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Reiner Schulze - Common European Sales Law (CESL)

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Reiner Schulze (ed.)

Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2012

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Article 11 Consequences of the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 105-109

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. Exclusivity of the CESL (P) within its coverage …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Valid agreement to use the CESL (P …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Matters addressed in the CESL (P …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… of the Common European Sales Law is made. Explanatory Memorandum 763 Index 2 28th regime RegCESL (P …” „… ) 3 4 2nd national regime RegCESL (P) 3 6 et seqq – criticism RegCESL (P) 3 10 et seqq A acceptance …” „… 9 ADR – Information on 13 15 agreement to use the CESL RegCESL (P) 8 1 et seqq – confirmation of …”

Article 8 Agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 94-99

„… contract law context, it is unclear whether a party who wishes to use the CESL (P) but is itself a large …” „… SME makes choosing the CESL (P) significantly more complicated and uncertain and thus less attractive …” „… . Large enterprises will never use the CESL (P) in relations with other traders as they must, before …”

Article 1 Freedom of contract Schulte-Nölke S. 122-126

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. Function It is evidently meant to be highly symbolic that the first article of the CESL (P …” „… RegCESL (P) contains an initial explanation of the meaning of freedom of contract. C. Explanation I …” „… noted that the article is located in Annex I RegCESL (P). Strictly speaking, it thus only applies if the …”

Article 5 Contracts for which the Common European Sales Law can be used S. 77-86

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A. Function The rule in art 5 serves to define the material scope of the instrument. For the CESL …” „… one of the contracts listed in art 5. Even if this is the case, the CESL (P) may still be unavailable …” „… of the CESL (P) has the effect of mere incorporation by reference and will not derogate from the …”

Article 39 Conflicting standard contract terms S. 241-246

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 V. Conflicting clauses on the applicability of the CESL (P)/on the applicable law …” „… . The rule deals with a conflict in ‘standard contract terms’, defined in art 2(d) RegCESL (P) as …” „… mention a particular issue but that party intended the CESL (P)’s default provisions to govern the issue …”

Article 4 Interpretation S. 131-134

„… Its main function is to require that the text of the CESL (P) be interpreted hermetically, that is to …” „… Schulte-Nölke 9 1 issues within the scope of the CESL (P). Other than the two preceding paragraphs, which mainly …” „… deal with the relationship of the CESL (P) to the national laws for the purposes of interpretation …”

Article 6 No form required S. 140-142

„… certain value cannot be evidenced orally. Although freedom of form is the rule under the CESL (P), there …” „… ), 18(1) or on a durable medium as defined in art 2(t) RegCESL (P) under art 8(2) RegCESL (P) and arts …” „… Article 6 Schulte-Nölke 103 1 2 3 4 agreement to opt into the CESL (P) under art 8 and art 9 RegCESL (P …”

Article 13 Member States’ options S. 115-118

„… Dir No 2006/123/EC overlap to a great extent with the information requirements under the CESL (P), but …” „… and/or to clarify what exactly the relationship between the CESL (P) and Dir No 2006/123/EC really is …” „… taken elsewhere, namely the decision to restrict availability of the CESL (P) to cross-border contracts …”

Article 3 Optional nature of the Common European Sales Law S. 67-71

„… are contained in the CESL (P), notably in arts 5, 7, 8(1) and 10(1) CESL (P).20 Thirdly, much of what …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I. The CESL (P) as a 2nd national regime …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. Function Art 3 serves to flag out, in a prominent manner, that the CESL (P) is an optional …”

Article 6 Exclusion of mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit S. 86-90

„… reasons, be very useful to apply the CESL (P) in these cases. Firstly, the customer will pay a price in …” „… customer’s personal data, reputation, etc. Secondly, to exclude these cases from the CESL (P) means that the …” „… the CESL (P). Very much the same problem arises with transport, telecommunication support, and …”

Article 29 Remedies for breach of information duties S. 212-216

„… proposed a scheme of remedies for breach of information duties;3 likewise the CESL (FS) also included its …” „… 25 CESL (FS) May draft; art 30 CESL (FS) August draft. 5 Von Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR, Full Edition, p …” „… RegCESL (P) provides that CESL (P) governs compliance with and remedies for failure to comply with …”

Article 30 Requirements for the conclusion of a contract S. 217-221

„… in art 2(a) RegCESL (P) as an agreement intended to give rise to obligations or other legal effects …” „… . The CESL (P) does not deal with the illegality of contracts nor with representation.1 These issues are …” „… an agreement on the use of the CESL (art 8[1] RegCESL [P]). It follows from art 6 that – as a general …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 50-67

„… RegCESL (P), since it is closely linked with scope. C. Criticism This novel structure just described is …” „… instrument to specify whether it is an article of the CESL (P) or of the RegCESL (P). In particular, as the …” „… allocation of rules to the CESL (P) or the RegCESL (P) is anything but consistent, this will inevitably lead …”

Article 10 Penalties for breach of specific requirements S. 102-105

„… consent or not.5 D. Criticism Art 9 on the SIN and the duty to provide it, including CESL Annex II (P), is …” „… arguably misguided. The SIN in CESL Annex II (P) not only complicates the making of a contract and adds to …” „… means in effect that contracts under the CESL (P) cannot be made with the help of traditional telephones …”

Article 12 Information requirements resulting from the Services Directive S. 109-115

„… the benefits the CESL (P) is supposed to afford to them, but really make them worse off. Even …” „… pre-contractual duties this should mean that the CESL (P) governs the pre-contractual phase already where the …” „… parties (in reality: the trader) refer to the CESL (P) during negotiations. Only where the trader leaves …”

List of contributors S. 18-20

„… 123–139 CESL (P) Prof. Geraint Howells University of Manchester (United Kingdom), arts 13–29 CESL (P) Prof …” „… . Dr. Eva-Maria Kieninger University of Würzburg (Germany), arts 66–78 CESL (P) Prof. Dr. Matthias …” „… Lehmann, D.E.A, LL.M., J.S.D. University of Halle-Wittenberg (Germany), arts 172–177 CESL (P) Prof. Dr …”

Article 9 Standard Information Notice in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 99-102

„… a valid agreement on the use of the CESL (P) are not met there would be no contract, and all the …” „… consumer can more or less choose whether or not to rely on the application of the CESL (P). D. Criticism As …” „… the CESL (P) between traders because this raises the question of what the effect of that is on CESL (P …”

Article 4 Cross-border contracts S. 71-77

„… minimum links with the EU and the EEA. It is not entirely clear whether the RegCESL (P) treats the two …” „… aspects are really inseparably linked, as is suggested by art 4. Limitation of the CESL (P) to …” „… . Another obvious difference between art 4 and art 1 CISG is that the CESL (P) is available for consumer …”

Introduction to arts 30–39 S. 216-217

„… controversial chapter of the CESL (P). Like the CESL (FS), the CESL (P) follows the approach taken in the DCFR …” „… international instruments that are based on comparative research. Contrary to the DCFR,3 the CESL (P)’s chapter …” „… on formation does not have a section dealing with ‘other juridical acts’. The CESL (P) – like the …”

Article 40 Right to withdraw S. 247-260

„… fulfilled in order for the right of withdrawal to be granted under the CESL (P). In the former respect, the …” „… CESL (P) affords only a consumer (as defined in art 2[f] RegCESL [P]) with a right of withdrawal. In …” „… the latter respect, the right of withdrawal under the CESL (P) is limited to distance and off-premises …”

Article 93 Place of delivery S. 477-482

„… the text of the CESL (P) it is not possible to abandon this ambiguity. Section 2 Delivery Article 93 …” „… of performance in the way that is the most beneficial to the consumer. However, the CESL (P) does not …” „… CESL (P) – the contract involving the carriage of goods (art 93[1][b] [i]), to the formally more …”

Article 31 Offer S. 221-225

„… 29(2) CESL (FS) states that ‘agreement’ may be reached by acceptance of an offer or by other statements …” „… or conduct. Art 30(2) deviates from the CESL (FS) and provides that ‘acceptance’ may be made …” „… of the parties, makes it clear that such cases fall within the scope of the CESL (P). According to …”

Introduction to arts 13–29 Howells/Watson S. 162-164

„… onus is, however, on the consumer whether or not to do so. The CESL (P) extends this protection to SMEs …” „… the CESL (P) is intended to apply, the consumer’s attention is to be drawn to a Standard Information …” „… Notice.3 This must contain the information set out in CESL Annex II (P). The Standard Information Notice …”

Article 91 Main obligations of the seller S. 469-473

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 A. Objectives The CESL (P) follows the pattern of the CISG and governs separately the obligations …” „… 2 CISG. 4 Cf Chapter 3 Section 3 CISG. 5 Cf on similarities between CESL (P), CISG and DCFR …” „… ) RegCESL (P). This definition combines two ‘worlds’. The classical definition of a contract of sale in …”

