser, Margarethe Rammerstorfer The Impact of EU ETS Price Variations on Germany’s Electricity Production Mix S. 164-180

„… , Stephan M. Gasser, Thomas R. Kremser and Margarethe Rammerstorfer Electricity Market, Electricity Mix …” „… market, since it is one of the most important EU electricity markets. In this context, we formulate a …” „… analysis focuses on the German electricity market. The simulation model is calibrated on basis of German …”

Christian Growitsch, Lisa Just, Burkhard Pedell Risk Assessment of Investments in Energy-only and Capacity Markets S. 181-188

„… and Burkhard Pedell Capacity Markets, Electricity Generation, Electricity Markets, Investment …” „… , Strommarkt This paper addresses the long term challenges of electricity markets. First, the economic theory …” „… the efficient amount of investments. However, current electricity markets are far from being perfect …”

Christian Lutz, Dietmar Lindenberger, Michael Schlesinger, Christian Tode Energy Reference Forecast and Energy Policy Targets for Germany S. 154-163

„… to the complexity of and the differences between markets, electricity markets, final energy demand …” „… models for the electricity sector in an EU electricity market optimization model (Nagl et al. 2011) and …” „… developments. Given the internal energy market in the European Union, the German electricity system may not be …”

Anne d’Arcy, Francisca Bremberger Editorial S. 149-153

„… smaller economies stemming from neighboring markets. This is especially true for small-scale electricity …” „… supply system including the sectors electricity, heat and mobility – with electricity building the most …” „… important/largest part. The German roadmap for increasing the share of renewable energy sources for electricity …”

Wolfgang A. Marko Small-scale, Big Impact – Utilities’ New Business Models for “Energiewende” S. 201-220

„… electricity industry. European utilities2 have been facing major changes in their markets and environment …” „… The main goal of the liberalization of electricity markets was to stimulate competition. However …” „… . More players have entered the electricity market; e.g. new investors like pension funds, insurances …”

Urs Meister Grenzüberschreitende Effekte von Kapazitätsmechanismen S. 189-196

„… research regarding the induced externalities between neighbouring electricity markets. This article …” „… and competitive electricity markets, in: RAND Journal of Economics, Jg. 38, Nr. 1, S. 60-84. Meister …” „… , Workgroup for Infrastructure Policy (WIP), Electricity Markets Working Papers, WP-EM-45. Tietjen, O. (2012 …”

Stephan Sharma, Julia Konecny Kapazitätsmechanismus: ‚measure of last resort‘ – Statement Kapazitätsmärkte VERBUND AG S. 197-200

„… , Kapazitätsmechanismus Electricity Market, Energy-only-Market, Emissions Trading System, Peak Load Pricing, Capacity …” „… for capacity remuneration mechanisms in order to keep conventional power plants in the market to …” „… ensure security of supply. But to achieve a secure, affordable and sustaintable electricity supply it …”

doi.org/10.5771/0042-059X-2014-3

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