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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris - The Olympic Games of the European Union

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Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

The Olympic Games of the European Union

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The end of amateur sport and the role of the IOC S. 58-59

„… ?and?the?freedom?to?contract.?Part?of?this?analysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …” „… IOCThe?sports?phenomenon?has?been?developed?after?the?model?of?autonomous?associations.?This?has?been?the?sequel?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport,?which?for?longwas?a?practice?not?related?with?profit?making.?Now?sport …” „… ?goes?beyond?its?educational?and?cultural?character,?which?was?the?case?when?sport?was?principally?amateur.?Sports?activity?has?assumed?enormous?financial?dimensions?and?constitutes?asource?of?wealth?increase?at?international?level.In?the?beginning?of?the?1980 s,?the?International?Olympic?Committee61 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

„… ?and?the?freedom?to?contract.?Part?of?this?analysis?will?be?to?determine?the?boundaries?of?therules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?as?opposed?to?the?national?and?Community?law?ofa?European?state.?Such?is?the?case?of?Greece,?where?Athens,?the?Host?City60The end of amateur sport and the role of the …” „… IOCThe?sports?phenomenon?has?been?developed?after?the?model?of?autonomous?associations.?This?has?been?the?sequel?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport,?which?for?longwas?a?practice?not?related?with?profit?making.?Now?sport …” „… ?goes?beyond?its?educational?and?cultural?character,?which?was?the?case?when?sport?was?principally?amateur.?Sports?activity?has?assumed?enormous?financial?dimensions?and?constitutes?asource?of?wealth?increase?at?international?level.In?the?beginning?of?the?1980 s,?the?International?Olympic?Committee61 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative regulation of sport in the Greek legal order S. 207-209

„… ?associations?had?the?possibility?to?found?unions?at?prefectural?level.?In?turn,?unions?had?the?possibility?tofound?leagues?or?federations?at?national?level.The?organization?of?amateur?and?professional?sport?is?today?governed?by?Law2725/1999?(Government?Gazette,?121/A?),?which?declares?and …” „… ? peculiarstatus?of?athletes?and?the?regulation?of?the?status?of?sport?and?of?disputes?thereofthrough?specialized?rules?and?institutions.?The?last?provision?of?Law?2725/1999depicts?the?transition?of?sport?from?amateur …” „… th?July?for?the?modification,?completion?and?codification?ofthe?existing?legislation?for?physical?education,?etc.?).?The?term?sport?appeared?much?laterand?in?any?case?after?World?War?II.?For?an?analytic?presentation?of?sports?legislation?of?theperiod?1975-1999,?s.?Giakoumelos S.?Sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Community law and sport S. 149-152

„… ?rendered?its?integration?in?therules?of?Community?law?indispensable.At?the?same?time,?the?law?of?the?European?Union?acknowledges?a?special?roleto?athletes?themselves.?Athletes?provide?services?and?are?part?of?a?comprehensivesystem?that?is?governed?by?Community?law.?Therefore,?Community?action?as?regards?freedom?of?movement?is?very?important.?That,?of?course,?on?condition?that?itdoes?not?concern?amateur?sport,?which?at?first?sight?is?excluded?from?the?vast?scopeof?Community?law323320 Halgreen L.,?European?sports …” „… ?is?attached?to?the?final?act?of?the?conference?during?which?the?Amsterdam?Treaty?was?voted.?The?said?declaration?stresses?the?social?significance?of?sport?andinvites?the?institutions?of?the?European?Union?to?take?into?consideration?the?particularitiesof?amateur?sport.152 …” „… Chapter?8Community law and sportSport? is? considered? to?be? the?main? social?movement? in?Europe …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova A state regulatory framework for sport S. 63-64

„… ?leads?to?a?tension?between?the?freedom?of?association?and?the?state?interestfor?sport.?The?end?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport …” „… sportSport?constituted?in?a?past?a?human?activity?which?mainly?concerned?private?individuals/civilians?and?sport?clubs.?The?development?of?the?sporting?phenomenonthough?has?slipped?the?private?initiative?in?our?century.?States?show?intense?interestin?spor …” „… sportsGradually,?a?total?of?international?institutions?acquire?an?increasing?interest?in?therelation?with?the?sporting?phenomenon.?In?1977 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport from the Renaissance until the Age of Enlightenment S. 30-31