Article 5 Reasonableness S. 134-140

„… addressed in the CESL (P).2 Examples of such matters not covered by the CESL (P) and therefore governed by …” „… the national laws are listed in recital 27 of RegCESL (P). They include legal personality, the …” „… non-contractual liability claims can be pursued together falls outside the scope of the CESL (P). VI. The maxim of …”

Article 179 Periods of prescription S. 762-764

„… judgment etc there is no basis for considering such rights to be within the scope of CESL (P). Instead they …” „… year period found in the CESL (FS), PECL, UNIDROIT PICC,1 and the four year period in the LPISG.2 A …” „… property are concerned, art 179 applies only to liability under CESL (P), ie mainly Chapter 16 on damages …”

Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts S. 189-193

„… concluded under the CESL. Its scope of application is broad as it covers all contracts that do not fulfil …” „… C contracts. Both the DCFR2 and CESL (FS)3 contain a general obligation for B2C and B2B but not C2C …” „… transactions. However, the DCFR and the CESL (FS) take different approaches as regards the form of the general …”

Article 126 Time of payment S. 584-589

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Position within the CESL (P …” „… within the CESL (P) Art 126 is the third provision that specifies the buyer’s main obligation to pay the …” „… of application Art 126 applies to all types of contracts governed by the CESL (P). B. Context I …”

Article 160 General measure of damages S. 676-682

„… consumer, including damages, were mandatory in the sense that any deviation from the CESL (P) to the …” „… two different and conflicting approaches of the CESL (P) with regard to consumer protection and the …” „… . C. Explanation I. Notion of loss As explained in art 2(c) RegCESL (P), the notion of loss refers to …”

Article 2 Good faith and fair dealing S. 126-128

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A. Function The present article states a general principle underlying the entire CESL (P), namely …” „… dealing’ is to be found in art 2(b) RegCESL (P). Recital 31 of RegCESL (P) contains some explanations on …” „… how the general duty to act in accordance with good faith relates to individual rules in the CESL (P …”

Article 3 Co-operation S. 128-131

„… barred by any specific rule of the CESL (P). Secondly, a claim for damages can only be granted if the …” „… infringement of the duty in full. With respect to the rather narrow scope of the CESL (P), it is hardly …” „… obligation. B. Context In the CESL (FS), a corresponding provision was in art 89 CESL (FS) – the first …”

Article 124 Means of payment S. 574-580

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the CESL (P …” „… . Position within the CESL (P) Art 124 is the first provision to specify the buyer’s main obligation to pay …” „… application Paragraphs 1–3 apply to all contracts governed by CESL (P), paragraph 4 only to B2C contracts. B …”

Article 7 Parties to the contract S. 90-94

„… chances that the CESL (P) will become a success. Article 7 Parties to the contract 1. The Common European …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A. Function Art 7 defines the personal scope of the CESL (P), ie the requirements both parties of …” „… the contract have to meet in order to qualify for using the CESL (P) as the regime applicable to their …”

Article 94 Method of delivery S. 482-487

„… delivery is one of the main obligations of the seller. However, the CESL (P) does not make a full use of …” „… main objective of the actual application of the CESL (P); therefore the provision begins with the B2C …” „… ]). The last category encompasses all remaining categories of the sales contracts covered by the CESL (P …”

Article 51 Unfair exploitation S. 313-321

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… , immorality (or ‘cause illicite’ or ‘Sittenwidrigkeit’). By contrast, the CESL (P) does not provide for a …” „… fully developed set of rules in these areas; the CESL (P) reserves matters of illegality or immorality …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… . Since the definition of ‘loss’ (art 2[c] RegCESL [P]) extends to economic and non-economic losses, there …” „… absent from the CESL (P). Following art 110(3)(b), the debtor cannot require performance of the …” „… of the CESL (P) (cf introduction to arts 40–47 no 3). This principle is not only relaxed by the …”

Article 34 Acceptance S. 229-231

„… Explanatory Memorandum CESL (P), p 8. 1 RegCESL (P), recital 27. Article 34 Common European Sales Law (P) 192 …” „… the end of x, we assume that you accept our offer’) is without any effect.6 The CESL (P) contains …” „… to the DCFR and the CESL (FS) (art 39 CESL [FS]), the CESL (P) does not contain a mandatory rule on …”

Article 35 Time of conclusion of the contract S. 231-233

„… IV. Unsolicited goods or services Contrary to the DCFR and the CESL (FS) (art 39 CESL [FS]), the …” „… CESL (P) does not contain a mandatory rule on unsolicited goods or services supplied by B2C. Arts 5(5 …” „… formation under the DCFR,9 under the CESL (FS)10 and also under the CESL (P). Mere silence does not …”

Article 180 Commencement S. 764-767

„… prescription periods, the period of two years in CESL (P) is indeed short.9 In cases concerning damages for …” „… period under CESL (P) (two years) and the short period under the Product Liability Directive (three years …” „… possible for the creditor to pursue a claim for damages both against the seller, based on CESL (P), and …”

Article 127 Payment by a third party S. 589-595

„… the fact that many more relevant provisions were not included in order to reduce the size of the CESL …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… third party without the buyer’s consent. II. Position within CESL (P) Art 92 contains the corresponding …”

Article 172 Restitution on avoidance or termination S. 716-728

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Position within the CESL (P …” „… a contract under the CESL (P). It sets out that in these cases, each party has an obligation to …” „… exception to the latter rule. III. Position within the CESL (P) In general Art 172 is part of Chapter 17 on …”

Article 69 Contract terms derived from certain pre-contractual statements S. 374-380

„… identifying the content of implied terms is modelled on the comparable lists of the precursors to the CESL. It …” „… CESL – can only be a trader. Pre-contractual statements made by the buyer or customer are not covered …” „… suppliers, art 69 CESL has only adopted the more specific paragraphs 2 and 3 of art 6:101 PECL ‘Statements …”

Article 87 Non-performance and fundamental non-performance S. 433-445

„… prevent the right to terminate the contract. 1 Cf on the origins and common features between CESL (P …” „… , the CISG applies only in B2B contracts whereas the scope of application of the CESL (P) is broader …” „… sense of the CISG to the CESL (P). On the meaning of this term, cf also von Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR, Full …”

Article 66 Contract terms Kieninger S. 364-366

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 A. Function Art 66 provides a basic rule, applicable to all contracts under the CESL. Its aim is …” „… apart from the CESL (P), only the DCFR addresses explicitly the issue of what constitutes contractual …” „… interpreted are. It is to be appreciated that the CESL (P) follows the DCFR’s example in this regard, first …”

Article 90 Extended application of rules on payment and on goods or digital content not accepted S. 463-469

„… performance of the obligations covered by CESL (P) to the obligations that do not arise directly from the …” „… CESL (P) to the performance and infringement of all obligations having its source in CESL (P …” „… law’. It would mean a quite far-reaching limitation of the scope of application of the CESL (P). This …”

Article 67 Usages and practices in contracts between traders S. 366-371

„… 67(3) that usages and practices which deviate from non-mandatory rules of the CESL should take …” „… juridical acts, a rule necessarily absent from the contracts-only CESL. The DCFR and PECL rules do not …” „… is a welcome addition in the CESL (P). A rule on usages and practices as part of a contract can also …”

Article 159 Right to damages S. 672-676

„… damages for breach of contract in the CESL (P) is therefore a significant improvement in comparison with …” „… the existing EU contract law. ‘Damages’ refers to pecuniary compensation for loss (art 2[g] RegCESL [P …” „… cannot claim damages. The CESL (P) does not provide for so-called nominal damages (the symbolic award of …”

Article 128 Imputation of payment S. 595-602

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… different debts, different rates of interest may be due in case of delay.1 II. Position within CESL (P) This …” „… of contracts governed by the CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources This article is based on the similar …”

Article 139 Loss of right to terminate S. 635-639

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… a very wide exception in paragraph 3. II. Position within CESL (P) Art 139 is the final of six …” „… Chapter 13. III. Scope of application Art 139 applies to all contracts governed by CESL (P). B. Context I …”

Article 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services S. 195-200

„… application of the CESL in B2B contracts only covers contracts made with SMEs, though Member States can extend …” „… regime of the CESL (P). It could therefore be inferred from art 23, read in conjunction with art 2, that …” „… faith and fair dealing’ in art 2(b) RegCESL (P) (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 5). 1 Beale/Howells …”

Article 78 Contract terms in favour of third parties S. 408-413

„… avoid additional transactions.1 However, in practice, the scope of application of the CESL rules may be …” „… abandoned in art 76(2) CESL (FS) and in art 78(3) CESL (P). The CESL (P) now simply refers to the agreement …” „… as art 78(4) and (5) CESL (P). In addition, art II.–9:303 DCFR regulates that the possibilities of a …”