„… ? into?an?expression?of?a?class?which?wasexercising?instead?of?working,?as?long?as?it?was?not?facing?difficulties?in?makingends?meet.?The?aristocratical?element?of?amateur?sport?was?totally?altered?by?theboom?of? the?professional? sport? in? the?20th …” „… liberalismLiberalism?as?was?developed?by?John?Lock,?comprised?the?idea?of?free?market?witha?free?access?of?people?who?are?remunerated?proportionally?to?their?performanceand?their?effort.?Sport?is?the?legitimate?offspring?of?liberalism?with?the?aim?of?thefree?access?of?sportspersons?who?practise?and?are?remunerated?in?relation?to?theirperformance? under …” „… Sport?was?over? the?centuries? turned …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… ?leads?to?a?tension?between?the?freedom?of?association?and?the?state?interestfor?sport.?The?end?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport …” „… R.,?The?Legal?Status?of?Sportsmen?and?Sportswomen?under?International,?European?and?Belgian?National?and?Regional?Law?Kluwer?Academic?Publishers,?The?Hague,2003.64The positions of the Council of Europe about Sport and their contribution to theforming of …” „… sportsGradually,?a?total?of?international?institutions?acquire?an?increasing?interest?in?therelation?with?the?sporting?phenomenon.?In?1977 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… .The?end?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport?justifies?the?appearance?of?a?few?more‘suitors’?of?the?sports?phenomenon:?private?enterprises?and?all?sorts?of?speculators.63 S.?in?the?French?case?law?the?development?of?a?public?service?for?sport …” „… ?phenomenon?has?been?regulated.?For?that?reason?the?basicguidelines?have?been?laid?down?from?the?beginning,?which?will?occur?throughoutthe?present?study.?If?they?were?to?be?mentioned?briefly,?these?guidelines?would?bethe?following:?the?regional?character,?the?fundamental?relation?between?sport?andthe?city,?the?self-determination?of?sport?through?private?law?associations,?as?wellas?the?relation?between?the?athlete,?the?sport?that?he/she?practises?and?the?sportsassociation …” „… tonomy?of?the?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the case law of the European Court of Justice on the rules of the Olympic Movement S. 181-182

„… ?and?the?institutions?of?the?European?Union,?in?particular,are?called?upon?to?take?into?consideration?the?particularities?of?amateur?sport.181 …” „… MovementFrom?the?above-mentioned?rulings?of?the?European?Court?of?Justice?as?to?the?natureof?sports …” „… ?rules?established?by?private?organizations,?it?can?be?noted?that?the?Courtaccepts?them,?in?so?far?as?they?do?not?restrict?the?Treaty?provisions?and?keep?toissues?bearing?on?the?activity?of?sports?associations.?At?the?same?time,?the?Courtinsists?upon?the?primacy?of?Community?law?against?any?kind?of?rules?or?practicesof?national?or?international?federations?or?associations?governed?by?private?law.The?more?recent?judgments?make?reference?to?the?Bosman?ruling?as?well?as?to?thedeclaration?no.?29 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European approach to sport S. 175-177

„… ., The?Legal?Status?of?Sportsmen?and?Sportswomen?underInternational,?European?and?Belgian?National?and?Regional?Law,?Kluwer?Law?International,The?Hague?2003.Weatherill S.,?European?Sports?Law,?Collected?Papers,?University?of?Oxford,?Oxford?2007.175 …” „… ,?and• common?management?of?amateur?and?professional?sport?by?sport?associations.These?characteristics?enhance?the?positive?values?carried?by?European?sport …” „… ., Sports?Law?and?Policy?in?the?European?Union,?Manchester?University?Press,Manchesterm?2003,?Blanpain R …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The contemporary exercising body S. 31-33

„… nomenon?in?theframework?of?the?theory?of?the?games.?Even?though?the?amateur?sport …” „… liberalismLiberalism?as?was?developed?by?John?Lock,?comprised?the?idea?of?free?market?witha?free?access?of?people?who?are?remunerated?proportionally?to?their?performanceand?their?effort.?Sport?is?the?legitimate?offspring?of?liberalism?with?the?aim?of?thefree?access?of?sportspersons?who?practise?and?are?remunerated?in?relation?to?theirperformance? under …” „… ).Within?this?vision,?there?was?little?room?for?approximate?and?non-precise?talesof?great?performances.?The?sport?record?can?be?seen?as?the?modern,?scientific?version?of?the?traditional?great?deed.?The?British?introduced?new?rule?systems?to?secureequal? opportunity? and? exact?measurements? of? performance …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rule of law and the fair play S. 77-79

„… ? judgementconcludes?that?the?nature?of?the?rules?is?conclusively?adjudged?by?the?court?irrespective?of?whether?sport?is?amateur?or?professional.?The?rules?of?technical?charactershould?be?regarded?as?sports?rules,?whereas?those?that?bear?on?the?relation?betweenindividuals? and? organizations? have? administrative-organizational? character …” „… ? imposed?as?part?of?sportsactivities,?whereas?others?have?an?organizational?purpose.?Lastly,?there?are?rulesconcerning?the?relations?among?sports?organizations104.?According?to? the?SwissFederal?Court,? the? latter?are? the?most?difficult …” „… .Sports?rules,?whether?they?are?of?technical?or?ethical?nature,?should?be?regardedas?rules?relating?to?s …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The consequences of the effect of the rules of the Olympic Charter for the Host City Contract and its relation with the legislation of the host country S. 216-217