Article 80 Exclusions from unfairness test S. 415-417

„… European Sales Law (P) 378 Mazeaud/Sauphanor-Brouillaud 6 7 8 1 CESL (P) if the parties have not made an …” „… albeit with slightly different wording. However, in contrast the CESL (P) limits derogation from the …” „… unfairness test only to CESL (P) provisions that would be applicable if the contract terms did not regulate …”

Article 38 Modified acceptance S. 237-241

„… the CESL (P). There does not seem to be any objection to accept that the offeror may also have been …” „… informed by other means. III. New offer The CESL (P) does not automatically treat a late acceptance as a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A. Function Under the CESL (P) a reply by the offeree does not have to match the terms of the …”

Article 15 Review S. 119-120

„… innovative, taking an approach that has not been taken before. This is certainly the case with the CESL (P …” „… the CESL (P), in particular on the level of its acceptance, the extent to which its provisions have …” „… protection between the CESL (P) and national law. The information shall include a comprehensive overview of …”

Article 32 Revocation of offer S. 225-228

„… Commercial Practices Directive and the DCFR rule was preferable to the CESL (P) rule. The CESL (P) rule does …” „… Terryn 1 CESL (P) has a different meaning (cf no 2): when a contractual party is granted a right of …” „… withdrawal under the CESL (P), this will not only allow the party to withdraw an ineffective offer but also …”

Article 54 Effects of avoidance S. 327-330

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… of the CESL (P) Art 54 is applicable only if, firstly, a party has exercised an avoidance right under …” „… consent and stated in arts 48–51. Art 54 directly addresses contracts; in the CESL (P), there is no …”

Article 178 Rights subject to prescription S. 759-762

„… obligation under CESL (P) ceases after a certain period of time according to the conditions laid down in the …” „… underlying the prescription rules of CESL (P) is the same as is known from national and international rules …” „… agreements on prescription, art 186. B. Context Art 178 is identical with art 181 CESL (FS), but for the word …”

Article 70 Duty to raise awareness of not individually negotiated contract terms S. 380-385

„… sors of the CESL (ie art 6:101[1] PECL and art II.–9:102[1] DCFR) is certainly a deliberate …” „… where it is positioned within the overall framework of the CESL (P) and how it interacts with other …” „… CESL (FS) (‘if one of the parties to a contract is a business’), overcompensating in its condensation …”

Article 16 Entry into force and application S. 120-122

„… , with information relating to the application of the CESL (P), in particular on the level of its …” „… concerning differences in the level of consumer protection between the CESL (P) and national law. The …” „… provisions of the CESL (P). Given the fact that the Commission intends to establish a comprehensive database …”

Article 134 Termination for fundamental non-performance S. 623-625

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… fundamentally failed to perform its own obligations. II. Position within CESL (P) Art 134 is the first of six …” „… . Scope of application Art 134 applies to all contracts which are governed by CESL (P). B. Context I …”

Article 25 Additional requirements in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 203-207

„… that the article is only applicable to consumer contracts (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 31). If the …” „… , but that this could not be the case given the definition of ‘distance contract’ in art 2(p) RegCESL (P …” „… ) that limits it to consumer contracts (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 31). In contrast, paragraphs 1 and 2 of …”

Article 13 Duty to provide information when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 164-171

„… concerned one has to bear in mind that the Consumer Rights Directive and the CESL (P) are not the same form …” „… ’, ‘distance contract’ and ‘off-premises contract’ contained under art 2 RegCESL (P) (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] nos …” „… 2, 17, 22, 23, 26, 30–36 and 37–44). The subject matter of the contract is fixed by art 5 RegCESL (P …”

Article 123 Main obligations of the buyer Dannemann S. 570-574

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the CESL (P …” „… buyer’s obligations Article 123 Dannemann 533 1 II. Position within the CESL (P) Art 123 heads Chapter 12 …” „… . Scope of application Art 123 applies to all contracts which are governed by the CESL (P). B. Context I …”

Article 185 Effects of prescription S. 775-777

„… the maximum limitation rule of ten years does not begin to run again This is in line with the CESL (P …” „… same as art 188(1), (3) and (4) CESL (FS). Rules similar to art 185 are also found in the DCFR,1 PECL2 …” „… court or during legal proceedings. As procedural matters are outside the scope of RegCESL (P) (cf art …”

Article 135 Termination for delay after notice fixing additional time for performance S. 625-628

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… . II. Position within CESL (P) Art 135 is the second of six provisions within Section 4 on ‘termination …” „… 135 generally applies to all contracts governed by CESL (P), paragraph 2 sentence 2 is limited to …”

Article 14 Communication of judgments applying this Regulation S. 118-119

„… from claims under the CESL (P) will primarily be raised and resolved in Member State courts and only …” „… CESL (P) across the EU, the Commission anticipates creating a central database of national decisions …” „… and decisions of the CJEU, as stated in recital 34 RegCESL (P). Art 14 is designed to provide the …”

Article 161 Foreseeability of loss S. 682-684

„… treated separately from the question of whether such loss is recognised. The CESL (P) needs a more …” „… or loss of enjoyment as a consequence of a breach of a (sales) contract, their exclusion in the CESL …” „… to the attractiveness of the CESL (P). Article 161 Foreseeability of loss The debtor is liable only …”

Article 11 Computation of time S. 154-157

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. Not applicable to RegCESL (P …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A. Function The CESL (P) contains many provisions governing time limits for various purposes …” „… . Moreover, parties making use of the CESL (P) may stipulate a particular deadline in their contract. For …”

Article 46 Ancillary contracts S. 284-288

„… , the different scopes of application of the Consumer Rights Directive and CESL (P) as well as their …” „… is – as a general concept – broad in scope.4 Where the CESL (P) is concerned, it is therefore …” „… acquisition of goods, digital content or related services (as defined in art 2[h],[j] and [m] RegCESL [P …”

Article 147 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts Zoll/Watson S. 653-655

„… obligations and remedies of the parties to a related service contract (cf art 2[m] RegCESL[P]).1 As can be …” „… , unless there are express exceptions.2 Generally, the CESL (P) governs related services as only an …” „… contract,3 it is indeed only a part of the contract of sales. According to art 2(m) RegCESL (P) only these …”

Article 68 Contract terms which may be implied S. 371-374

„… The limitation to traders, which was newly introduced in the CESL (P) as opposed to the DCFR and …” „… the CESL (FS), is a welcome development in view of the fact that usages and practices will mostly be …” „… relevant piece of legislation.1 However, since the CESL only covers types of contracts which are …”

Article 101 Incorrect installation under a consumer sales contract S. 513-516

„… , as defined in art 5(b) RegCESL (P). It could be also a unilaterally gratuitous contract, or a …” „… related service (art 2[m] RegCESL [P]). The mixed contracts with the sales-and-installation component will …” „… if the CESL (P) will not apply to the installation, while the parties of the contract of sales have …”

Article 133 Right to withhold performance S. 619-623

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… in accordance with the contract. II. Position within CESL (P) Art 133 is the only provision within …” „… performance. III. Scope of application Art 133 applies to all contracts which are governed by CESL (P). B …”

Article 1 Objective and subject matter S. 38-50

„… Annex I, which is called ‘the Common European Sales Law’ (CESL [P]). It is very common for European …” „… RegCESL (P) has been founded.1 Art 1 stresses the overall aim of the instrument to improve the functioning …” „… of the RegCESL (P) is to improve the conditions for the establishment and the functioning of the …”

Article 173 Payment for monetary value S. 728-741

„… In sum, it would be advisable to restore the condition of reciprocity that was present in the CESL …” „… of the ground for avoidance or termination, the other 37 Cf CESL (FS), p 6. Restitution Article 173 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Position within the CESL (P …”

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… . Position within the system of the CESL (P) The definition of the term ‘fraudulent’ includes that a party’s …” „… pre-contractual information duties. Such pre-contractual information duties are stated in art 9 RegCESL (P) and …”

Article 186 Agreements concerning prescription S. 777-780

„… . Context Art 186(1), (2), (3) and (5) are virtually identical with art 189 CESL (FS). The DCFR1 and PECL2 …” „… (freedom of contract) and art 8(3) RegCESL (P). According to art 8(3) RegCESL (P), in relations between a …” „… trader and a consumer the CESL may not be chosen partially, but only in its entirety. Art 8(3) RegCESL (P …”

Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage S. 657-659

„… itself, but covers any damage (not defined in the CESL [P]) or other loss (as defined in art 2[c] RegCESL …” „… has been placed in the structure of the CESL (P) inadequate to its scope of application. It is evident …” „… determining the scope of application of the CESL (P), since this question could be covered also by the …”

Article 177 Mandatory nature S. 756-759

„… . B. Context The provision was not present in the CESL (FS). It also has no precursor in uniform law …” „… ’ in art 2(l) RegCESL (P). The provision does not specify the role in which the trader and the consumer …” „… must act. However, it follows from the restricted scope of application of the CESL (P) that the trader …”

Article 76 Language S. 402-404

„… CISG and the UNIDROIT PICC. The CESL (FS) contained this rule in its art 73. C. Explanation I. Language …” „… contract itself. The question of the contract’s language as such has deliberately been left out of the CESL …” „… RegCESL (P), recital 27. Contents and effects Article 76 Kieninger 365 1 2 3 question is governed by …”

Article 83 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 419-423

„… terms, as well art 2(b) RegCESL (P) and art 2 CESL (P), which define and stipulate the principle of good …” „… article. Additionally, art 9 RegCESL (P) and the standard information notice in CESL Annex II (P) have to …” „… good faith and fair dealing given in art 2[b] RegCESL [P]).2 1 As proposed by the Acquis Group, cf …”

Article 110 Requiring performance of seller’s obligations S. 540-544

„… CESL (P) attempts to use a compromise solution reflecting different legal traditions, which contradict …” „… the CJEU. The CESL (P) provides in art 110 also a solution that, in the light of this case law, is …” „… below the standard of the Consumer Sales Directive, although the solution of the CESL (P) seems to be …”

Article 17 Information about rights of withdrawal when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 179-182

„… legal guarantee of conformity;5 and the CESL (FS) May draft had required information be included on the …” „… existence of the consumer’s rights in respect of nonconformity,6 although this was removed in the CESL (FS …” „… ) August draft. No such rule is found in the CESL. It would be better if there were such a provision. The …”

Article 65 Interpretation against supplier of a contract term S. 360-364

„… consumer. In the light of the CESL (P)’s general policy to provide a high level of consumer protection and …” „… 65 was chosen by the Expert Group at a point in time when it was still unclear whether the CESL (P …” „… person who is neither a trader nor a consumer. As the CESL (P) stands today, art 65 applies only to …”

Article 88 Excused non-performance S. 445-452

„… does not allow resorting to the other remedies for non-performance.2 It is the principle of the CESL (P …” „… obligations it introduces quite serious uncertainty. It is a general impression of the CESL (P) that the …” „… assumption that, in the majority of contracts covered by the CESL (P), the client will pay in advance. To be …”

Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms Mazeaud/Sauphanor-Brouillaud S. 142-145

„… the ‘matters addressed in these rules [ie the CESL (P)]’ under art 11 RegCESL (P); thus CESL (P) does …” „… particular because the predecessors of the CESL (P) contained this rule, it may have a residual function in …” „… are excluded by the CESL (P). Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms 1. A contract term …”

Article 140 Effect of passing of risk S. 639-640

„… passing of risk with respect to the obligation to pay the price. As features in other chapters in the CESL …” „… the sale of goods or supply of digital content governed by the CESL (P). Art 140 governs the so-called …” „… Sections 2 and 3, respectively. Although loss is defined in art 2(c) RegCESL (P), ‘loss’ in the sense of …”

Article 125 Place of payment S. 580-584

„… allows them to claim back the excessive charge. The CESL (P) provisions on restitution (Chapter 17) do …” „… outside the scope of CESL (P) and is thus governed by domestic law (art 11 no 9). Alternatively, giving an …” „… of the CESL (P), leading to an analogous application of the provisions of Chapter 17. A potential …”

Article 175 Compensation for expenditure S. 747-751

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Position within the CESL (P …” „… . III. Position within the CESL (P) Art 175 supplements arts 172 and 173. The relationship to a claim …” „… not a condition for the expenditure claim. For the relationship with the rest of the CESL (P) cf art …”

Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received S. 741-747

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Position within the CESL (P …” „… party against claims for payment for use or interest. III. Position within the CESL (P) Art 174 imposes …” „… explicitly excluded in this case.1 No such provision exists in the CESL (P). 1 Cf art III.–3:513(1) DCFR …”

Article 102 Third party rights or claims S. 516-523

„… (art 2[k] RegCESL [P]). The construction of art 104 assumes the modification of the content of the …” „… CESL (P) could not apply. For the same reason, art 99(2) and (3) cannot apply to this particular …” „… application of the CESL (P). The CESL (P) aims at no differentiation among different kinds of non-performance …”

Article 132 Requiring performance of buyer’s obligations S. 614-619

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… within CESL (P) Art 132 is the only provision within Section 2 on ‘requiring performance’, this being the …” „… contracts which are governed by CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources Art 132 is rather similar to art III.–3:301 …”

Article 92 Performance by a third party S. 473-477

„… the CESL (P) to digital content has been processed by simply adding provisions on digital content to …” „… the rules on sale, without modifying the structure of the first version of the CESL (FS). In general …” „… of contracts that fall under the scope of application of the CESL (P). Duty to deliver documents …”

Article 148 Obligation to achieve result and obligation of care and skill S. 655-657

„… convincing from the point of view of the typical possible service contracts covered by art 2(m) RegCESL (P …” „… structure of the CESL (P) should be reconsidered. These are the rules that have more general relevance than …” „… strict liability, provided by the CESL (P) as the principle. The obligation to achieve result and …”

Article 131 Overview of seller’s remedies Dannemann S. 611-614

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… 131 Common European Sales Law (P) 574 Dannemann 1 II. Position within CESL (P) Art 131 heads Chapter …” „… to all contracts which are governed by CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources Art 131(1)–(3) are similar to …”

Article 146 Goods sold in transit S. 650-653

„… specific obligations and remedies of the parties to a related service contract (cf art 2[m] RegCESL[P]).1 …” „… 2C contracts, unless there are express exceptions.2 Generally, the CESL (P) governs related services …” „… ) RegCESL (P) only these contracts are covered which are concluded at the time of the conclusion of the …”

Article 107 Limitation of remedies for digital content not supplied in exchange for a price S. 529-531

„… 131[4] – art 131 no 12).6 In some cases the CESL (P) provides that, under certain circumstances, only a …” „… definition of the contract for the supply of the digital content, as contained in art 5(b) RegCESL (P) is …” „… provisions of the CESL (P) governing the contract of sales apply to all of these contracts. In the case of …”

Article 55 Damages for loss S. 330-334

„… provisions of the CESL (P) or of applicable national law may apply as background law, provided they regulate …” „… CESL (P) or in the applicable national law. Typical cases for a partial avoidance include cases where a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …”

Article 176 Equitable modification S. 751-756

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Position within the CESL (P …” „… modified where they would otherwise be ‘grossly inequitable’. III. Position within the CESL (P) Art 176 …” „… sits strangely within the CESL (P). None of the other chapters is subject to equitable modification …”

Article 181 Suspension in case of judicial and other proceedings S. 767-771

„… content of art 181 is the same as art 184 CESL (FS). The DCFR2 also contains rules on suspension of the …” „… were judgments are found in the DCFR10 and PECL,11 but not in the CESL (P), CESL (FS), UNIDROIT PICC or …” „… the absence of other rules in CESL (P) concerning the question of when proceedings begin and when a …”

Abbreviations S. 20-28

„… Vorabend eines GEK: Faber, Wolfgang, ‘Dienstleistungsverträge (Teil V CESL-Entwurf)’, in Wendehorst …” „… ); Codice Civile (Italy); Código Civil (Spain) CESL Common European Sales Law CESL Annex II (P) Annex II of …” „… Law, COM(2011) 635 final CESL (FS) Feasibility Study carried out by the Expert Group on European …”

Article 99 Conformity with the contract S. 500-508

„… different models in the system. Arts 99 et seq also clarify that despite of the fact that the CESL (P …” „… qualify certain cases of non-performance, because the CESL (P) links particular consequences to them …” „… assuming the conclusion of the contract under the CESL (P) by taking the additional goods or digital …”

Article 16 Information about the contract terms S. 176-179

„… (infra no 11).4 The CESL (P) covers both offpremises and distance contracts and whilst not requiring any …” „… be a reminder of the existence of the legal guarantee of conformity;5 and the CESL (FS) May draft had …” „… although this was removed in the CESL (FS) August draft. No such rule is found in the CESL. It would be …”

Article 111 Consumer’s choice between repair and replacement S. 544-548

„… performance exceed the value of the goods or digital content such disproportionality may be assumed. The CESL …” „… the entitlement of the seller to cure, which is not the case under the CESL (P), the position of the …” „… with the contract. Therefore, for B2C contracts the CESL (P) follows the pattern of the Consumer Sales …”

Article 130 Early delivery and delivery of wrong quantity S. 605-611

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… in exchange for an additional pro rata payment. II. Position within CESL (P) Art 130 is the second …” „… . Scope of application Art 130(1)–(4) and (6) apply to all contracts governed by the CESL (P), with the …”

Bibliography S. 28-34

„… Vorabend eines GEK: Faber, Wolfgang, ‘Dienstleistungsverträge (Teil V CESL-Entwurf)’, in Wendehorst …” „… CESL-Entwurf)’, in Wendehorst, Christiane/Zöchling-Jud, Brigitta (eds), Am Vorabend eines Gemeinsamen …” „… eines GEK: Schauer, Martin, ‘Einleitende Bestimmungen (Teil I CESL-Entwurf)’, in Wendehorst …”