„… ?drew?the?borderlinebetween?private?and?public?law?in?the?rules?that?govern?sport?on?the?basis?of?article16.9?of?the?Constitution.?More?specifically?it?defined?that?the?private?will?regulateissue …” „… s?other?than?those?viewed?by?the?legislator?as?essential?for?the?fulfilment?ofState?concern,?which,?for?that?reason,?fall?under?the?sphere?of?the?public?law.The?aforementioned?judgments,?despite?the?fact?that?they?bear?on?sports …” „… ?rulesnot?included?in?the?Olympic?Charter?or?other?rules?related?to?the?Olympic?Games,should?be?viewed?as?pertaining?to?sport?as?a?whole,?which?is?safeguarded?by?theprovision?of?article?16.9?of?the?Constitution?and?in?the?interest?of?which,?the?Statehas?the?obligation?to?provide?fo …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova European law and Olympic Games S. 152-154

„… ?is?attached?to?the?final?act?of?the?conference?during?which?the?Amsterdam?Treaty?was?voted.?The?said?declaration?stresses?the?social?significance?of?sport?andinvites?the?institutions?of?the?European?Union?to?take?into?consideration?the?particularitiesof?amateur?sport.152nities'? organs.329 …” „… ,?which?recognizes?thesocial?character?of?sport?and?its?importance,?as?well?as?the?importance?of?engagingin?a?dialogue?with?the?sports …” „… ?movement.?This?declaration?is?highly?important?andsignifies?the?expansion?of?Community?action?in?the?field?of?sport,?but?also?the?willof?the?Union?to?converse?with?the?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Bid Process S. 205-207

„… ?associations?had?the?possibility?to?found?unions?at?prefectural?level.?In?turn,?unions?had?the?possibility?tofound?leagues?or?federations?at?national?level.The?organization?of?amateur?and?professional?sport?is?today?governed?by?Law2725/1999?(Government?Gazette,?121/A?),?which?declares?and …” „… th?July?for?the?modification,?completion?and?codification?ofthe?existing?legislation?for?physical?education,?etc.?).?The?term?sport?appeared?much?laterand?in?any?case?after?World?War?II.?For?an?analytic?presentation?of?sports?legislation?of?theperiod?1975-1999,?s.?Giakoumelos S.?Sports …” „… ance?with?the?European?Integration.?This?historical?challengeseems?to?find?its?essence?in?the?facts?which?show?the?essence?of?the?rules?and?themeanings.?The?European?dimension?of?sport?is?materialized?in?the?first?Europeanhost?city?during?the?first?Olympic?Games?of?Athens,?making?the?community?rulesthe?rules?of?the?Games?of?the?21 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement Rules: Autonomy and Pluralism. S. 55-57

„… G.,?Essentialsof?Amateur?Sports?Law,?Praeger,?Westport?CN,?1994,?Yasser R,?et?al.?Sports …” „… ?seq.,?see?also?www.droitdusport.net,?www.cdes,Champion W.,? Sports?Law,?West? Publishing? Co.? 2000,?Dudley W.,?Drugs …” „… ., ?Sports?Law,?Prentice-Hall,?Upper?Saddle?River?NJ,?1999,?WeilerP./Roberts G.,?Sports?and?the?Law,?West?Publishing,?St.?Paul?MN,?1993,?Wong …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… t?is?intended?to?preserve?the?noble?competition?and?to?safeguard?the?health?of?athletes.?In?the?opinion?of?the?Court?of?First?Instance,?withoutfair?play,?“sport,?be?it?amateur?or?professional,?is?no?longer?sport …” „… ports?law,?which?is?expressed?by?its?submission?to?ahierarchic?structure?of?rules,?like?the?case?of?the?aforementioned?judgment.?Thiseffort?is?confirmed?by?the?Report?from?the?Commission?to?the?European?Councilwith?a? view? to? safeguarding?current? sport? structures?and?maintaining? the …” „… ? socialfunction?of?sport?within?Community?framework-The?Helsinki?Report?on?Sportwhich?presents?the?need?of?rationalization?of?the?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Sport?as?a?means?of?expression?of?the?freedom?of?association 57The?end?of?amateur?sport?and?the?role?of?the?IOC 58The?interest?of?modern?states?in?sport 59 …” „… The?legislative?delineation?of?the?principles?of?the?Olympic?Charterand?consequences?thereof.?The?concept?of?the?Sporting?Spirit,?of?sportstraditions?and?of?the?Olympic?Ideal?and?fair?play 71Fair?play?in?the?Code?of?Sports?Ethics?of?the?Council?of?Europe 73 …” „… The?Games?of?the?Classical?era 27The?Pan-Hellenic?Games 28City-state?and?sport 28War?and?Sport 29 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… ?‘Amateur?and?professional?sport?and?other?provisions’?that?those?practicing?sport?of?any?kind?and?engaged?in?sports?events,?as?well?as?those?attendingsuch?events,?are?bound? to?respect? the? principles? of? the?sporting?spirit …” „… cept,?not?a?simple?principle?or?rule.?Responsible?for?its?respect?are?governments,sports …” „… ?the?same?time,?the?Council?of?Europe,?at?Committee?of?Ministers?level,?hasadopted?a?European?Sports?Charter?on?24?September?199290.?According? to …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Union S. 137-141