Article 72 Merger clauses S. 388-391

„… systematically into the chapter on contract terms. But since, in the CESL, readability should prevail over …” „… communautaire and had to be inserted into the CESL as well. Article 72 Merger clauses 1. Where a contract in …” „… clauses was taken directly from art 68 CESL (FS), with the addition of paragraph 4. C. Explanation I …”

Article 95 Time of delivery S. 487-490

„… non-mandatory, even in B2C contracts. However, the CESL (P) provides quite strict timeframes for this freedom …” „… performance arise directly from the scope of application of the envisaged CESL (P), but affect also the time …” „… . According to art 6(2) RegCESL (P), a B2C contract granting to the consumer a credit in a form of the …”

Article 106 Overview of buyer’s remedies S. 527-529

„… claiming damages (art 106[1]). The CESL (P) repeats the traditional set of remedies, which are well-known …” „… from the obligation, but as the one of remedies (art 106[1][a]). Although the CESL (P) belongs to the …” „… distinction is made with respect to the seller’s remedies, cf art 131 no 9). Although the CESL (P) refers to …”

Article 41 Exercise of right to withdraw S. 260-265

„… reason that art 3(4) Dir No 2011/83/EU has a narrower scope than the CESL (P): according to this …” „… also be considered for the CESL (P): the right of withdrawal is inapplicable only in lowvalue contracts …” „… other unequivocal statement. The model withdrawal form is set out in Appendix 2 to the CESL (P) (infra p …”

Article 33 Rejection of offer S. 228-229

„… IV. Consequence of the revocation of an irrevocable offer As under the CISG, the CESL (P) provision …” „… remedies for non-performance under the CESL (P). Article 33 Rejection of offer When a rejection of an offer …” „… Explanatory Memorandum CESL (P), p 8. 1 RegCESL (P), recital 27. Article 34 Common European Sales Law (P) 192 …”

Article 50 Threats S. 309-313

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… . II. Position within the system of the CESL (P) Art 50 provides for an avoidance right; the exercise …” „… that, according to recital 27 of RegCESL (P), the Proposal does not include a rule on illegality, and …”

Article 73 Determination of price S. 391-395

„… merger clauses only if individually negotiated – seems to be preferable. The rule in the CESL goes too …” „… situations contemplated in the DCFR and the PECL, the omission of this rule in the CESL may be welcomed as a …” „… all codifications serving as models for the CESL (P). A very short rule is provided by art 6:104 PECL …”

Article 77 Contracts of indeterminate duration S. 404-408

„… Although recital 27 of RegCESL (P) leaves the determination of the language of the contract to the …” „… contract language questions in the CESL is needed.8 This should distribute the burden by reflecting both …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 RegCESL (P), recital 27. 8 Cf English and Scottish Law Commission, An Optional Common European …”

Article 96 Seller’s obligations regarding carriage of the goods S. 490-494

„… the already mentioned question of the scope of application of the CESL (P) (cf art 93 no 14). A mixed …” „… ) is, according to the language of art 6(1) RegCESL (P) in connection with art 2(m)(i) RegCESL (P …” „… necessary to clarify this question explicitly for the final version of the CESL (P). It may, however, be …”

Article 52 Notice of avoidance S. 321-324

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… appropriate. II. Position within the system of the CESL (P) The requirements for avoidance rights are stated …” „… ‘reasonable time’, art 52(2) states exact time limits because unlike the DCFR and PECL, the CESL (P) is meant …”

Article 53 Confirmation S. 324-327

„… (recital 27 of RegCESL [P]). It is therefore a matter of the applicable national law to decide who may …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P) and scope of application . . . 3 B. Context …” „… . Position within the system of the CESL (P) and scope of application Art 53 does not provide for a general …”

Article 75 Determination by a third party S. 399-402

„… closely modelled on art 72 CESL (FS). The latter’s two paragraphs are modified only slightly, in keeping …” „… in the CESL (P): art 75(3) lays down that arbitral tribunals are to be regarded as ‘courts …” „… CISG and the UNIDROIT PICC. The CESL (FS) contained this rule in its art 73. C. Explanation I. Language …”

Article 183 Postponement of expiry in case of incapacity S. 772-773

„… representative. B. Context Apart from minor linguistic alterations art 183 is identical with art 186 CESL (FS …” „… contrast, art 183 on incapacity is the only rule to this effect in CESL (P). Unlike art 183, which deals …” „… of other rules in CESL (P) concerning incapacity, therefore recourse to national law is necessary (cf …”

Article 56 Exclusion or restriction of remedies S. 334-337

„… DCFR8 but not included into the CESL (P). However, they are a result of the underlying legal logic of …” „… completely restate art II.–7214 DCFR in this respect. If the CESL (P) is intended to deviate from the latter …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …”

Article 129 Taking delivery S. 602-605

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… the contract and objectified expectations. II. Position within CESL (P) The buyer’s failure to comply …” „… . Scope of application Art 129 applies to all contracts governed by the CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources …”

Article 137 Scope of right to terminate S. 630-633

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… 593 10 1 II. Position within CESL (P) Art 137 is the fourth of six provisions within Section 4 on …” „… contracts governed by CESL (P), but infra nos 7–11. B. Context I. Sources Art 137 is similar to art III …”

Introduction to arts 79–86 S. 413-414

„… contractual imbalances, whatever its legal or economic status.2 The scope of the CESL (P) includes both B2B …” „… , prevent, cure and mitigate the consequences of this problem, a variety of other legal regulations in CESL …” „… provided under the CESL (P) both for businesses and consumers. Regarding the application of rules on unfair …”

Article 14 Information about price and additional charges and costs S. 171-174

„… tional law until it is clear that the contract will be concluded on the basis of the CESL (P …” „… Rights Directive by saying they are only willing to contract on the basis of the CESL (P). This is …” „… in the CESL (P);2 with a separate provision on cost of means of communication.3 The CESL (P) does not …”

Article 24 Additional duties to provide information in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 200-203

„… the CESL (FS).2 The Consumer Rights Directive does not regulate these matters as the E-Commerce …” „… ), 3:201, 3:202(1) DCFR. 2 Art 26 CESL (FS) May draft; art 25 CESL (FS) August draft. Article 24 Common …” „… contracts in art 2(p) RegCESL (P) means Pre-contractual information Article 24 Howells/Watson 165 9 10 11 12 …”

Article 71 Additional payments in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 385-388

„… intention is the same. The rule was adopted from art 88 CESL (FS). However, while only minor textual changes …” „… terms’ section, in which it was placed in the CESL (FS), and inserted into the general ‘contents and …” „… the CESL limits its rules on restitution to cases of avoidance and termination, a separate rule had to …”

Article 136 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 628-630

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… . Position within CESL (P) Art 136 is the third of six provisions within Section 4 on ‘termination’, this …” „… contracts governed by CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources Art 136 is based on art III.–3:504 DCFR, which in turn …”

Article 109 Cure by the seller S. 532-540

„… improvement in the redaction of this provision is advisable. The CESL (P) follows the approach of the Consumer …” „… non-performance, in particular the termination of the contract and price reduction. The CESL (P) provides the …” „… there is another kind of non-performance, the CESL (P) provides other measures to protect the sus- 1 Cf …”

Introduction to arts 40–47 S. 246-247

„… respectively in art 2[p] and [q] RegCESL [P]) as well as – for the most part jointly regulating both contracts …” „… of the provisions in the CESL (P) on the right of withdrawal correspond – despite variations in …” „… CESL (P) (a corresponding intention also features with regard to the pre-contractual information duties …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… a contract for mistake should not be too easy. II. Position within the system of the CESL (P) The …” „… CESL does not include an explicit provision on statements of intent. The provisions on the conclusion …”

Article 9 Mixed-purpose contracts Schulte-Nölke S. 147-151

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 II. Elements of the mixed contract must fall within scope of CESL (P) . . . . . 5 III. All …” „… within scope of CESL (P) A contract falling under the present article must be a mixed contract that only …” „… contains elements falling in the scope of the RegCESL (P). This is ensured by art 6 RegCESL (P), which …”

Article 36 Time limit for acceptance S. 233-235

„… constitutes a counter-offer, which is governed by art 38. III. Revocation of an acceptance The CESL (P) – like …” „… into account. The CESL (P) only applies to sales contracts, contracts for the supply of digital content …” „… and related services contracts (art 5 RegCESL [P]). Offers relating to complex contracts (eg for the …”

Article 138 Notice of termination S. 633-635

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within CESL (P …” „… within CESL (P) Art 138 is the fifth of six provisions within Section 4 on ‘termination’, this being the …” „… application Art 138 applies to all contracts governed by CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources Art 138 is based on …”

Article 184 Renewal by acknowledgement S. 773-775

„… autonomously due to the absence of other rules in CESL (P) concerning incapacity, therefore recourse to …” „… national law is necessary (cf recital 27 of RegCESL [P]). Consequently, the question of legal capacity to …” „… period starts afresh. B. Context The content of art 184 is very close to art 187 CESL (FS) and to the …”

Article 19 Distance contracts: additional information and other requirements S. 185-189

„… and the consumer up until the point the contract is concluded (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] nos 30–36 …” „… conclusion of contract.3 Similar rules to art 19 were in the CESL (FS)4 and are also found in the Consumer …” „… .–3:106(4) DCFR. 4 Art 20 CESL (FS). 5 Art 8 Dir No 2011/83/EU. Article 19 Common European Sales Law (P) 150 …”

Article 167 Interest when the debtor is a consumer S. 698-704

„… agree on the compound method. In light of the fact that the CESL(P) opted to not transpose art III …” „… VI. Simple or compound interest? In the general provision, the CESL (P) does not provide an answer …” „… of the Late Payments Directive (simple interest) is also the approach of the CESL (P) to late …”

Article 47 Mandatory nature S. 288-291

„… the CESL (P) has not be chosen to govern the contract,7 the obligations of the parties in the event of …” „… [v] RegCESL [P] [cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 57]). The contract may therefore not eg stipulate that the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …”

Article 57 Choice of remedy S. 337-340

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the system of the CESL (P …” „… the CESL (P) Although art 57 is included in Chapter 5, its rule applies in relation to any remedies …” „… contrary to the position of the CESL (P), DCFR and PECL in cases of mistake. Under art 3.2.7 UNIDROIT PICC …”

Article 141 Identification of goods or digital content to contract S. 640-642

„… art 2(c) RegCESL (P), ‘loss’ in the sense of art 140 is to be given its literal meaning eg loss of the …” „… ], [j], [i] and [y] RegCESL [P]) are applicable as defined in art 2 RegCESL (P). According to art 140 …” „… performance must be evaluated outside of the CESL (P). In the case of digital content, the question of passing …”

Article 166 Interest on late payments S. 692-698

„… free to agree on the compound method. In light of the fact that the CESL(P) opted to not transpose art …” „… same kind of goods in comparable circumstances at the place of delivery. The CESL (P) – unlike the CISG …” „… payment. 2 MüKo-BGB/Ernst, § 288, no 4. 3 The CESL (P) does not contain special rules on contractual …”

Article 63 Preference for interpretation which gives contract terms effect S. 354-357

„… DCFR. Art 63 must be seen also in the context of recital 32 of RegCESL (P) according to which the CESL …” „… advisable to clarify this in recital 32 of RegCESL (P) or otherwise. 2. 3. 2 Cf von Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 A. Function Art 64 flags out the general policy of the CESL (P) to afford the consumer a …”

Article 81 Mandatory nature S. 417-418

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Function According to art 81, provisions of the CESL (P) on unfair contract terms are of …” „… contrast to other provisions in the CESL (P) on mandatory nature (in particular in B2C contracts), art 81 …” „… recipient of the contract terms (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 57; art 1 nos 7, 8). B. Context The mandatory …”

Article 28 Duty to ensure that information supplied is correct S. 209-212

„… the CESL (P), namely that a contract may be avoided on grounds of mistake if particular pre-conditions …” „… included in the CESL (FS).3 This is the first time it has been given explicit expression in private law at …” „… CESL (FS) May draft; art 29 CESL (FS) August draft. 4 Art II.–7:204 DCFR. Pre-contractual information …”

Article 64 Interpretation in favour of consumers S. 357-360

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 A. Function Art 64 flags out the general policy of the CESL (P) to afford the consumer a …” „… contracts between a trader and a consumer within the definitions given in art 2(e) and (f) RegCESL (P …” „… the general principles underlying the CESL (P): a trader who had a concrete possibility of influencing …”

Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders S. 566-570

„… to which the CESL (P) is addressed. If B2B transactions enlarge the scope of application of the CESL …” „… primary target of the CESL (P), then paragraph 3 seems to be oversophisticated, although the rule as such …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Position within the CESL (P …”

Article 182 Postponement of expiry in the case of negotiations S. 771-772

„… on-going negotiations. B. Context Art 182 is identical with art 185 CESL (FS). Rules to the same effect …” „… representative. B. Context Apart from minor linguistic alterations art 183 is identical with art 186 CESL (FS …” „… contrast, art 183 on incapacity is the only rule to this effect in CESL (P). Unlike art 183, which deals …”

Article 157 Remedies of the service provider S. 669-670

„… [m] RegCESL [P]) between traders (art 2[e] RegCESL [P]). The first part of Paragraph 1 concerns the …” „… , p 269. Article 157 Common European Sales Law (P) 632 Zoll/Watson 3 4 5 6 1 The structure of the CESL …”

Article 18 Off-premises contracts: additional information requirements and confirmation S. 182-185

„… another particular form. Rules similar to paragraph 1 had been included in the CESL (FS)1 and the Consumer …” „… Rights Directive2 includes the same rules as found in the CESL (P). C. Explanation There are two ways in …” „… requirement to provide a copy of the contract as signed by 1 Art 19 CESL (FS). 2 Art 7(2) Dir No 2011/83/EU. 3 …”

Article 121 Examination of the goods in contracts between traders S. 565-566

„… CESL (P) is addressed. If B2B transactions enlarge the scope of application of the CESL (P) mainly for …” „… CESL (P), then paragraph 3 seems to be oversophisticated, although the rule as such is reasonable …”

Article 45 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal S. 278-284

„… corresponding article in the CESL (P) with regard to the linguistic and structural aspects of the rules. In …” „… wording of the provision and the definition of goods in art 2(h) RegCESL (P) (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 21 …” „… off-premises contracts due to the psychological pressure of the situation. Nonetheless, the CESL (P) does not …”

Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice S. 659-661

„… structuring of the provisions in the CESL (P). Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice Where a separate …” „… the CESL (P), eg ‘clear and comprehensible’ (cf art 13[1]). Whether there is a distinction between the …” „… the CESL (P) as well as legal certainty for the service provider would be ensured by clarification of …”

Article 43 Effects of withdrawal S. 269-273

„… the CESL (P) is applied than when national law governs the contract. Where the CESL (P) is concerned …” „… . However, both parts of the CESL (P) are concerned with the same or similar subject-matters such as the …” „… , be seen within its position in the CESL (P): as the rules are contained within a separate ‘Part VII …”

Article 74 Unilateral determination by a party S. 395-399

„… determination is naturally invalid as it is against good faith and fair dealing. As in the CESL (P), this is not …” „… unreasonable price; the norm is mandatory. Art 74 presents the same rule as art 71 CESL (FS), with only slight …” „… , in the CESL (P), the norm’s mandatory nature has been expressly included in paragraph 2. Art 74 must …”

Article 12 Unilateral statements or conduct S. 157-162

„… , not the last. The CESL (P) does not contain such retroactively-calculated periods. Therefore, the …” „… criticised. The CESL (P) now calls these acts ‘unilateral statements indicating intention’ the inspiration …” „… interpretation of contracts (Chapter 6). Although slightly illogical with regard to the structure of the CESL (P …”

Article 15 Information about the identity and address of the trader S. 174-176

„… outside the scope of the CESL (cf art 5 RegCESL [P]). The moot question is which broader range of …” „… the trader. One should remember that under art 2(m) RegCESL (P), a ‘related service’ has to be …”

Article 86 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between traders S. 430-433

„… the CESL (P), eg terms restricting liability for death or personal injury (art 84[a]), terms …” „… the comment to art 83 (art 83 nos 9–11), the CESL (P) provides different standards of control for B2C …” „… . Accordingly, it has been argued that the drafters of CESL (P) have not followed this simple and realistic …”

Article 59 Relevant matters S. 344-349

„… item. Art 59 CESL (P) now even splits them up and puts the usages, accompanied by a new specification …” „… Others [2011] AC 662; for an economic perspective on the interpretation rules in the CESL (FS), cf Hardy …” „… on art 6/2 in the preliminary version of the CESL (FS), available at ec.europa.eu/ justice …”

Article 152 Obligation to warn of unexpected or uneconomic cost S. 661-664

„… the multitude of various formal requirements contained within the CESL (P), eg ‘clear and …” „… wording of the article, internal consistency of the provisions in the CESL (P) as well as legal certainty …” „… regarding the warning or the consent. In contrast to other situations in the CESL (P) where the consent has …”

Article 58 General rules on interpretation of contracts Wendehorst S. 340-344

„… contract.3 1 The CESL (P) does not include a ‘plain meaning rule’ (‘literal rule’, ‘acte clair-rule’), ie a …” „… not of unilateral statements and other conduct. Under the CESL (P), interpretation of unilateral …” „… contract.11 This rule was not adopted by the CESL (P), and rightly so, because it is superfluous and …”