„… .?It?is?true?that?nowadays?the?explosion?of?the?TV?broadcastingrights?as?well?as?the?huge?amounts?of?money?that?the?sponsorship?contracts?involve,have?provided?sport?with?an?intense?commercial?character.?On?no?account?couldone?speak?today?about?amateur?sport …” „… ?market?policybut?also?the?public?health,?could?not?remain?idle?towards?this?problem.?Besides,?itwas?the?European?Commission?that?declared?that?sport?is?a?“big?business”?nowadays.292?It?announced?a?financial?aid?of?2?million?Euros?to?the?WADA?programs.Its …” „… G.,?Doping?and?fundamental?rights?of?athletes:?comments?in?the?wake?of?adoption?of?the?World?anti-doping?Code,?in?ISLR?2003.291 Panagiotopoulos D.,?Sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ,?which?is?attached?in?the?Amsterdam?Treaty.This?declaration?points?out?the?social?importance?of?sport,?asking?especially?the?ECorgans?to?take?into?account?the?particularities?of?amateur?sport …” „… ., Sports?Law?and?Policy?in?the?European?Union,?Manchester?University?Press,2003,?p.104.365 Ibid.366 Case?C-176/96 …” „… The?regulatory?autonomy?of?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2730/1999 ‘Planning, complete development and carrying-out of the Olympic Works and other provisions’ (Government Gazette 130 A´) S. 222-224

„… ,?were?eventually?incorporated?into?two?articles?of?Law?2725/1999?‘Amateur?and?professional?sport?and?other?provisions’?(Government?Gazette?121 …” „… ?A?).These?were?articles?37?and?130?of?Law?2527/1999,?which?instituted?a?series?ofethical?sports …” „… ?organization?of?the?receiving?areas.?The?same?chapter?dealt?with?issues?of?approvalof?environmental? terms?and?building? licenses? for?all?permanent?Olympic?sportsvenues.?At? the? same? time …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… ?law?and?business.?Kluwer?Law?International,?1997.298Wong G.,?Essentials?of?Amateur?Sports?Law.?Praeger,?Westport,?CN,?1994.Yalouris …” „… A.N.,?Etude?des?législations?nationales?relatives?au?sport?en?Europe,?Edition?du?Conseilde?l’Europe,?1999.Champion W., Sports?Law.?2nd?edition,?St.?Paul,?MN:?West?Publishing?Co.?2000.Chevalier …” „… . Sports?and?Athletics:?Philosophy?in?Action,?Littlefield?Adams,?Totowa,?1982Michalos …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special EU law Issues S. 186

„… tition?rules?regarding?the?matter?oftransfers.The?rules?governing?the?freedom?of?movement?do?not?only?concern?the?professional?athletes,?but?also?the?amateur?sport …” „… ,?which,?according?to?the?Commission,falls?within?the?scope?of?the?Treaty.?Indeed,?the?Commission?takes?action?in?orderfot?he?states?to?respect?the?fundamental?rules?of?the?EC?law?as?well?the?ECJ?jurisprudence?regarding?the?ban?on?discrimination?and?the?freedom?of?movement?inrespect?of?the?access?of?the?EU?citizens?to?amateur?sport.?Amateur …” „… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of establishment S. 186-187

„… tition?rules?regarding?the?matter?oftransfers.The?rules?governing?the?freedom?of?movement?do?not?only?concern?the?professional?athletes,?but?also?the?amateur?sport …” „… ,?which,?according?to?the?Commission,falls?within?the?scope?of?the?Treaty.?Indeed,?the?Commission?takes?action?in?orderfot?he?states?to?respect?the?fundamental?rules?of?the?EC?law?as?well?the?ECJ?jurisprudence?regarding?the?ban?on?discrimination?and?the?freedom?of?movement?inrespect?of?the?access?of?the?EU?citizens?to?amateur?sport.?Amateur …” „… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport during the Medieval Age S. 29-30