Article 21 Burden of proof S. 193-194

„… reversal of proof vis-à-vis pre-contractual information duties in contracts covered by the CESL (P) stems …” „… the Consumer Rights Directive, the CESL (P) extends the reversal of the 10 Cf Art 5(1)(b) Dir No …”

Article 42 Withdrawal period S. 265-269

„… right of withdrawal. However, as in the Consumer Rights Directive, the CESL (P) extends beyond this …” „… computation of time (art 11) are to be observed. In determining the end of the withdrawal period the CESL (P)3 …” „… reimbursement due to withdrawal.4 1. 3 In accordance with art 9(2) Dir No 2011/83/EU. 4 Art 42 (2)(a) CESL (P …”

Article 170 Unfair contract terms relating to interest for late payment S. 711-715

„… favourable to the creditor than the model set by the CESL (P) (ie payment in 60 days, an interest rate that …” „… . Criticism In setting the presumption, the CESL (P) follows the approach of the Late Payments Directive (Dir …” „… reason for the CESL (P) to be stricter than the Directive in protecting the debtor, in particular with …”

Article 156 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in related service contracts between traders S. 668-669

„… service contracts (art 2[m] RegCESL [P]) between traders (art 2[e] RegCESL [P]). The first part of …”

Article 108 Mandatory nature S. 531-532

„… available remedies of the CESL (P). This limitation only to the lack of conformity is too narrow. This same …” „… improvement in the redaction of this provision is advisable. The CESL (P) follows the approach of the Consumer …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… Schulze (ed.) C.H. Beck . Hart . Nomos Common European Sales Law (CESL) – Commentary – Schulze …” „… (ed.) Common European Sales Law (CESL) BUT_Schulze_7205-9.indd 1 27.07.12 11:14 BUT_Schulze_7205-9 …” „… .indd 2 27.07.12 11:14 Common European Sales Law (CESL) - Commentary edited by Reiner Schulze C.H …”

Article 37 Late acceptance S. 235-237

„… CESL (P). There does not seem to be any objection to accept that the offeror may also have been …” „… informed by other means. III. New offer The CESL (P) does not automatically treat a late acceptance as a …”

Article 162 Loss attributable to creditor S. 684-686

„… foreseen the loss with higher probability than ‘likeliness’. Furthermore, according to the CESL (P …” „… ‘likeliness’, it is hardly imaginable that the CESL (P) would demand the positive ‘certainty’ of the debtor …”

Article 44 Obligations of the trader in the event of withdrawal S. 273-278

„… including this obligation in the CESL [P] under the obligations of the trader). C. Explanation I. Obligation …” „… no 11) despite the application of general provisions from other parts of the CESL (P) (eg art 176 or …” „… the CESL (P) which come into consideration are primarily drafted specifically for sales contracts …”

Article 100 Criteria for conformity of the goods and digital content S. 508-513

„… of application of the CESL (P) will be rather exceptional. The parties are free to agree on enhanced …” „… more example of consumer friendly ruling of the CESL (P) with some exclusions in art 99; cf also …” „… digital content is a vast category, as defined in art 5(b) RegCESL (P). It could be also a unilaterally …”

Article 105 Relevant time for establishing conformity S. 524-527

„… consumer sales contracts. This part of the CESL (P) it is a sales part, which only through references may …” „… contracts governed by the CESL (P), unless it is clearly governed by particular rules. The formula ‘consumer …”

Article 10 Notice S. 151-154

„… intention’ in art 12. In particular with regard to the giving of information, other articles of the CESL (P …” „… . Receipt outside usual business hours For the sake of clarity and simplicity, the CESL (P) does not limit …”

Article 168 Rate of interest and accrual S. 704-708

„… request for payment is not defined by the CESL (P). A written form is not required; however, its content …” „… 168(4) CESL (P) define the beginning of the 60-day period. It is suggested that the same mechanism as …”

Article 150 Performance by a third party S. 659

„… structuring of the provisions in the CESL (P). Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice Where a separate …”

Article 171 Mandatory nature S. 715-716

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Position within the CESL (P …”

Article 153 Payment of the price S. 664-665

„… obligations covered by the CESL (P) (eg the parties have agreed on delivery of the goods to the premises of …”

Article 154 Provision of access S. 665-666

„… obligations covered by the CESL (P) (eg the parties have agreed on delivery of the goods to the premises of …”

Article 165 Current price S. 691-692

„… circumstances at the place of delivery. The CESL (P) – unlike the CISG and the UNIDROIT PICC – does not define …”

Article 79 Effects of unfair contract terms S. 414-415

„… extend to the CESL (P). Art 79 repeats the rule developed in art 6:306 ACQP and approved by art II …”

Article 117 Scope of right to terminate S. 559-560

„… whole system of the CESL [P]). Art 117 applies therefore only to a contract that is not a mixed contract …”

Article 118 Notice of termination S. 560-561

„… , the CESL (P) tries to force the buyer to exercise this right in the possible prompt way – in the …”

Article 120 Right to reduce price S. 563-565

„… of the CESL (P). The rules of Chapter 12 apply (art 90) to the performance of this obligation. The …”

Article 158 Customer’s right to decline performance S. 670-672

„… The structure of the CESL (P), in particular the positioning of the provisions on related services …”

Article 116 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 557-559

„… whole system of the CESL [P]). Art 117 applies therefore only to a contract that is not a mixed contract …”

Article 145 Carriage of the goods S. 648-650

„… CESL (P), there is a consensus in the CISG and the DCFR that the carrier must be an entity who is …”

Article 8 Termination of a contract Zoll S. 145-147

„… that the termination in the meaning of the CESL (P) does not destroy the ‘causa’ of the transfer. B …”

Article 114 Termination for non-performance S. 553-555

„… the system of remedies provided by the CESL (P) is the termination of contract. Art 114 formulates the …”

Article 119 Loss of right to terminate S. 561-563

„… , the CESL (P) tries to force the buyer to exercise this right in the possible prompt way – in the …”

Article 169 Compensation for recovery costs S. 708-711

„… favourable to the creditor than the model set by the CESL (P) (ie payment in 60 days, an interest rate that …”

Article 112 Return of replaced item S. 548-551

„… by the CESL (P). According to art 108, this rule is mandatory in B2C contracts. The article covers …”

Article 85 Contract terms which are presumed to be unfair S. 426-430

„… representation, tort and procedural law etc, which are out of the scope of regulation by the CESL (P), eg terms …”

Article 97 Goods or digital content not accepted by the buyer S. 494-500

„… art 2(m) RegCESL (P). The seller will be liable for exercising the duty from art 97(1) with the skill …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265469

Tapiwa Shumba - Harmonising Regional Trade Law in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

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Tapiwa Shumba

Harmonising Regional Trade Law in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Series: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Volume 27 2015

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The Common European Sales Law (CESL) S. 248-295

„… The Common European Sales Law (CESL) Introduction Although there are other regional economic …” „… ), sugar (Swaziland) Chapter 6: The Common European Sales Law (CESL) 250 SADC region should have a sound …” „… proposing a Common European Sales law (CESL) - an instrument of particular importance to this study. The …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-19

„… (CESL)Chapter 6: 249 Introduction6.1 249 The European Union6.2 252 European Union institutions6.3 254 European …” „… CISG, OHADA and CESL Nomos [africa] Herausgeber/Editorial Board: Ulrich Karpen, Professor of Law …” „… CESL Nomos BUT_Shumba_1978-5.indd 3 27.03.15 10:52 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this …”

A Common SADC sales law S. 296-329

„… such as the OHADA Uniform Acts and the CESL in the 13 See M Ndulo “The Need for the Harmonisation of …” „… Business Laws in Africa (the OHADA) and the Common European Sales Law (CESL). The CISG was approached on …” „… OHADA in light of the ambition for continental harmonisation. The CESL, in turn, is approached from …”

Bibliography S. 330-359

„… International Law 349-402 DiMatteo LA “The Curious Case of Transborder Sales Law: A Comparative Analysis of CESL …” „… CISG: Some Insights for the Proposed CESL?” in Magnus U (ed) CISG vs. Regional Sales Law Unification …” „… Journal of Law and Commerce 477-481 Koch R “CISG, CESL, PICC and PECL” in Magnus U (ed) CISG vs Regional …”

International trade in a new globalised economic order S. 20-47

„… European Union (EU) and the Common European Sales Law (CESL) as an example of regional sales law, and …” „… determine whether there are lessons to be learnt from the CESL initiative; and – draws conclusions and make …” „… the EU and its regional sales law in the form of the proposed CESL. Chapter 4 discusses the role of …”

Harmonisation of laws S. 48-89

„… opting out or opting into the law as is the case with the CISG or the CESL, which will be discussed in …” „… the CESL, CISG and the UCC” in U Magnus (ed) CISG vs. Regional Sales Law Unification: With a Focus on …” „… and also LA DiMatteo “A Curious Case of Transborder Sales Law: A Comparative Analysis of the CESL …”

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) S. 138-193

„… Comparative Law 457-478 at 461-462. 138 See U Magnus “CISG vs. CESL” in U Magnus (ed) CISG vs. Regional Sales …” „… “Interpretation and Gap-filling in the CISG and in the CESL” (2012) 11 Journal of International Trade Law and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845261218

Horst Eidenmüller - Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution

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Horst Eidenmüller (ed.)

Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2013

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Martin Engel, Johanna Stark The CESL as a European Brand – PayPalizing European Contract Law S. 350-359

„… the CESL’ssuccess as another legal product on the European contract law market?III. The CESL as a …” „… 12:37:043B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmThe CESL as a European Brand –PayPalizing European …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337II. CESL Objectives …”

Hugh Beale Characteristics of Contract Laws and the European Optional Instrument S. 326-349

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332b) Will the CESL Hurt SMEs More Than it Helps Them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333It has been my …” „… Feasibility Study.67 CESL Art 82.68 See supra fn. 48, 50.69 Rescission is permitted even when there was no …” „… contracts, the CESL should contain a “high level ofconsumer protection”.115 The Expert Group and the …”

Horst Eidenmüller Regulatory Competition in Contract Law and Dispute Resolution S. 14-23

„… proposal for an optional “CommonEuropean Sales Law” (CESL)13 were enacted. Under that proposal, businesses …” „… .14 One of the CESL’s distinctive features is its11 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of …” „… not be forced to do so.If the CESL were enacted, regulatory competition would ensue between …”

Index S. 514-525

„… , see also common Europeansales law (CESL)Social effects of private regulation 7– accuracy of adjucation …” „… – trademark claims 438– US contracts 436–439center of main interest (COMI) 217, 221CESL, see common European …” „… , 203,212, 214Common European sales law (CESL) 4, 8, 138–139, 151, 241, 313, 330–334, 337–345, 449 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-13

„… ........................................................................................................... 313The CESL as a European Brand – PayPalizing European Contract LawMartin Engel/Johanna Stark …”

Omri Ben-Shahar Arbitration and Access to Courts: Economic Analysis S. 460-483

„… , Heterogeneity and Regulation: CESL, The LostOpportunity for Constructive Harmonisation, Common Market Law …”

Stefan Vogenauer Regulatory Competition Through Choice of Contract Law and Choice of Forum in Europe: Theory and Evidence S. 240-297

„… of the proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) analyses thecosts and benefits of the proposed …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259154

Simone I. J. Ernst - Die allgemeine Informationspflicht des reformierten Code civil

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Die allgemeine Informationspflicht des reformierten Code civil

Series: Saarbrücker Studien zum Internationalen Recht

Volume 61 2023

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TEIL 2: Das Verhältnis von Informationspflichten und kaufrechtlichem Gewährleistungsrecht in anderen Rechtsordnungen und anhand praktischer Fallkonstellationen S. 201-297

„… zur CESL-VOVorarbeiten, Entwicklung, Kritik und aktueller StandDen ersten Schritt im offiziellen …” „… Zivilrecht (§ 1), zum UN-Kaufrecht (§ 2) und zum CESL (§ 3) gegeben werden.Überblick zur Rechtslage im …” „… : http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/cesl/index_en.htm zuletzt abgerufen am 22.02.2016.851 KOM/2011/635 vom 11. Oktober 2011.852 siehe Dokument: Oral P7 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Rechtsprechung2. 230Fazit3. 232Überblick zum CESL§ 3 234Entstehung des Entwurfs zur CESL-VOA. 234Vorarbeiten …” „… kaufrechtlicher Perspektive im Vergleich zum deutschen Recht, UN-Kaufrecht und CESLNomosSaarbrücker Studien zum …” „… , Entwicklung, Kritik und aktueller Stand1. 234CESL und CISG2. 237Regelungsziele und Rolle der …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 305-317

„… 2014, 157 Di Matteo, Larry, The Curious Case of Transborder Sales Law: A Comparative Analysis of CESL …” „… , Robert, CISG, CESL, PICC and PECL, in : CISG vs. Regional Sales Law Unification, With a Focus on the New …” „… .Literaturverzeichnis310Lando, Ole, CESL or CISG? Should the proposed EU Regulation on a Common European Sales Law (CESL …”

Gesamtergebnis S. 298-302

„… Information, Rn 12.1018 Siehe oben Teil 1, Kapitel 3, § 2, B. 3. I b, S. 174.1019 Art. 23 CESL spricht von …”

Einleitung S. 17-22

„… festlegen.24 Kurz CESL oder auch GEK (Gemeinsames Europäisches Kaufrecht).Einleitung22 …”

TEIL 1: Theoretische Grundlagen zur Ausgestaltung der Informationspflichten im französischen Zivilrecht vor und nach der Reform S. 23-200

doi.org/10.5771/9783748936558

Evelyn Woitge - Die Wählbarkeit nichtstaatlicher Regelwerke europäischen Ursprungs im internationalen Vertragsrecht

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Evelyn Woitge

Die Wählbarkeit nichtstaatlicher Regelwerke europäischen Ursprungs im internationalen Vertragsrecht

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 868 2015

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§ 3 Europäisches Vertragsrecht als Soft Law und/oder nichtstaatliches Recht? S. 62-99

„… vom 11.10.2011, KOM(2011) 635 endg., S. 2 ff.; Schulze/Wendehorst, 2012, Art. 1 VO-E CESL Rn. 7 ff …” „… Beispiel für eine Textstufenanalyse zu Art. 75 CESL. 285 Kleinschmidt, RabelsZ 76 (2012), 785, 786. II …” „… . Erarbeitungsprozess verschiedener Textstufen 65 Folgenden dargestellten DCFR und CESL können auch PICC und PECL zu …”

§ 6 Die Rechtfertigung der Wählbarkeit nichtstaatlichen Rechts S. 177-212

„… Vertragsrechts wie DCFR und CESL gegenüber anderen nichtstaatlichen Rechten. Dabei kommt es nicht nur auf Natur …” „… PECL erweitert.846 Aktuell stehen die Werke des europäischen Vertragsrechts, DCFR und CESL, im Fokus …” „… , dass es – ebenso wenig wie eine autonome Geltung von DCFR und CESL – keine autonome europäische …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… unter Berücksichtigung von DCFR und CESL Evelyn Woitge Nomos Nomos Universitätsschriften Recht Band 868 …” „… unter Berücksichtigung von DCFR und CESL Nomos BUT_Woitge_2287-7.indd 3 20.05.15 08:23 Die Deutsche …” „… und CESL 32 dd.) Weitere akademische Werke 33 e.) Religiöse Rechtsordnungen 34 …”

§ 8 Zusammenfassung S. 217-224

„… CESL und weitere akademische Werke. 3. Gemeinsame Merkmale dieser nichtstaatlichen Regelwerke, etwa …” „… hervorgebracht. Zu diesen zählen insbesondere PECL, DCFR und CESL. Die konkrete Erarbeitung der Textstufen ist …” „… europäischen Soft Law-Prozesses zur Rechtsvorbereitung ist. Das CESL wird in Zukunft zwar als Verordnung …”

Literaturverzeichnis_Woitge S. 225-247

„… Gemeinschaft, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden 1999, S. 567 ff. ders.: CESL or CISG? Should the proposed EU Regulation on …” „… a Common European Sales Law (CESL) replace the United Nations Convention on International Sales …” „… Referenzrahmen und acquis communautaire, ZEuP 2007, S. 131 ff. ders. (Hrsg.): Common European Sales Law (CESL …”

§ 7 Schlussbetrachtung S. 213-216

„… erscheint, kann im Hinblick auf DCFR und CESL nicht überzeugen. Dies ergibt sich daraus, dass mit den …”

§ 4 Bestandsaufnahme: Parteiautonomie im europäischen Kollisionsrecht S. 100-137

„… , Art. 1:102 PECL, Art. II. – 1:102 DCFR, Art. 1 CESL). Gerade auf europäischer Ebene erfährt die …” „… .« Erwägungsgrund 14 hat damit anscheinend Instrumente wie aktuell das CESL im Blick. Sein tatsächlicher …” „… Aussagegehalt ist gering, denn wie das CESL zeigt, kann ein optionales Instrument rechtstechnisch das Kollisi …”

§ 5 Primärrechtliche Vorgaben für die Wählbarkeit nichtstaatlichen Rechts in der Europäischen Union S. 138-176

„… Werke des europäischen Vertragsrechts wie DCFR und CESL ist eine Prüfung unter Abwägung aller Argumente …”

§ 2 Begriff des nichtstaatlichen Rechts S. 20-61

„… Sales Law, CESL) ist ein Ausschnitt dieser Vorarbeiten, der in naher Zukunft durch Verordnung als …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845263922

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