„… ? into?an?expression?of?a?class?which?wasexercising?instead?of?working,?as?long?as?it?was?not?facing?difficulties?in?makingends?meet.?The?aristocratical?element?of?amateur?sport?was?totally?altered?by?theboom?of? the?professional? sport? in? the?20th …” „… Sport …” „… TheodosiusWhen?the?Byzantine?Emperor?Theodosius?banned?the?palaistras?and?the?gymnasiain?the?Roman?Empire?territory,?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympics and Broadcasting S. 282-283

„… ?Winter?Olympic?Games.He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport …” „… Indeed,?the?television?has?introduced?to?the?area?of?the?Games?to?the?extent?thatit?has?led?to?amendments?in?certain?sports …” „… A.,?The?Olympics:?a?celebration?of?sport?and?the?role?of?law,?in?Entertainment?LawReview?2004.621 Ibid.282 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Freedom of the athlete’s establishment S. 191-193

„… though,?only?in?so?far?as?we?do?not?deal?with?amateur?sport,?which?is?prima?facieexempted?by?the?scope?of?the?EC?law.414 …” „… laimants’?appeal.The?ECJ,?judging?on?appeal,?even?if?ended?up?with?the?same?result,?proceededto?a?direct?application?of?the?EC?competition?rules?to?sport.?It?stated?that?the?dopingrules?are?subject?to?the?EC?law,?yet?they?do?not?constitute?a?restriction?of?competitionincompatible?with?the?Common?Market,?within?the?meaning?of?Art. 81 …” „… ?EC,?sincethey?pursue?a?legitimate?objective.So,?regardless?of?its?final?decision,?it?is?very?interesting?that?the?EC?competitionrules?were?applied?to?sport?and?in?particular?to?the?IOC?regulation.?If?the?decisionhad?culminated?in?a?different?result?the?entire?IOC?doping?system?would?have?beenexploded?in?all?likelihood.Freedom of the athlete’s …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement S. 80-82

„… rulesA?basic?desire?of?the?creators?of?the?Olympic?Movement?was?its?institutional?autonomy.?At?that?time?the?states?had?no?interest?in?the?amateur?sport …” „… ividuals?regardless?of?their?origins?or?derivation.?Indeed,?it?isindicative?of?the?Olympic?Movement?the?creation?of?anonymous?heroes?in?nationaland?international?level?via?sport?and?not?bloody?wars.?The?Olympian?became?gradually?as?the?20th?century?went?b …” „… ?federations,national?federations,?NOCs,?OCOGs,?national?unions,?clubs?and?individuals?thatparticipate?in?the?above?unions,?especially?athletes,?referees?and?judges,?coaches,sport?technicians.?It?also?involves?organizations?and?institutions?that?are?recognizedby?the?IOC.108 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law and 2004 Olympic Games S. 178-181

„… ?and?the?institutions?of?the?European?Union,?in?particular,are?called?upon?to?take?into?consideration?the?particularities?of?amateur?sport.181 …” „… democracy,?as?long?as?it?claims?to?be?a?participial?one,?can?do?nothing?but?attachemphasis?on?the?sporting?phenomenon.The?European?dimension?of?sport …” „… isk.?The?Europeanparticipial?democracy?can?respond?creatively?to?this?problem,?by?combining?themutual?demands?of?the?two?poles?and?embracing?the?phenomenon?of?sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of Barcelona S. 39-40

„… d?the?Games?having?eliminated?apartheid.Baseball,?a?demonstration?sport?in?earlier?Games,?was?added?to?the?Olympic?roster.36 …” „… =1992.39The?amateur?rule?that?was?overturned?for?the?1988 …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?allowed?theUnited?States?to?send?the??Dream?Team,??a?basketball?team?made?up?of?a?numberof?the?most?famous?U.S.?professional?basketball?players,?to?the?Olympics.Two?new? sports? entered? the?Olympic? program …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislation S. 217-218

„… ?2725/1999?‘Amateur?and?professionalsport?and?other?regulations’?(Government?Gazette?121?A?).443 …” „… S.,?Sports?Legislation?and?Jurisprudence(In?Greek),?Athens,?2000.?S.?also?Kousoulis S. - Malatos …” „… A.,?Sports?Legislation?(In?Greek),Ant.?Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini,?2000.217the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee,444 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rules of the Olympic Movement and the state rules S. 80

„… rulesA?basic?desire?of?the?creators?of?the?Olympic?Movement?was?its?institutional?autonomy.?At?that?time?the?states?had?no?interest?in?the?amateur?sport …” „… ividuals?regardless?of?their?origins?or?derivation.?Indeed,?it?isindicative?of?the?Olympic?Movement?the?creation?of?anonymous?heroes?in?nationaland?international?level?via?sport?and?not?bloody?wars.?The?Olympian?became?gradually?as?the?20th?century?went?b …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Security in the Barcelona Games S. 40-42

„… The?amateur?rule?that?was?overturned?for?the?1988 …” „… ?Olympic?Games,?allowed?theUnited?States?to?send?the??Dream?Team,??a?basketball?team?made?up?of?a?numberof?the?most?famous?U.S.?professional?basketball?players,?to?the?Olympics.Two?new? sports? entered? the?Olympic? program? in?Barcelona? as? baseball …” „… ,? tennis,football?and?water?polo?players,?the?women's?hockey?team,?and?everyone?else?whowas? succesful,? Spanish? sports? caught? the? world? by? surprise? and? enrapturedSpaniards.Some …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Non-judicial protection against ambush marketing S. 280-282

„… ?Winter?Olympic?Games.He?was?not?right,?though.IOC?went?from?amateur?run?sport …” „… ? positionswhere?ambusher's?advertisements?are?not?visible?and?controlling?the?sale?of?advertising?space?(i.e.?billboards)?either?on-site?or?near?the?event.619618 Gardiner S./O'Leary J./ Welch R./ Boyes S./ Naidoo U.,?Sports?Law,?Cavendish?Publishing,?3 …” „… Indeed,?the?television?has?introduced?to?the?area?of?the?Games?to?the?extent?thatit?has?led?to?amendments?in?certain?sports …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General S. 258-259

„… .?He?took?his?inspiration?from?the?then?symbol?of?the?Union?desSociétés?Françaises?de?Sports?Athlétiques?which?was?two?simple?interlocked?rings.The?symbol?of?interlocking?blue,?black,?red,?yellow?and?green?rings?on?a?whitebackground?was?officially?unveiled?on?50?flags?greeting?those?attending?at?the …” „… ? international?understandingand?inspiring?people?to?reach?higher?and?further?while?growing?stronger?in?mindand?body.?It?has?to?be?pointed?out?that?the?participants?should?be?strictly?amateurs …” „… ? all?NationalOlympic?Committees?and?International?Sports?Federations?explaining?the?necessityof?strictly?abiding?by?an?IOC?decision?to?protect?the?symbol?against?commercialexploitation.560559 Landry,?1996.560 Reported?in?IOC?General?Session?Minutes,?Rome?1923 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The commercialization of the Games and the early violations. S. 259-262

„… ? international?understandingand?inspiring?people?to?reach?higher?and?further?while?growing?stronger?in?mindand?body.?It?has?to?be?pointed?out?that?the?participants?should?be?strictly?amateurs …” „… ? all?NationalOlympic?Committees?and?International?Sports?Federations?explaining?the?necessityof?strictly?abiding?by?an?IOC?decision?to?protect?the?symbol?against?commercialexploitation.560559 Landry,?1996.560 Reported?in?IOC?General?Session?Minutes,?Rome?1923 …” „… ,?IOC?Archives,?Lausanne.?Cited?inBarney,?fn.10?above,?at?pp.127-128.259In?1924?in?Paris?there?was?advertising?in?sport?venues?and?in1928 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’ S. 218-222

„… ,?were?eventually?incorporated?into?two?articles?of?Law?2725/1999?‘Amateur?and?professional?sport?and?other?provisions’?(Government?Gazette?121 …” „… )?has?made?reference?tothe?obligation?to?respect?the?sporting?spirit,?the?sports?traditions?and?the?OlympicIdeal,?prescribing?severe?administrative?penalties?in?case?of?contravention?thereof.445 …” „… The?complete?text?of?the?said?law?can?be?found?in?Kousoulis S.-/Malatos A.,?Sports?Legislation?(In?Greek),?Ant.?Sakkoulas,?2000,?pp.?250 ff.448 …”

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Stefan Rinke, Kay Schiller - The FIFA World Cup 1930 – 2010

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Stefan Rinke (ed.), Kay Schiller (ed.)

The FIFA World Cup 1930 – 2010

2014

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Brenda Elsey Football at the “End” of the World. The 1962 World Cup S. 162-184

„… national newspaper, characterized the professional director as “a true ‘amateur’, in love with his sports …” „… launched a new sports magazine, Gol y Gol, which afforded more coverage to amateur clubs than Estadio …” „… , amateur sports directors realized their exclusion from the Organizing Committee. They hoped that the …”

Stefan Rinke Globalizing Football in Times of Crisis. The First World Cup in Uruguay in 1930 S. 47-65

„… in Uruguay in 1930 Football is perceived today as a truly globalized sport.1 This article will focus …” „… like competitive sports as markers of identity.3 One of the effects of these profound transformations …” „… for its heterogeneous immigrant population, sport was an ideal element. Thus, state agencies …”

Marco Impiglia 1934 FIFA World Cup. Did Mussolini Rig the Game? S. 66-84

„… well. Indeed, it assessed three significant aspects: 1) sport; 2) tourism; 3) national propaganda.1 In …” „… played a leading role in the sport system moved as one to achieve a high level of organisation: Giovanni …” „… Olympics, the FIFA World Cup might well disappear.4 The Referee Problem Both professional and amateur …”

Alan Tomlinson FIFA: Beginnings, Tensions, Trajectories S. 30-46

„… French sports federation in Paris. A little more than a century later, the federation could boast 210 …” „… FIFA’s remarkable impact on international sport and upon cultural relations around the world. The growth …” „… of association football itself (and many other modern sports) was coterminous with the rise of …”

Kay Schiller The 1974 World Cup in West Germany: A Non-Event? S. 220-239

„… another global sports event, the spectacular 1972 Olympics, was replaced by a “new sobriety”.2 Fittingly …” „… , football’s governing body, FIFA, and the sport’s economic globalization. To argue my point, I will briefly …” „… of the sport in the last quarter of the twentieth century. While many matches did not sell out in …”

Keith Brewster, Claire “He hath not done this for any other nation”. Mexico’s 1970 and 1986 World Cups S. 199-219

„… was well established, strongly supported, and performed at amateur and professional levels throughout …” „… produce. Thus, as with political elections, decisions regarding international sport were taken by those …” „… (1991), pp. 23-25. 3 Claire & Keith Brewster, Representing the Nation: Sport and Spectacle in …”

Joshua H. Nadel Cup of Welcome? Media, Marketing, Latinos, and the 1994 World Cup S. 298-317

„… suggest that soccer’s surge in popularity as a spectator sport in the United States has something to do …” „… with 1 Jed Hughes, “NBA and NHL Get the Boot: MLS is the Third Most Attended Sports League in America …” „… -nba-and-nhl-get-the-boot-mls-is-the-3rd-most-attended-sports-league-inamerica, accessed January 10, 2013. For numbers on the French …”

Tony Mason England 1966 and All That S. 185-198

„… , action replays which allowed multiple watching and playing. And the wise men of sport had become “half …” „… , Football League referee and just appointed Minister for Sport in the Labour Government, thought that such …” „… Tomlinson and Christopher Young (ed.5) ‘National Identity and Global Sports Events. Culture, Politics and …”

David Goldblatt Another Kind of History. Globalization, Global History and the World Cup S. 13-29

„… within the IOC. Consequently it was an unofficial sport until 1908 and a purely amateur European affair …” „… body of writing are both of these elements of the history of sport recognised? My choice would be …” „… peer; the engagement of its literary elites with sport. The capacity of American novelists and …”

Bernardo Buarque de Holanda The Genealogy of a Defeat. Sporting Memories and the Meaning of the 1950 World Cup for Brazil S. 103-124

„… – one could almost say obsessive – place in the world of Brazilian sport. It reoccurs in television …” „… preparations, the matches and the tournament results. Then it looks at the work of the sports journalist Mário …” „… . From 1938 onwards, delegates from the Brazilian Sports Confederation (CBD), such as the journalist …”

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Jan Hangebrauck - Sportbezogener Protest gegen die Apartheid in Südafrika 1956–1992

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Sportbezogener Protest gegen die Apartheid in Südafrika 1956–1992

2020

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11. Verzeichnisse S. 453-460

„… Verzeichnisse Abkürzungsverzeichnis AAA Amateur Athletic Association AAB Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung …” „… Amateur Athletic Board BArch Bundesarchiv BCM Black Consciousness Movement BOA British Olympic Association …” „… Organizations CCPR Central Council of Physical Recreation COSAS Confederation of South African Sports COSATU …”

4. Apartheid in Südafrika: Rassentrennung und -diskriminierung per Gesetz S. 78-110

„… keinem anderen Zusammenhang verwendet worden.215 Die Umsetzung der Apartheid im Bereich des Sports …” „… Generelle Entwicklung im Sport Seit seiner Einführung im 19. Jahrhundert haben die unterschiedlichen „Rassen …” „… “ in Südafrika trotz fehlender diesbezüglicher Gesetze Sport getrennt ausgeübt und angeschaut. Als die …”

10. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis, Interviews S. 411-452

„… /1985-02-17/sports/sp-3695_1_zola-budd, letzter Zugriff am 6. September 2016. New York Times O.A.: British …” „… sport. I.O.K. skors S.A. met 35–28 Stemme. Besluit raak 26 Sportsoorte, in: Die Burger vom 16. Mai 1970 …” „… faces sportsmen, in: Daily Dispatch vom 19. Mai 1970, S. 10. SAPA-RNS: NZ sports will decide – Talboys …”

5. Charakteristika des sportbezogenen Protests gegen das Apartheidregime S. 111-152

„… vom 8. Dezember 1989 an „Sports“-Chefredakteur Rolf Winter, in dem Kölmel Winter über die Gründung der …” „… die Isolierung des Regimes auf dem Gebiet des Sports intensiviert. Ein Meilenstein in diesem …” „… Apartheid in Sports”. Diese stellte die bis dahin schärfste Sanktionierung der Apartheid im Sport dar und …”

6. Die politische Positionierung gesellschaftlicher Akteure gegenüber sportbezogenen Protesten S. 153-339

„… Bevölkerung gegenüber der Apartheid im Sport vermutlich wesentlich beeinflussen, waren sie doch noch nicht der …” „… Sport zwangsläufig mit der Apartheid im Sport befasst. Die Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung war die, wie vielfach …” „… diesem Systemkonflikt.421 Sport wurde vor diesem Hintergrund zu politischen Zwecken instrumentalisiert …”

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STADION

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STADION Volume 40 (2014) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3430

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Leif Yttergren The Professionalisation and Scientification of Athletics Training in Sweden 1910-1957. Two Examples: Ernie Hjertberg and Gösse Holmér S. 57-72

„… occupations in society was that rigid amateur regulations in sport were in full force during most of the 20th …” „… spectacularly banned.15 In spite of the rigid amateur regulations, athletics was one of the first sports in …” „… , 1880-1995, Malmö 2012, p. 10. See also D. Day, Professionals, Amateurs, and Performance: Sports Coaching in …”

Robin Streppelhoff Avery Brundage und der Mythos vom „unpolitischen Sport“. Eine ideengeschichtliche Spurensuche S. 39-56

„… Stadtparlamenten die Stirn bieten zu können.25 Ebenso wie die Gentlemen-Amateure des britischen Sports stets auf …” „… nachdrücklich betont wurde: „Complete independent control of competitive amateur sport in both its national and …” „… , but the uninformed may be misled).”60 Unter Sport verstand Brundage also allein den Amateur-Sport …”

Victoria Felkar The Iron Bar: The Modern History of Prison Physical Culture and the Ban on Correctional Weightlifting S. 19-38

„… Tepperman, the “myth” of “the buff, sports-inclined prisoner”94 that has become embedded in popular culture …” „… of sports in prison and have created the image of a “buff, sports-inclined” prisoner – one that he …” „… about appropriate or health promoting sport and daily recreation programs for prisoners or inmate …”

Fabrice Delsahut Le rôle du trickster dans les cultures ludomotrices nord-amérindiennes au tournant du XXe siècle S. 1-18

„… Athletic Association qui dirige le sport amateur. 46 L. CARLSON, “Giant Patagonians and Hairy Ainu …” „… la culture indienne et de jouer, au propre comme au figuré, avec la culture dominante. Les sports …” „… pratiques traditionnelles perdues dans les réserves amérindiennes et les sports vecteurs d’assimilation des …”

Frédéric Savre, Jean Saint-Martin, Thierry Terret Un exemple d’influence culturelle réciproque entre les États-Unis et la France : le développement du Vélo Tout Terrain entre 1983 et 1996 S. 151-166

„… processus d’americanization en général6 et dans le sport en particulier7, les influences réciproques et le …” „… contextes spécifiques qui justifient l’évolution et l’adoption massive de ce sport de chaque côté de …” „… produit ici illustre un phénomène plus général qui considère le sport comme une activité de loisir à part …”

doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2014-1

Bernhard Pfister - Das Anti-Doping-Gesetz

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Das Anti-Doping-Gesetz

Series: Recht und Sport

Volume 46 2017

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Bernhard Pfister: Zivilrechtliche Auswirkungen des Anti-Doping-Gesetzes S. 45-60

„… zum Verschuldens. oben 2. c) und d).4. Integrität des SportsGem. § 1 dient die Bekämpfung des Dopings …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574. Integrität des Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Zusammenfassung …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58A. Einführung1. Profiteure des DopingsIm professionellen Sport macht der Sportler, der in einem …”

Einleitung S. 7-8

„… 7EinleitungIm professionellem Sport werden von den Sportler teilweise sehr hoheGewinne gemacht …” „… – Dopingskandalebekannt, die die Medien füllen. Die Dunkelziffer wird als sehr hoch einge-schätzt; auch im reinen Amateur …” „… dem Ansehen des Sportsinsgesamt und betrifft erhebliche öffentliche Interessen. Deshalb wurdenach …”

Martin Heger: Strafrechtliche und strafprozessuale Auswirkungen des Anti-Doping-Gesetzes (ADG) S. 25-44

„… strafrechtlichen Schutzwürdigkeit der „Integrität des Sports“als viel zu unbestimmt; diese Kritik erscheint mir …” „… organisierten Sports –unter Einbeziehung aller drei großen rechtlichen Disziplinen widmen, ste-hen wir …” „… angehört und mich zur Befassung mit der Frage einer Strafbarkeitvon Doping im Sport angeregt hat, gerade …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783415058910

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